The functions of MPVO to the beginning of the war. Civil Defense: History, Modernity, Prospects The history of the development of Russian civil defense. Pre-war teams MPVO.
In Russia, measures for the protection of the population from the attack from the air began to be held since 1918, when the residents of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) were injured from the impact of the bombardment of German aviation. Until 1932, air defense activities were divided into active and passive defense. Active air defense was carried out by the drugs and means of the People's Commissariat on the military and maritime affairs of the USSR, passive - by civilian organizations, enterprises, the population. At the end of 1932, the Passive air defense was called MPVO. In order to carry out rescue work in the lesions, the forces of the MPVO were created - local units, as well as precinct, object teams and groups of self-defense, formed in each area, in enterprises, in institutions, in house administrations. Training and training specialists of formations headed Osoaviahim. The decision of the following tasks was reached on the MPOS: the organization of the construction of refuge, the adaptation of the basements, the construction of command and observation points; accumulation of individual protective equipment; development of communications and alerts; Ensuring the brilliance of cities; increasing the sustainability of the work of enterprises - air defense facilities in the context of the aviation of the enemy; Organization and maintenance of rescue work and neutralizing unexpected ammunition; degassing territory, military equipment, clothing and shoes; extinguishing fires and incendiary bombs, etc.
The activities of MPVO were especially intensified on the eve of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45. By early 1941, more than 8 million people received training on air and anti-chemical defense; At enterprises there were 25 thousand formations; At the disposal of MPVO there was more than 30 million gas masks; In cities and enterprises a lot of shelters and shelters were built. In the teachings of MPVO in 1939-40. 11.3 million people participated. At factories and factories, in institutions and educational receptions, collective farms and state farms, 131 thousand workouts were held at the place of residence in 1940. Universal mandatory preparation of the population (aged 16 to 60 years) to anti-heart and anti-chemical defense was introduced. The construction of shelters, shelters, in which one could place more than 20 million people could be placed. In the formation of MPKO included most of the working-age population of cities that are under the threat of an air attack. During the period of the war, it was trained in the ways of protection against an air-chemical attack over 100 million people. By early 1944, only 16 engineering-anti-chemical regiments and battalions, 136 mountains operated in the front-line band. Bata-Lions, 23 separate companies, 228 precinct formations from the assignment composition, 565 emergency-reducing battalions on railway transport, 1735 emergency-reducing brigades and detachments, 1896 sand products, 2469 detachments of first aid, etc.
human. The troops MPVO had a total number of over 220 thousand people. They eliminated over 90 thousand fires and lighting in cities and in enterprises, prevented 32 thousand accidents at the objects of the national economy, depends more than 430 thousand air bombs and about 2.5 million shells and mines, restored 15 thousand destroyed residential and other . buildings, etc. The formation of MPELS also provided medical care to victim citizens.
In the post-war period, the number of personnel MPVO has declined significantly. In 1956, the Soviet government took the situation
o MPVO USSR. In it, MPKO is first named with the system of national events carried out in the country. Its objectives were: protection of the population from atomic weapons and other means of defeat; creating conditions that ensure reliability of the work of national economy facilities in wartime; carrying out rescue and emergency emergency restoration work; Assistance to victims. The general leadership of MPVO was entrusted to the Councils of Ministers of Allied and Autonomous Republics, the regional, regional and urban executives. Ministers and heads of internal affairs managers were appointed chiefs of MPEL. In 1960, in order to combine the leadership of the defense and protection of the rear of the country in the conditions of possible use, MPVO was subordinated to the USSR Ministry of Defense. In 1961, MPO is reorganized into the civil defense of the USSR.
Local Air Force Defense is a system of activities conducted by authorities under the leadership of military organizations in order to protect the population and objects of the national economy from an enemy attack from air, eliminating the consequences of its blows, creating normal conditions for the work of industrial enterprises, power plants, transport, airfields, etc. The protection against air strikes originated during the First World War 1914-1918. In 1920 - 1930 Local air defense services appeared in many European countries.
In Russia, events for the protection of the population from the attack from the air began to be held since 1918, when the residents of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) were injured from the impact of the bombardment of German aviation. Until 1932, air defense events were divided into active and passive defense. Active air defense was carried out by the drugs and means of the People's Commissariat on the military and maritime affairs of the USSR, passive - by civilian organizations, enterprises, the population.
At the end of 1932, the Passive air defense was called Mfvo. In order to carry out rescue work in the lesions, the forces of the MPVO were created - local units, as well as precinct, object teams and groups of self-defense, formed in each area, in enterprises, in institutions, in house administrations. Training and training specialists of formations headed Osoaviahim.
The following tasks have been awarded to MPKO:
Organization of the construction of shelters, the adaptation of the basements, the construction of command and observation points;
Accumulation of individual protective equipment; development of communications and alerts;
Ensuring the brilliance of cities;
Increasing the sustainability of the work of enterprises - air defense facilities in the context of the aviation of the enemy;
Organization and maintenance of rescue work and neutralization of unexploded ammunition;
Degassing territory, military equipment, clothing and shoes; extinguishing fires and incendiary bombs, etc.
By the decision of the USSR SCC dated October 7, 1940, the management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was transferred to the Distribution of Internal Affairs (NKVD) of the USSR, which consisted of the main management of MPOS. The State University NKVD of the USSR coordinated the work of the headquarters of the cities, which are the work apparatus of the city executives. Coordination of the work of the headquarters was carried out through the management of MPVO, the departments of the MPVO and the Department of MPVO created as part of the NKVD republics, edges and regions. The engineering and anti-chemical parts of the troops of the MPVO NKVD of the USSR were enshrined the most important objects, with the task of providing in these objects to eliminate air attacks.
The activities of MPKO were especially intensified on the eve of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. By the beginning of 1941, more than 8 million people received training on air and anti-chemical protection; enterprises numbered 25 thousand formations; At the disposal of MPVO there were more than 30 million gas masks; In cities and enterprises a lot of shelters and shelters were built. In the teachings of MPVO in 1939 - 1940. 11.3 million people participated. At factories and factories, in institutions and educational institutions, collective farms and state farms, at the place of residence in 1940 131 thousand training was held.
Decree of the USSR SCC dated July 2, 1941, a universal mandatory preparation of the population was introduced (aged 16 to 60 years) to anti-aircraft and anti-chemical defense. The construction of shelters, shelters, in which one could accommodate more than 20 million people. In the formation of MPKO included most of the working-age population of cities that are under the threat of an air attack. During the period of the war, more than 100 million people were trained for the period of protection against air-chemical attack.
By the beginning of 1944, 16 engineering and anti-chemical regiments and battalions, 136 mountains operated only in the front-line strip. battalions, 23 separate companies, 228 precinct formations from the assigned composition, 565 emergency and recovery battalions on railway transport, 1735 emergency-reducing brigades and detachments, 1896 sand products, 2469 detachments of first aid and other units MFV with a total number of 6 million people. MPVO troops had a total number of over 220 thousand people, they eliminated over 90 thousand fires and lighting in cities and enterprises, prevented 32,000 accidents at the facilities of the national economy, depends more than 430 thousand air bombs and about 2.5 million shells and mines, restored 15 thousand destroyed residential and other buildings, etc. The formation of MPELS also provided medical care to victim citizens.
In the post-war period, the number of personnel MPVO has declined significantly. In 1956, the Soviet government adopted the provision of MPVO of the USSR. In it, MPKO is first named with the system of national events carried out in the country. Her goals were:
Protection of the population from atomic weapons and other means of defeat;
Creating conditions that ensure reliability of the work of national economy facilities in wartime;
Carrying out rescue and emergency emergency restoration work;
Assistance to victims.
The general leadership of MPVO was entrusted to the Councils of Ministers of Allied and Autonomous Republics, the regional, regional and urban executives. Ministers and heads of internal affairs managers were appointed chiefs of MPEL.
Chiefs of the NKVD (MIA) of the USSR:
1940 - 1949 - Lieutenant General V.V. Osokin;
1949 - 1959 - Lieutenant General I.S. Shinga.
In 1960, in order to unite the leadership of the defense and protection of the country's rear in the context of the possible use of weapons of mass defeat, MPVO was subject to the USSR Ministry of Defense. In 1961, MPVO was reorganized into the USSR Civil Defense.
In 1971, the leadership was entrusted to the USSR Ministry of Defense, everyday leadership - on the head of the Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR (Head of Co.). The responsibility of go on the ground was entrusted to the Councils of Ministers of the Republics, the Executive Committee of the Councils of People's Deputies, the Ministries, Offices, Organizations and Enterprises, whose leaders were chiefs of civil defense. With them were created headquarters and various services.
Heads of the USSR:
1961 - 1972. - Marshal of the Soviet Union V.I. Chuiki;
1972 - 1986 - Colonel-General (until 1977), Army General A.T. Altun;
1986 - 1991 - General Army V.L. Govors;
1991 - 1991 - Colonel-General B.E. Drunks.
In 1991, the GO system was included in the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Elimination of Emergency Disasters (since 1994 - MSH of Russia).
In accordance with the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 8, 1993 No. 643 "On Civil Defense", the head of Russia is the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation.
From MPVO to civilian protection. Pages from the history of the MPVO-RSCP of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation / Sost. ; Russian Emergency Situations Ministry. - M.: In-Octavavo, 2004. - 352 p., Il.
Ust-Zeisk outpost
General characteristics and features of the region.
In the post-war period, MPVO Amur region continued to develop and improve. Significant changes began to occur since September 1961, when the regional headquarters of Mfvo was transformed into a civil defense headquarters. The first boss was the colonel. The headquarters were allocated a separate room, which allowed for a short time to organize and establish due work on the creation of a slender system of MPOS in the region. Undoubtedly, the fact that he entered business contact with the heads of military schools. Collaboration with the command of schools allowed to equip the local commands in a short time with the necessary educational materials, which at that time were highly rare.
A huge impact in improving the regional courses in 1962. Using the potential of military schools, these courses "put on your feet" were managed in a short time.
In 1963, goals were formed in former cities, which allowed to increase the number of trained personnel for enterprises and collectives of the Amur region in a short time.
In 1977, the city headquarters in Blagoveshchensk was formed, in 1979 - in Belogorsk and free. As in the regional headquarters, managers have become military personnel.
By this time, the regional headquarters headed the Colonel. Former racket, the commander of the study part, this person left a significant trace in improving civil defense in the territory of the region, recruitment of headquarters and courses by professionals. It was a respected person and in the corridors of power and in the field.
Capital shelters were actively built. By 1979 they had already numbered: in Blagoveshchensk - 58 (leggings), in Belogorsk - 14 (by 5,709 people), in free - 7 (2,250 people).
At the same time, a 100% mobilization reserve of the second group of personal protecting agents was created in the region.
The establishment of the regional subsystem of the RSCS
Active advocate in matters of the reorganization of civil defense in the region fell at the time of management of the regional headquarters (later - control, then - the main control) Colonel V. Shulzhenko. Life itself pushed us to this. In full swing, there were activities to attract us to solve problems to eliminate the effects of emergency situations. So, by the fall of 1993, mercury spills became in the territory of the region.
This happened at the end of November 1993, in the Regional Center for. Here, in the basement of a residential building, a local waters for the extraction of precious land worked for a long time. There was serious soil pollution. It was the public domain of the whole area, journalists intervened. The question arose: who to attract mercury pollution to the elimination? Military categorically refused. A way to solve the problem was chosen.
Of officers and employees of the regional headquarters, a voluntary group was formed, which for three days and nights conducted demurcurious work.
On December 5 of the same year, abundant mercury pollution in school number 13 of the regional center occurred. This pollution was eliminated by an abnormal group for days, after which school classes were continued. The head of the regional administration, Vladimir Polevanov, gave a high assessment of the actions of the Group and went to meet the proposal to create a standard group to eliminate the consequences of this kind of emergency situations. So, from January 1994, we had a full-time group of eliminating the consequences of radiation and chemical infection, it was one of the first in the Far Eastern region.
Similarly, we had a non-standard fire team, which was attracted to eliminate forest fires near settlements. So, this team, in cooperation with the Annunciation forest, defended the settlements of the novelty and Novotroitsky of the Blagoveshchensky district.
A series of major teachings under the personal leadership of the head of the regional administration of Vladimir Polevanov, who paid a lot of attention to such events. He was the first leader who strictly asked from those leaders who continued to work as old.
It has a resolution, which made it possible to involve leaders and other officials for misdomenaling in civil defense issues. This document was able to skillfully used the headquarters of a number of cities and regions of the region.
There was an extension of protective measures, and with them, the GOCOs in the region. We were the first in the region to create an operational group from the number of officers and employees of the regional headquarters; In the fall of 1997, the inspection from Moscow gave a high assessment of the Group's work.
By this time, we already created a professional search and rescue group financed from the local budget - the first in the region.
At the same time, for the first time, scientifically began to solve problems on the passage of flood waters and the elimination of ice congestion, the prerequisite for the prerequisite of the village of Krestovzhenka Konstantinovsky district was. One of the streets was flooded in the village. The operational group led by the head of the department of V. Shulzhenko went to the scene. As a result of hard work, the bypass canal was broken and further flooding was prevented. This case spoke the whole area. The authority of the GOCO bodies increased, the authority of our liquidators who conducted a number of demarizing works in many cities and areas of the region. Such a course of events made it possible to adopt the Law of the Amur Region "On the protection of the population and the territories of the Amur region from natural and man-made emergencies."
A serious test for the area was spring 1999 and 2000. As expected by the Specialists of the Emergencies Ministry of Russia, mass ice camp will occur in the region.
In 1999, because of the ice congestion, the village of Ignasino Skvortsovsky district was flooded, and in 2000 Novovoshenovka Novovoshenovka village of Shimanovsky district. And in the same case, the operational groups acted professionally. In place personally worked for the previous (Vladimir Shulzhenko) and the current (Alexander Vitalyevich Soloviev) Chiefs of the Main Department of the Gochs Region. The current ice plot was more difficult and more in size than the previous one. Head of the Main Directorate of Goches Colonel Alexander Soloviev, appointed to this position only on the eve of the events described, endured the exam with honor. The ice furnishings were so serious that the head of the field of administration of Anatoly Nikolayevich Belonogov arrived at the place of events, whose personal participation contributed to the speedy fulfillment of the task.
Winter heating season of 2000 brought a lot of worries. The heating system of the city of Raychikhinsk coalsels was on the verge of rawless, a state of emergency was declared. All the fullness of the authorities was transferred to the GOCHC main management hand, which, undoubtedly, gave its results, the emergency was eliminated.
Currently, regular search and rescue groups have been created in the territory of the cities of Blagoveshchensk, free, as well as the mechanized group in the village of Konstantinovka Konstantinovsky district on the basis of a mobile mechanized column (PMK-112).
Many chapters of the municipalities of the region have already expressed their willingness to create similar rescue formations in their territories. This, in addition to the existing search and rescue unit of the General Department of the Gochs region, which has 14 people today. Thus, the General Directorate for the Affairs of the GOCC area is in constant search.
The main efforts today are focused on conducting preventive events. This will be a big least to adopt the adoption of the Law of the Amur region about the responsibility of managers and other officials for non-fulfillment of measures for GOCOs on the subordinate objects and territories.
The Amur Territorial Subsystem of the RSCS for the third year in a row is the advanced position in the Far Eastern region. This speaks much. At the same time, we, like other major administrations of the Far Eastern region, have certain views on the issues of improving the RSHC system that meet the trends of time.
In our opinion, the existing legislative framework requires further improvement. Our laws are too transparent, especially "about civil defense", which gives some managers the opportunity to "look for loopholes", in order not to engage in civil defense and prevention of emergency situations.
We carry particularly large costs in the preservation of collective remedies. The privatization period we survived, put the imprint on their fate. Many of them were inconsolable. It took time to reproduce everything again and put on the legal basis, which required additional time and more moral efforts. I had to resort to various kinds of unconventional methods and forms, so that everything acquired the legal basis.
Large voltage requires the creation of search and rescue formations on a professional basis not only in categorized cities, but also in other cities and areas of the region.
Currently, there are developments on creating search and rescue formations in the cities of Zeya and Tynda. This is especially important for Zeya. The presence of a hydraulic dispenser obliges to closely follow the state of protective measures, which, as is well known, consists of a variety of factors, the main - the presence and preparation of professional rescuers.
The creation of the necessary number of search and rescue formations is the most important task of the territorial subsystem of the RCCs of the Amur region.
The authorities carried out by local authorities under the leadership of military organizations aimed at protecting the population and the national economy from the attack of the enemy from the air and the elimination of the consequences of the impaired strikes.
History
The need to protect the population and objects of the economy from air strikes for the first time appeared during the First World War 1914-1918. To this end, in Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany and other warring countries, the following activities were developed: the lighting, alert and bringing the rules of conduct in the event of an air or chemical attack, the provision of medical care, the provision of personal protection, struggle with fires, shelter equipment, etc. These events were held in London, Yarmut, Westing, Paris, Reims, Dunkirke, Verden, Freiburg, Cologne, Kiel, Sofia, Petrograd, Odessa, Sevastopol, Nikolaev, Warsaw, Minsk, Riga, Grodno, Belostok, Brest, Tallinn, etc. In the USSR, for the first time measures to protect the population from the air attack were carried out on March 3, 1918 during the reflection of the onset of the German troops on Petrograd. It was then that the Committee of Revolutionary Defense in his appeal to the population of Petrograd and its surroundings brought the basic requirements of anti-aircraft and anti-wiring protection.
In the 1920s and 1930s, local air defense services appeared in many European countries.
Mfvo arose in major cities, on important industries, transport, communications, institutions, educational institutions, in the residential sector. Asylum was built, the population was studied ways to protect against air and chemical attack, preparing the formation of rescue and urgent emergencies.
Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR MPVO Headquarters of the cities, which are the workers' apparatus of the city executive committees, directs through the management of MPVO, the Departments of the MPVO and the MPVO branch created in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the republics and the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Regions and the regions.
The most important objects are fixed behind the engineering and anti-chemical parts of the Troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, with the task of providing on these objects to eliminate air attacks.
A particularly wide range of local air defense acquired during the Great Patriotic War: Parts and MPVO formations were neutralized by air bombs and artillery shells, eliminated fires and sunbathing, restored bridges, prevented accidents, provided medical care.
In 1961, MPVO was transformed into civil defense - in connection with the development of weapons of mass destruction.
Structure
09/01/1949
- The main management of the local air defense of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (GUMPO Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR) was the central administration of the MPVO, the leadership training of the USSR territory to local air defense and the activities of all ministries, departments and public organizations to fulfill the tasks of the United States of the USSR.
- engineering and antihimical parts of the troops of GUMPVO;
- headquarters MPVO cities;
- the headquarters of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Ministry of Ministries and Department of the Union;
The total number of troops of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR - 5,205 a person of personnel, including: an officer of 937 people, sergeant and ordinary composition 4,181 people and
Local Air Force Defense MPVO
The system of activities conducted by the authorities under the leadership of military organizations in order to protect the population and objects of the national economy from the attack of the enemy from the air, the elimination of the consequences of its blows, the creation of normal conditions for the work of industrial enterprises, power plants, transport, airfields, etc. For the first time began to be carried out during the years World War II (1914-1918) in a number of states. In Russia, measures to protect the population from the attack from the air began to be held from 3.03.1918, when the residents of Petrograd (St. Petersburg) were injured from the impact of the bombing of German aviation. Until 1932, air defense activities were divided into active and passive defense. Active air defense was carried out by the drugs and means of the People's Commissariat on the military and maritime affairs of the USSR, passive - by civilian organizations, enterprises, the population. At the end of 1932, the Passive air defense was called MPVO. In order to carry out rescue work in the lesions, the forces of the MPVO were created - local units, as well as precinct, object teams and groups of self-defense, formed in each area, in enterprises, in institutions, in house administrations. Training and training specialists of formations headed Osoaviahim. The decision of the following tasks was reached on the MPOS: the organization of the construction of refuge, the adaptation of the basements, the construction of command and observation points; accumulation of individual protective equipment; development of communications and alerts; Ensuring the brilliance of cities; increasing the sustainability of the work of enterprises - air defense objects under the conditions of opponent aviation raids; organization and maintenance of rescue work and neutralization of unexploded ammunition; degassing territory, military equipment, clothing and shoes; The extinguishing of fires and incendiary bombs, etc. Activities MPVPO was especially intensified on the eve of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. By early 1941, more than 8 million people received training on air and anti-chemical defense; At enterprises there were 25 thousand formations, at the disposal of MPOS there were more than 30 million gas masks; In cities and enterprises a lot of shelters and shelters were built. In the teachings of MPVO in 1939-1940. 11.3 million people participated. At factories and factories, in institutions and educational institutions, collective farms and state farms, 131 thousand workouts were held at the place of residence in 1940. Universal mandatory preparation of the population (aged 16 to 60 years) to anti-heart and anti-chemical defense was introduced. The construction of shelters, shelters, in which one could place more than 20 million people could be placed. In the formation of MPKO included most of the working-age population of cities that are under the threat of an air attack. During the war, more than 100 million people were trained in excessive protection against air-chemical attack. By early 1944, only 16 engineering-anti-chemical regiments and battalions, 136 mountains operated in the front-line band. battalions, 23 separate companies, 228 precinct formations from the assigned composition, 565 emergency and recovery battalions on railway transport, 1735 emergency-reducing brigades and detachments, 1896 Sandloves, 2469 detachments of first aid and other units of the MPVO with a total number of 6 million people. The troops MPVO had a total number of over 220 thousand people. They eliminated over 90 thousand fires and lighting in cities and in enterprises, prevented 32 thousand accidents at the objects of the national economy, depends more than 430 thousand air bombs and about 2.5 million shells and mines, restored 15 thousand destroyed residential and other . buildings, etc. The formation of MPELS also provided medical care to victim citizens. In the post-war period, the number of personnel MPVO has declined significantly. In 1956, the Soviet government assumed the provision of the USSR MPVO. In it, MPKO is first named with the system of national events carried out in the country. Its objectives were: protection of the population from atomic weapons and other means of defeat; creating conditions that ensure the reliability of the work of national economy facilities in wartime; carrying out rescue and emergency emergency restoration work; Assistance to victims. The general leadership of MPVO was entrusted to the Councils of Ministers of Allied and Autonomous Republics, the regional, regional and urban executives. Ministers and heads of internal affairs managers were appointed chiefs of MPEL. In 1960, in order to combine the leadership of the defense and protection of the rear of the country in the conditions of possible use, MPVO was subordinated to the USSR Ministry of Defense. In 1961, MPO is reorganized into civil defense.
Edwart. Dictionary of Terms of MSS, 2010
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