". International scientific conference at the Faculty of History of the Moscow State University "Can history be objective? "An article can be captivated by objective history

In the opinion of many experts, history cannot become a harsh analytical science due to the great complexity of human endeavors and the principles of excellence that exist between countries and eras. These special investigations showed the presence of certain mathematical patterns in the historical process. For this purpose, it is necessary to create a new science - “cliodynamics”.

The idea that in the historical development of humanity one can recognize the same patterns has been in the air for a long time. Fans of science fiction will be familiar with this idea from Isaac Asimov’s famous epic “The Frame.” The plot of this classic work is based on the fact that the great mathematician Seldon was able to develop a mathematical apparatus that allows the behavior of great people to be conveyed with great accuracy. The new science developed by Seldon - “psychohistory” - showed that the reactions of great human masses are subject to universal laws, although the behavior of the skin of a person is deprived of the untrained.

Regardless of the plausibility and appeal of this idea, decades have passed, but then it gradually began to move around. fantasy novels from a serious scientific perspective. And the axis of the nareshti made its way “to the very top.” Magazine Nature published a short essay by Peter Turchin, a professor at the University of Connecticut (USA), who for many years has been engaged in the search for mathematical patterns, but valid for various societies and historical eras. Among Turchin's closest colleagues and associates, the Russian historians Andriy Korotaev and Sergiy Nefyodov (dir. sent below) are the ones who rely on their work.

Turchin points out that history as a fundamental science today, in essence, does not exist. For example, the explanation of the reasons for the collapse of the Roman Empire is based on over 200 hypotheses, including mutually exclusive ones, and is not transferred to consensus. It’s all the same, if the physicist’s theory of phlogiston and thermodynamics would have continued to exist “on equal terms.” The partnership pays for biomedical research to support our physical health, and environmental research to support the health of ecosystems, but discoveries about those that contribute to the health of the partnership are still deprived at the stage of pre-scientific development. This situation can and must be corrected.

In Turchin’s opinion, it would be better not to try to reform historical science, which traditionally looks for the causes of phenomena in private peculiarities of a particular marriage of that era, but to create an entirely new discipline - “cliodynamics” (Clio is the muse of history). The task of cliodynamics is to search for theories that can be unified, and to verify them on the basis of various sets of data - historical, archaeological and others, even numismatic.

What is more possible in principle? Many historians give a negative view of this situation, relying on the great complexity of human affairs, the fact that people have free will (there is no way to stop their behavior from being transferred) and, most importantly, deep yaks There is no difference between marriages and eras. If these descriptions were true, respect Turchin, there would not have been such strange patterns in history. Any interaction between important cultural indicators will be specific to a given region, culture, era.

This, however, demonstrates effectiveness. Certain secret patterns emerge in the development of all kinds of partnerships, all over the world. For example, rich agrarian (pre-industrial) estates are characterized by periodic outbursts of internal instability (riots, huge warriors, revolution, etc.), which touch on almost ancient history and are destroyed every two or three times. The Swede will face periods of instability due to population growth. For example, in Western Europe After a period of rapid population growth in the 13th century, the “late middle crisis” came, which included the Centenary War in France, the War of the Red and White Trojans in England, and the Hussian Wars in Germany i. The growth of the population in the 16th century was replaced by the “crisis of the 17th century” (religious wars and the Fronde in France, the Thirty-Four War in Germany, the English Revolution, etc.)

The main concern lies in the fact that such patterns are statistically significant and do not require strict mathematical verification? Perhaps there are many different tendencies that a historian may or may not note in light of the fact that what facts from the large number of obvious historical data are available for analysis?

To inform the public, Turchin, Nefyodov and Korotaev collected reports on the most important demographic, social and political “changes” for various societies and historical countries x. An analysis of eight “demographic cycles” in England, France, the Roman Empire and Russia showed that these patterns are characterized by high level statistical significance. For example, social instability is political, as it has occurred several times during periods of population decline and during periods of demographic growth. The likelihood that these and other similar patterns can be explained by an episodic escape is even small. Similar developments were later carried out for ancient China and Egypt. The previously discovered patterns were completely confirmed by this material.

His predecessors were able to develop numerous models of demographic cycles that describe with great accuracy the dynamics of changing changes. During the course of this work, it became clear that the connection between population growth and growing instability is not direct (following the principle “more people - food waste - civil collapse"); It is mediated by long-term effects, as population growth gives rise to the matrimonial structure. An important role is played by the phenomenon that gave rise to the name “reproduction of food” (a report on the mechanisms that underlie demographic cycles can be found in an interview with Petr Turchin, Andriy Korotaev and Serg Iem Nefyodov; wondrous action below).

The main point lies in the fact that not everything in history is explained “zokrema” - specific features of this culture, region and era. Certain aspects of historical dynamics are the same for different societies - from the Roman Empire and middle China to middle France and Tsarist Russia.

These models, developed for agricultural enterprises, are consistent with current historical production - this, of course, provides great nutrition. In Turchin's opinion, the low level of indirect data indicates that the model may not even be able to be reworked. However, our colleagues may not benefit from these assertions. Let us take into account that the demographic laws have changed radically in the last 50 years, the remaining apologetic communities decided to escape from the so-called “Malthusian shepherd”: further scientific and technical progress and the growth of the gross product no longer accelerate the growth of the population, as has been the case for a long time most of human history, and yet, its improvement is hidden in the guilty countries.

Substituted for Seldon's psychohistory, Turchin's cliodynamics cannot be transferred to the future once the theory has gone through all the empirical revisions. Please note that Petro Turchin himself respects such objective difficulties as “mathematical chaos”, “free will” and the effect of “self-prophecies”. About the “predictive capabilities of science” - there is a broader understanding, but a lower understanding of the future. The available cliodynamics can be used to assess the possible effects of these and other political decisions and to select the optimal routes for suspinal development.

How to differentiate a folding system from a non-linear one with turn signals Suspicion can sometimes react to the award with a very inconvenient rank. As a butt, Turchin directed the French government to confirm a new land tax in 1787, which provoked the Great French Revolution. Likewise, Tony Blair, who, at the hour of her tenure as Prime Minister, was trying to increase the number of young people with active coverage to 50%, perhaps not knowing that the increase in the number of enlightened young people in Sweden was blowing political cries Deputy of rich estates from Western Europe in the mid-19th century hundred years before Japan. during the period of the Tokugawa subjugation of Iran Radyansky Union.

Those who do not follow historical evidence are ordered to repeat it. According to Pyotr Turchin, in order to begin in history, it is necessary to immediately turn it into science.

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I also stumbled upon this phrase, because... The driver is clearly ahead of the horse. Otherwise, I was pleasantly pleased with the author’s style of notation, which can be read in one breath. But the reason for the death of civilization cannot be found in mathematical laws. Once again - in internal degradation sovereign bodies, who do not dare and do not creatively approach their assignments. There is no need to go to get a butt... As soon as power comes from the brightest of peculiarities, the people inhale with their butt, or the wise ones who sense the naked needs of the hour and the people to awaken best sides in others it is always good. And it’s not important, for what kind of snake. Important nathnenya. [Ferromone of the uterus (itself can be completely) gels this into an active vital organ. Important is the atmosphere of creativity]. Waste of waste, internal doubts, as the stench is lingering - the path to ruin, which is accelerated by external factors.

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Statta, crazy, tsikava, but the author needs to skid on turns.

First of all, the title. Naturally, the real science is only quantum physics (well, perhaps also nanotechnology), and the solution is the collection of brands, wasted calls and demagoguery. Of course, history is a pseudoscience, and for a long time now Braudel, Le Goff, Gurevich, Marc Bloqut, Huizeng, Marcel Granet and others have been scrapped (a lot of fortune-telling, before speaking, has completely successfully established the methods of mathematical statistics and demography in their pratsyakh). In short, the not-at-all-funny headline of the news: a firm reconfirmation of “non-humanitarians” (about those who are divided into humanists and natural scientists - a century has passed and there is still stupidity, I don’t want to say anything) from the one who book, in There are no formulas that are disastrous for the evolution of mankind, and the author of such a book may be subject to at least a minimum of executions - a stereotype no less disastrous, no less a mirror-reverse stereotype of “humanitarians”. Take economic history, cognitive science, structural anthropology, philosophy of logical analysis - can you clearly say “humanized” science or natural science? All possible necessary revolutions in science (including history) have already been discussed, and there is no need to call for new ones, if there are still no collections and publications before stately material for any kind of distant works.

Otherwise, you can’t explain the history of human marriage without statistics. However, it is necessary to separate the data from additional statistics and analyze it separately (for which history is needed, and this is what we are doing). The axis of this passage, for example, miraculously shows us that such ungrounded nuts and bolts are on the platform of actual statistics: “Likewise, Tony Blair, who, at the hour of his tenure as Prime Minister, tried to bring the zeal of young people with wealth to 50%, probably not Knowing that the increase in the number of enlightened young people in Sweden caused political crises in wealthy families from Western Europe in the mid-19th century to Japan during the Tokugawa subjugation, the current Iran and Radian This Union needs to immediately reduce the level of sanctified people, otherwise there will be political crises? More than that, the rise of enlightened youth leads to political crises? So that’s what it’s all about! Economists, political scientists, philosophers and historians have been and will continue to disagree about the causes of political crises, and the problem is rivers not illuminated youth - that’s all, terminovo the demand to close down all universities, and the level of unemployment, inflation, mortality and other evils continues to grow, the main problem has already been resolved.

You see, the evidence of any possible correlation between two processes is not to be taken for granted and is not simple - it is only a correlation between two processes, including the significant processes that occur in marriage - hundreds. In order to analyze them all and develop a basic outline on their basis (which, of course, needs to be explained in detail in the future, and not just pasted on the wall), a supercomputer is needed, which can, for example, transfer natural disasters (as well as It’s not surprising to pour into human marriage, which was not given to the members of this partnership). This is a useful correlation for you - I put a spoon in my mouth several times a day and in 95% of cases it has a hedgehog. So the axis from which it is not possible to create a new one, because bringing the spoon to the mouth is the reason for the hedgehogs to appear there - the hedgehog appears because I take it with a spoon or scoop it up, and I bring it to the mouth, so It's already there (well, I just don’t notice that it fell on my pants - 5%, which was lost). The statistics need to be compiled very carefully so that such incidents do not occur, and the fact that in the statistics itself there is such an incident is, of course, even surprising.

Find out the third and most important point in connection with the essence of history and the “reasons for the health of a marriage.” So, when history begins to deal with the reasons for the health of a marriage, we begin to call it a pseudo-history, dividing marriages into “health” (=good) and “illness” (=bad), and then the card can be given directly to the owners’ hands. a blanche for the “improvement” of these or other marriages in this or that other (call it violent) way. The development of modern sciences and medicine smells strongly of the really unhealthy ideas of the 20s and 30s of the last century, obviously.

Here you need to earn one more sutteve additional knowledge for the future sciences. The whole complexity of the advanced sciences lies not in the fact that they emanate from the right “endowed with a free will” or from the “soul” (I won’t comment on that), but in the fact that in the field of natural sciences, in which respects the sciences act as a guardian ah Marriage proceedings are part of what we want to analyze. Community sciences They cannot create any residual traces (and moreover, forecasts) for humanity as a whole in this history, simply for what they need to re-sort through themselves and somehow manage to marvel at themselves from the side, which is absolutely impossible we live for a number of reasons, we have seen them psychology, linguistics and philosophy. Navigation for t.zv. natural sciences There is Heisenberg's principle, Gödel's theorem and other concepts that prove that things are not so smooth in the Danish kingdom. Science is not the project that can be completed in one fell swoop in a couple of days, but in principle the most complex work that can take on humanity - explain in which world we live and who we are. And there is no guarantee that we will achieve success in this work: what we can overcome would be more illnesses that we would fly abroad sonic system that we can predict the collapse and guilt of great civilizations.
In order to predict what another marriage will be like in 10 or 100 years, we need information about this marriage, we can see certain factors that will be primary in the further development of this system spіlstva, and whom we can earn from the position of a human being who is in In the middle of this marriage is by no means possible. + To be clear, there could have been many reasons for the fall of Rome, and not just one; moreover, some of these reasons (invasion of the “barbarians,” for example) were external to Rome.

History is a complex science (as it is otherwise). It is impossible to reduce only statistics (how to reduce the entire economy to statistics - and marvel at how miraculously, easily and uncontrollably they cope with a food crisis, an energy crisis, high inflation and other critical moments), only until anthropology or history of media, just to the flow of facts or even to the search for hidden patterns. We have long known about these regularities - for example, about those that all people in all marriages sleep, eat and protect against killing their mother and having sex with their mother. Nutrition, so to put the story not in what is healthy between marriages (it is so clear that it is rich, because we are representatives of the same biological species, with which we do not interfere), but in what they all smell like - Such a difference . Why are China and Japan absolutely different, as they continue to be, and everything from China is considered, otherwise, if you have the right to do so, you can still distinguish the Japanese from the Chinese, and the structure of the Japanese marriage from the Chinese - exactly , the stench is completely different.

Zagalny vysnovok - the pathos of the article is not at all pre-oral, although this pathos has a lot of benefit. There is simply no revolution here, the theory of social cycles has been around for a long time, mathematical methods in history are often successfully established, demography was not recently invented - why the sensation? For someone who wants to tell the whole story again, throw it away and start his own life with blackjack and news? Well, it’s not funny at all. You are engaged in the popularization of science, and the history of popularization and renewal of your authority will require, like no other science, don’t get involved in history lessons, because you don’t know them, or knowing them is not good enough, and not because of history I’m so rotten and I can’t read anything. As soon as you read, you just need to read, and not immediately call your reader.

ps I ask you again for such a great comment, but to support it with 2-3 propositions in the “failure” style, as I understand, it’s not accepted at all among you, and that’s correct. If you are already discussing, then discuss everything and report it, otherwise there is no sense.
I don’t want to portray anyone, just like that.

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Science will appear when the dying appear. The author of the article nevertheless tries to describe the behavior of marriage through simulated parameters, population size, number of people with great coverage.
This is richly scientific, as we know, “a revolutionary situation arises when the bottom doesn’t want to, and the top can’t.”
More importantly, the sense of the correlation lies in the fact that there are a looming number of alternative hypotheses that explain the reasons, for example, the guilt of the revolution, choose from them the most convincing one, in which case, taking into account simple numerical criteria.
If you pointed the butt with a spoon, then in principle you are not aware of the scientific approach, but you are simply giving away.
And also, since “science” is what we call it, and part of what we want to analyze, then this teaching itself is an object of learning. The goal of science is to strengthen the investigator of the object that is being investigated in our type of success and to trace its (object) objective patterns of development.
Those who at the time Weller synthesized the cross-section, won earlier from the section.
Unfortunately, the science of history is not experimental, but cautious, like astronomy, because the actions of the nutrition of the huge order, for example, where all people are equal, for ethical reasons, they are forbidden to put it, not to verify it experimentally!
The jealousy of people is not greater; this declaration has not been experimentally confirmed!
So Paul and God say that your spoon with a spoon reaches the addressee in 95% of cases, otherwise you will come into history and begin to experiment with freedom, jealousy and brotherhood!
Before the speech, did you know who Robert Owen was - a lover of social experiments?

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In the past, history (like the one that I started at school) was by no means a science. So, there is simply a lack of facts, taken out of context and rather saturated with the elements of the structure. All the same, there are flowers on the meadow, which they obtained by collecting them from the herbarium, so that they can drive the life of the meadow ecosystem. How many herbariums are so many and different “lives”.

Sustainment is best described as a more active (vigorous) middle. This automatically and naturally allows one to embrace both free will and the complexity of the elements of the middle. It is good to know that such products, which are usually required to contain complex “elements”, can be completed with simple and transferred (in short periods of time) behavior. It is clear that the future behavior of such systems is fundamentally chaotic, then. unedited.

For example, the signs of revolution that are coming, good see this, who, having entered the era of historical materialism, - “the upper crust cannot, etc.” є a very accurate description of the transition of the minds of the active middle of the active camp. І "the presence of a party designed to eliminate the struggle of the masses" is also another, as the mental basis of the conductive center (pacemaker), the processes of which determine the behavior of the entire middle.

What about today? physical minds, then here the text of the article may have no mercy whatsoever. Negative demographic dynamics may even melodiously mean a decline in the minds of people (unrest, wars, natural disasters). And this, as you might guess, inevitably leads to an increase in the restlessness of the middle class (population dissatisfaction). And the appearance in these minds of a conductive center (a leader who will raise the level of restlessness beyond the threshold of guilt) may melodiously lead to a phase transition in every middle thing - that is. revolutions and changes are in order. If my mind and heart don’t accept the awakening of the middle in general (for example, if everything is good, everyone has everything and everyone is happy with everything - let’s talk about demographic growth), then the energy of the most charismatic leader goes into the sand .

Before speaking, earthtrucks also symbolize the increased restlessness (aggression) of people. Whenever I heard about it from my acquaintances, and at the end of the 80s, when the period of revolution began in Europe, they themselves came to me and said: “You marveled, effectively, how many days ago there was an earthtruder in Turechchina, and here Every year they report about the depredations of Yugoslavia " In other situations, if the marriage is stable and developments dominate, the same earthquake will soon cause local panic. And in Japan they are still fighting against panic.

This approach makes it possible to easily describe the behavior of any mass of people - from the surge of fans to the change of various partnerships - from Rome and China to fascist Germany and the USSR. In principle, there is also a possibility of mathematization at this point – you just need to learn how to carefully evaluate the “rate of restlessness” of a particular society or social group. It is influenced by a myriad of factors - psychogeographical, cultural, professional, scientific, and helio-geophysical. Don't forget about it social factors, beginning with awareness and ending with “brainwashing” through snake oil and informal communication channels. I would be pleased to sit with a competent historian to build up a large database of data in order to try to “pull out” these factors. History alone will not get by here. Here you need to think in terms of the categories of socio-biospheric dynamics.

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How, after all, are humanitarians in Sweden and how light-hearted they are in their emotions.
The “precision” of science does not require constant advancement to its beauty and power.
Exact science is a term used to distinguish, for example, empirical science, which is based on evidence - not one that comes out as an experiment, but one that is passed on as a tradition between generations.
History, however, should neither be accurate nor empirical, but rather fiction, literature, the extreme manifestation of which is graphomania.
Perhaps this is also reflected by historians in the creativity of people like Fomenko, who do not belong to historians, neither behind the light, nor behind the understanding, but even similar approaches, similarities.
This is how natural scientists present their “investigation” of pseudo-scientists in their galoozy, not to vindicate either methods or approaches, but rather to stagnate “terminology”, which for the uninformed looks scientific. Like, for example, the variety of colors of the “presledniks” of the “torsion” waterings.

And even before the introduction of “lyrical physics”, they are also inspired by representatives of the humanitarian sphere, leaving behind an unknown storehouse of the most humanitarian infusion - not only (and not just as much) to evaluate, but to evaluate the work: " more- -girshe".
So, for people with rational natural resources, the very setting of nutrition is “what kind of science is it?” - unreasonable.

At the very end, there is no time to read the paragraph, but immediately begin to distort the “images” from those in front.
There are no humanists, and no naturalists. There are different ways of analyzing bottles and scientific (?) analysis. They are present in every person at the same time, and there is no sense in revealing who has something more, so that any person will obey both, gradually. And only “humanists”, “naturalists” and so on stand on the level of abstract definitions.

In fact, as stated below on this site, the brain has ways of achieving division into different functional areas.

And finally, humanities (as if there were no stink) - needs. Because they occupy a niche in the ecosystem. The environment becomes stormy, creating the need for adaptation, which also impedes the development of scientific knowledge. And the development of the ecosystem without them would be poorer, less successful and more likely to be unlivable.

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Once again, being busy with exact sciences and descriptive sciences allows a different kind of reason to come into play. humanities in the bursa (behind the police, of course) I could not get into the essence of humanitarian proofs (matter is primary, therefore it is correct and otherwise). For less sophisticated formalized proofs of type a = b and c = c. Well, a = s. For a humanist, this is not at all obvious.

I have come across here on the site the attempts of various advocates to operate as proofs with such arguments as “I believe”, “it is obvious”, “one doctrine is so important”, “I don’t want to discuss this with you”, “you are not fond of terminology and etc., without providing the necessary factual (or formal) evidence. I would like to believe that a = c, since I can’t imagine the logical meaning of a = b i c = c and I don’t know any harm in these worlds. Otherwise, fellow humanitarians, I will consider your arguments as a test of reprisal. It’s just that the sweetness in me is so strong that you can’t even talk about it.

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"Cliodynamics"...
Hmmm... The author of the article is not aware that for over 100 years there has been a science that studies the historical process in terms of seemingly hidden patterns, and not unique figures, like history? Haven't you ever heard of this? Couldn’t you even think about it? And there it is.
It's called sociology.

It’s amazing that without voicing the obvious, history does not threaten us with exact science through the AVAILABILITY OF EXACT DATA.
On the other hand, people are still far from full objectivity in evaluating and interpreting what most people know.

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Can history be objective? - Story No. 1/21

PECULIARITIES OF SWEDISH NATIONAL SOCIALISM IN THE 1920-1930s, E. V. KORUNOVA 82

GREAT BRITAIN'S POLITICAL GOALS AT THE FINAL STAGE OF THE FIRST WORLD'S WAR, A. M. FOMIN 101

ADMIRAL P.I. RIKORD I YOGO EPOPEA IN THE GREEKS (1828-1833), G. L. ARSH 129

EXTERNAL THREAT TO RUSSIAN AMERICA: MYTH OR REALITY, A. V. GRINOV 153

IZ SPOGADIV KERUCHYY WITH THE RIGHTS OF THE SUVNARKOM OF THE SRSR Y. E. CHADAIVA, G. A. Kumanev 178

NEW EVIDENCE ABOUT THE ROLE OF F. ROOSEVELT IN US HISTORY, Y. N. ROGULIEV 209

THE COUP AT VYYSKOV'S RULE OF WESTERN EUROPE at the end of the 15th-17th centuries IN THE NEW ENGLISH HISTORIOGRAPHY, V. V. PINSKOYE 218

"COMMONORIES TO CABRAL": THE WAY TO THE REVOLUTION, A. M. KHAZANOV 227

TWICE PRESIDENT OF COSTA RICA OSCAR ARIAS: STROKES TO A POLITICAL PORTRAIT, E. S. DABAGYAN 267

NAPOLEON III - EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH, P. P. CHERKASIV 285

I. A. FESSLER - GERMAN THOUGHT AND HUMAN ACTIVE, D. V. GORBACHOV 315

BURIAN MIGRATION FROM THE GERMAN PART OF FREEDOM AFRICA (1900-1904), V. SCHMIDT 328

RUSSIA AND THE EXTREMELY AHEAD OF THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1917, S. V. KHOLYAEV 336

B. de las Heras. IMAGES OF A GREAT PLACE. MADRID 1936-1939, V. I. Kozlovska 344

V. A. Vsevolodov. “GO WITH THE LIGHT”: BEFORE THE HISTORICAL REPATRIATION OF GERMAN VIOLENTS OF THE USSR (1945-1958), N. P. Timofeeva 348

S. V. Artamoshin. UNDERSTANDING THE POSITIONS OF CONSERVATIVE REVOLUTIONS: THE INTELLECTUAL PLUS OF “CONSERVATIVE REVOLUTIONS” IN THE POLITICAL LIFE OF THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC, M. E. Yerin Yerin

N. V. Rostislavlova. GERMAN LIBERALS OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY. K. VON ROTTECK, K. T. WELKER, F. K. DAHLMANN, W. VON HUMBOLDT, D. HANSEMANN, V. P. Lyubin 356

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE ABOUT ANOTHER WORLD WINE AND CURRENT INTERNATIONAL VIEWS, Yu. M. Korshunov 360

WORK OF COMMISSIONED HISTORIANS AND ARCHIVISTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND CZECH REPUBLIC IN 2010-2011, O. S. Levchenkov, O. G. Matveeva 363

JUVILEY OF MIKOLI PETROVICH KALMIKOV 371

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE AT THE ISTAFFIC MDU "WHY CAN HISTORY BE OBJECTIVE?"

According to the Italian teachings of B. Kron, he correctly noted that “even if the story were true, current story". On the right is the small thing - to create such a story. What is the responsibility of the criterion of objectivity when writing it? The answer to the nutrition, how to write innovative scientific practices, which always and always represent the historical neither understand this phenomenon nor adequately evaluate its place world history, Think about the nature of historical knowledge in the past, like history itself, people have always lived in the past, and historians have rushed to objectivity in their report, but accumulations in the course of scientific research This clearly shows that the historian’s view of the world cannot. And it is not the fault of static History being written by people who have the powerful evidence of the past, so their actions cannot but bear the trace of the era.

In the process of accumulating historical knowledge, there may be additions and losses, during which time, through conjunctural merchandising, it is not beyond the surface, but for the purpose of periods, they fall out of the field of view of others. In addition, there are some facts that introduce new concepts into the scientific field, while others give them a new interpretation, enriching the previously developed concept. How can we write history at once? How to achieve truthfulness and objectivity? How can we recognize the historical phenomenon in all his complexity and super-judgment? How to fight the falsification of history and counteract the oppression of low-ranking officials and journalists interpret it in terms of the panicky official ideology that promotes There are no consequences for the social order, despite the fact that they do not fit into the generally accepted conjunctural scheme that interprets historical concepts. Will I twist them?

To discuss the most important food, 2nd birthday, 2011 at the Faculty of History of Moscow sovereign university im. M. V. Lomonosov near the conference hall "Shuvalovsky" an international scientific conference "How can history be objective?" was held. I used this method expert assessment I will now develop historiography and methodological approaches until the end of the past. The conference participants discussed a number of problems: How can the historical science of objectively date the past? What are the criteria for objectivity? What is the common sense among historians that may become the methodological basis of historical science? What are the interdisciplinarities in historical research?

The conference took place in three sections. The discussion that flared up in the sections had a lot of interruptions and a deep exchange of thoughts. The conference was attended by over 150 researchers, graduates, graduate students and students of the Faculty of History of the Moscow State Duma, the Institute hidden stories(ІВІ) RAS, Institute of Europe RAS, Russian State Humanitarian University, St. Petersburg State University, Higher School of Economics, other scientific and educational centers of the Russian Federation, as well as and representatives of the USA, FRN, Great Britain, and China.

L. V. Baibakova, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor of History Faculty of Moscow State University

Plenary session in front of the dean of the historical faculty of MDU, academician SP. Karpov, The international conference takes place in the format of testimonies, exchange of thoughts and discussions. In my opinion, the topic “How can history be objective” is assigned, which is even relevant, regardless of the apparently journalistic nature of the title. In fact, as a matter of fact, there is a story about the level of approximation, about the methods that historians use to understand these and other processes, about the establishment of adequate methods and research methodologies.

Then he gave the floor to the academician V. A. Tishkov, Head of the History Section of the Department of Historical and Philological Sciences, Director of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who was the moderator of the plenary session. Tishkov noted that we live in a situation where history has ceased to be just an academic discipline, and that part of the foreign culture is rich in a larger world, which has been in the past era. Today's historians cannot respect themselves with professional historical knowledge. They are hesitant to share the right to interpretation, to explain and simply analyze history from low authors, as they represent the so-called illustrious journalism. Historical themes have filled television production, film production, various historical series, special shows on the topic of history, which give rise to the name “histotatement”, etc. Rogue with history. Numerous publicists-authors, not engaged in the professional development of historical knowledge, consider themselves historians, write about history and sometimes gain great popularity. Seeing the number of books, they are making money for themselves in life. Books by E. Radzinsky have been seen in England, France and other countries. On the Internet you can find a number of historical sites, portals and a large amount of documentation and historical texts. Today it is practical to go to the library and go to the archives in order to read another document. I'll put it in your butt, especially since I was born in 1960. writing my first opinion coursework robot according to "Russian Truth" from prof. N.B. Golikova, I stood at the library in order to remove the text of “Russian Truth”. Today, it’s enough to spend a lot of time searching on the Internet and a lot of documents from Russian history will be available. In Tishkov’s opinion, historians live in a new historical culture, despite the stench of professional fraternity they are guilty of, finding their place and not wasting their heavy identity.

D.I.M., prof. L. S. Bilousov, Head of the Department of New Technology new stories Faculty of History of the MDU, talking about objectivity in historical science Having said that he is not a theoretician-historiographer, but a practitioner - a researcher and compiler, he would like to focus on what he extols in historical science, which he extols and needs to earn less wiggle.

Virility, in Belousov’s opinion, is becoming a major problem for historical knowledge. In a turning point era, as a rule, interest in the historical past grows, success results in active discussions, which often take on a scientific character, becoming an instrument of political and ideological struggle, and thus leading to the It is better to consider history as a science. Opponents from television, radio, and the Internet present one before another the widest range of selected facts, which is accompanied by powerful emotional argumentation, in which they are deprived of the stink in their Duma and are preached to the audience by the votes of the world. Find out which one of them is doing the talking. Then they protect the hundreds and in this way signify the “historical truth.” This is a discreditation of science. Glyadach deprives the program of reconciliation, which is not just a law, but a story: “what happened, whichever way you turn, that’s where it happened.” So, recently, on the website of Runet in Hyde Park, a survey was conducted on our topic: 60% of respondents answered “no”, since every historian writes his story. The concept is simple - the history is pseudoscience. It seems more logical to say that in this situation the average teacher in a secondary school is faced with a number of school assistants, some of whom are super polite, and sometimes even worse.

Is it wrong that the same concepts are interpreted? Naturally, the formation of a valuable series of children has a lot to do with the preferences of the depositor, but we cannot say anything about the objectivity of historical knowledge.

Of course, this problem is not new; superstitions about objectivity in history follow the clock of Herodotus. Even the ancient philosophers said that there are two knowledges: “in thought and in truth,” allowing for their opposition. A galaxy of brilliant thinkers has been trying for centuries to find a recipe for the objectivity of our knowledge about the past, including the great Leopold von Ranke, who taught us to write like it was. However, regardless of the emergence of new methodological approaches and previous methods, a universal recipe has not yet been found. The detailed debates of professionals and politicians, fueled by keen interest, flare up again and again.

So, in 1961 The Englishman E. Carr wrote to the work with a promotional title: “What is history?” 1 . The interest in the book was so great that it sold 250 million copies! Given that E. Carr respects that the historian is a product of his era and marriage, in whatever age he is alive, history can be as much as the historians themselves. The main strength of this bestseller lies in the balance between the facts of the past and historical facts. While the former are boundless and have their own complete ignorance, the others are the result of a selection made by the historian. Are there any fundamental criteria for selection that are determined through the mistakes of the future?

The proof of nutrition having tried the dates of another venerable British historian Before. Jenkins. All his books bear promotional titles: “Rethinking History” (1991), “About Those Who Are History” (1995), “Why History?” (1999), "Perebudova Stories" (2003); "Between Stories" (2009) 2. Its key thesis lies in the fact that the historian contributes a lot of special things to his work, so the same historical concepts are explained differently, and history itself is transformed into a “discursive practice that allows people to lie in the past, thinking about the present, digging around there and adapt it according to your needs." Before. Jenkins is echoed by another, less well-known current British historiographer Ege. Munslow, it is important that history cannot be taken into account by science, and then cease to be history 3. “The past” and “history,” he asserts, lie with different ontological categories.

A similar debate recently flared up in American historiography. Its initiator was P. Novik, the author of the great book “That Noble World” 4. Novik means objectivity, on the one hand, as a functional “myth”, clicks will ensure the gelling of academic integrity, on the other hand, as an important guideline, clicks will be minimized during rubbing. with historical fact and numerical interpretations. Novik's abstract about the state of American historical science, such as the 20th century. Nevtishny: in my opinion, all attempts to capture the epistemological “living center” under the name “objectivity” have failed. one great “all-worldly mark”, and the skin from them began to work for those who respected for needs, without regard to authority.

1 Carr E. What is History? New York, 1961.

2 Jenkins K. Rethinking History. New York-London, 1991; idem. On "What is History". New York-London 1995; idem. Why History? New York-London, 1999; idem. Refiguring History. New York, 2003; idem. The Limits of History. New York – London, 2009.

3 Munslow A. Deconstructing History. London, 1997; idem. The New Nature of History: Knowledge, Evidence, Language. London, 2001; idem. The New History. London, 2003; idem. Narrative and History. London, 2007.

4 Novick P. That Noble Dream: The "Objectivity Question" and the American Historical Profession. Cambridge, 1988.

Novik’s colleagues tried to counter this pessimistic statement. For example, in the work “Telling the Truth about History,” J. Appleby, L. Hunt and M. Jacob affirmed that objectivity is still possible in historical research 5 . Their eyes have become aware of even stronger attacks from the side of postmodernist historians, who have come to be known as the “linguistic turn.” They have chosen strong positions in the current historiography of the USA, France, Great Britain and Germany. Briefly, the essence of the views of postmodernists comes down to the fact that everything is in the head of the historian, and history itself is written by him in the texts that follow the rules of linguistics. Everything that is created by historians is based on their findings, interpretations that are constantly looked at, history is not a science, but rather a type of literature, and we cannot talk about the reliability of historical knowledge.

Similar positions are followed by various historians. Thus, A. Ya. Gurevich noted that “the very presentation of the concept of the objectivity of historical knowledge is incorrect” 6. If such an approach is true, it means discrediting our entire professional body. However, it is only possible to perceive this in the same way as to establish such a methodological toolkit that will be recognized professional strength as universal. There is still no knowledge and it is hardly possible to predict on the basis of the principle of historicism, which, in Belousov’s opinion, is the most thorough.

Evidence confirms that the path to objective historical knowledge is hampered by very few objective and subjective barriers. Among the objective wines, noting the most obvious: first of all, the infinite lowness of facts (let’s not mention reliable ones), the accumulation of which is inaccessible to the human mind; in other words, the peculiarity of the historian with his feelings, likes, dislikes, which includes elements of an unpredicted approach; thirdly, the pressure of each specific era with its system of enormous and moral values, which scientists are not given to grasp, skins from newcomers are a child of their time.

A number of subjective membranes are more crumbly, but not less. However, while the historian will not be ideologically neutral, he will vote for any methodology and limit himself only to the presentation of facts, their selection and continuity cannot be without sufficient results. The internal logic of the speech is organized. In addition, a simple flow of facts does little to understand the essence of the concept, and everything that goes beyond this flow is a special interpretation of what is happening.

Another source of subjective conversion, according to Belousov, lies in the presence of a single terminology. Until now, historians have not been able to achieve the ideal principle of the exact sciences: “one term – one interpretation.” The results are different, it is important to understand the categorical confusion, the presence of the understanding of the hidden coordinates to be tracked. Add as much to the emotionally loaded terminology that often indicates the tone of a follow-up.

Zreshta, prayer - the creation of myths. Our science has long been called upon to create mythologies, which became the ideological bonds of the nation that cemented the state. At the same time, we are wary of these processes, especially in the post-graduate expanse, where historical science, established by the ancient powers, follows the history of the powerful, recently consecrated power, replete with pseudo-historical facts, territorial may early conflicts, manipulation and falsification of stages of ethnic history, pre-intervention. in this way a nationally-creating ideological space. The active involvement of the historian in the manipulation of the past, in the minds of many followers, is reasonable.

5 Appleby J., Hunt L., Jacob M. Telling the Truth About History. New York - London, 1994.

6 Materials of the discussion “Current theoretical problems of historical science”. – Nutrition history, 1992, N 8 – 9, p. 162.

Prote statement also means falsification, possibly asking and objectivity. Let’s remember the book by R. Benedict “The Chrysanthemum and the Sword”, which was based on the agreement of the US intelligence services in 1944. 7 The author's goal was to prepare recommendations for the successful management of the occupied territories after the eventual defeat of Japan. As a result of this agreement, a Japanese account of that time was written, written, in the words of Umberto Eco, “without anger or partiality.” The Americans themselves needed this kind of investigation for purely pragmatic purposes.

L. S. Bilousov delivered a rhetorical presentation about those who need to earn money in order to boast less about their professional expertise. They were given five recipes, the effectiveness of which, in his words, can only be achieved by stopping the minds of all of them at once. First of all, we need to know that there are reliable ways to establish reliability historical facts. Here we have previously confirmed documented (and materially) facts, to perceive the origins of which can only be divine, as well as facts that have a small place in the past, regardless of how historians lie before them.

In another way, there are universal dating methods (without which history is inconceivable), including natural science: thus, archaeologists use stratigraphy, dendrochronology, radiocarbon analysis; Media news receives data from additional historical disciplines: paleography, sphragistics, numismatics, folaristics, etc. This is to put an end to falsifiers (A. T. Fomenko, G. V. Nosovsky) and the commercialization of pseudo-historical knowledge.

Thirdly, there is a need for obsessive minds to get closer to the historical truth: greater accessibility for the investigator and the possibility of an open discussion of professionals that adhere to the principles of scientific ethics, which is not allowed adapt facts to agreements, capture or falsify them. The struggle of concepts, thoughts, the change of scientific paradigms is not a benefit to the process of learning, but does not lead to non-objectivity. The fools are deprived of scientific integrity, which dictates tolerance, tolerance to the thoughts of colleagues. Fourthly, there is a realistic understanding that on this basis we can get closer to historical objectivity, rather than get away from it.

Bilousov concluded his speech with a call to establish a consensus among the spouses about the key historical concepts and facts that the sharpest superchids call out. On yogo thought, tse - vzheka, ale completely reachable. Humanity has come to understand that human cruelty is wrong. People began to realize after another world war that fascism is a greedy, inhumane, evil practice, and now they have transferred legal methods to protect against the threat of its revival. Such a consensus among the spouses, in my opinion, is possible.

The one who entered into the discussion V. A. Tishkov Having respected that he is better suited to A. Ya. Gurevich, who respected that the nutritional agreements we discussed were traditionally formulated, or one might say, trivial. At the same time, Bilousov spoke, in his opinion, emphasizing the legal aspects of the problem, relating it to historical facts and facts. V. A. Tishkov, stating that history today appears to be squeezed between politics and law, then the whole country votes with the direction of history. The decisions that preserve the importance of nutrition are related to the moral aspects of our profession, in the interpretation of the past.

V. A. Tishkov is important that we are not guilty of forgetting that in Russia over the last 20 years there have been even great radical changes and up to now the crisis of the past, including the remaining 20 - 25 years . Historians have come to grips with the situation when they are responsible for the professional interpretation of what has happened in the modern history of Russia over the past two to three decades, especially since the ruling team the essence of political and cultural fluidity, as a rule, throws away everything that has been crushed її predecessors. As a result, recently

7 Benedict R. Chrysanthemum and sword. Models Japanese culture. M., 2007.

In the past, it is important for us to explain that we were eyewitnesses of what we were not.

D.I.M., prof. V. A. Nikonov, dean of the faculty sovereign administration MDU, having begun its speech with a request for the work of M. A. Morozov “Christ”. He reminded those present that it begins with a description of the work of the commission from the creation of conditions for the victory of the Bolsheviks in 1917. Descriptions by the author of the book of the main character, from the ties, were included in the warehouse of the commission as one of the kerivniki 8. Through the river after the previous year, the participants were gathered in order to describe what happened on the day of the Second Meeting of the Rad. Everyone said to one another: “You don’t remember anything. Everything was completely wrong. You weren’t standing there. You weren’t sitting there. You weren’t talking, but someone else was talking.” And it’s not all a coincidence, since today we ask everyone present to describe what happened here, at this conference, then we take away at least a hundred stories of what happened here, at this This story cannot be matched.

Indicative of smut food conference “What is an objective history possible?”, Nikonov gave a negative testimony, first of all, to the fact that all stories are written by people who are responsible for the designated subjects. In my opinion, whatever teachings you write, if you write a book, they are also subjective. After all, what is the truth? Today, in essence, there are evidences of those headaches that Pontius Pilate delivered to Jesus, but not the same. Behind the words of the confession, since the Lord himself does not sing, what the testimony knows in this diet, then it is unlikely that we can be self-congratulatory, not the Almighty, but want to act humorously and seem that historians can only tell, not God himself, that What I can’t change passed. One of the well-known historians, M. Blok, said that relevant history May smell like “people” 9. There, as a “people”, there is, insanely, subjectivity and it’s unlikely that there’s anything wrong with it.

V. A. Nikonov noted that there is a lot of talk about those whose history is a science. Western universities, above all Anglo-Saxon ones, have “colleges of arts and sciences”. In the category “sciences” history is lost, and they are brought up to “arts”, then. - one of mysteries and this is a new wine. As we remember, the muse of Clio lay before the muses of mysticism. Of course, there is such a different type of history as “cliometrics” - mathematical methods that allow us to develop objective knowledge, which is evidenced by two hands for the origin of mathematical methods in historical history. ї. But here there is a problem with output statistical data. In the same Anglo-Saxon countries there is a popular saying: “There are three types of nonsense - nonsense, nonsense, and statistics.” The fragments of output statistical materials, which are always worthwhile, are not always destroyed objective reality, then, naturally, the analysis of these data can also not always reveal this reality. In connection with this, Nikonov noted that no one will say that the information from the State Statistics Committee is absolutely reliable, based on the reputation of the enterprises. It goes without saying that the importance of skin care reflects the reality of the job. As historians may want to analyze data on the gross domestic product of countries, the World Bank and the World Monetary Fund will find different figures. Based on objective mathematical knowledge, the history of people can hardly be seen, although, obviously, with greater proximity to objectivity, the following description of the history on the stand, let’s say, is a guess iv.

How does the problem of impartiality arise? U. A. Nikonov introduced the concept of “black swans”. She wrote about the title of N. Taleb’s book, which was recently published and became a bestseller in 2009. After its release, it became fashionable to talk about “black swans” or vicissitudes that, in principle, cannot be overcome

8 Morozov N. A. Christ, 10 vol. M., 1997 - 2003.

9 Blok M. An apologia for history and the craft of a historian. M., 1986.

appearance, analysis, forecasting 10. Taleb himself - the star of Wall Street, a very rich man, a Lebanese for adventures, begins his book with a description of what was important to objective knowledge. Until XVII-XVIII centuries. everyone was singing that all swans white color But after the discovery of Australia, it became clear that there were black individuals. So in Taleb’s native Lebanon, for a thousand years, Christians and Muslims lived in perfect harmony, and there were no conflicts between them in the world. I axis, one fine day, 1974, people began to cut one another. What happened? Some scientists can explain everything with the approaches of the Israeli intelligence service, and some with everyday goods - something that anyone would say wrong in the bazaar. Behind the words of V. A. Nikonov, it is possible to explain the reasons for a long time and clearly, but all the explanations will be insufficient. We don’t know the truth and we can’t explain it at all. For example, why, out of all the great number, tens of thousands of religions that have existed on the planet, only five religions have become light (after M. Weber), and all five originated in Asia. Nikonov affirms that historians are unable to reveal the great number of officials who contributed to this fact, as would be an otherwise great historical hope. The human mind, first of all, is simply not able to process all the facts, but in another way, the most important part of them has not found the same reflection in any historical facts.

V. A. Nikonov, having respected that if Bilousov talked about plutana with school assistants from history, which are released in our country, then yo, as a kerivina to the Russian Light Foundation, first of all, praises the growing Yi language in the countries of the near abroad, where circulates close to 70 Handbooks of “various” Russian language, although the language itself is more objective, less history. According to Nikonov, all countries have a history in school - it is important to cultivate greatness, which is consistent with the answer to the question: “why my country is the most wonderful country on the planet.” However, in Russia on the right it is different: the school assistant immediately tries to put a serious emphasis on life and declare the political position of the authors. So, the teacher of general knowledge for the 6th grade wrote that “there are just and unjust wars. A just war is the one we fought against Hitler, unjust wars are the ones our country fought in Afghanistan and Chechnya. In the army yu go .not required, because there is childishness and a professional army is needed.” In Nikonov’s opinion, all these are not the same as those that may be in the hand of public knowledge for the 13-year subdivision.

In response to nutrition in those who need to ignore the objectivity of history, they are completely positive. A search for truth, a response to the question “What is truth?” - tse sense human life Moreover, whenever people study history, they are constantly trying to find out the types of nutrition. Of course, you need to think about how best to carry out criticism of decisions, how to better obtain documents from archives, although the documents are most often subjective, because they were written by people and written in a melodic manner. It is necessary for those who are the descendants to know the motives by which these people acted. In other words, they can still approach the truth, but they are not given the opportunity to fully grasp it.

For example, I will speak in response to the question included in the title of the conference, “How can history be objective?” Nikonov has learned that “objectivity lies in our efforts to discover the truth.”

V. A. Tishkov, V. A. Nikonov made a commentary, noting that the evidence was pointed out tsikave food, related to the possibility of establishing any canon, a standard on the world level. The question of truth, objective and subjective knowledge, and the problem of standard and canon are, after all, different speeches. In some countries, the sovereign laws on the canon of historical facts are praised, which may be compulsorily included before school courses. Tishkov completed his remark to the nutritionists about those who need such a law for us.

10 Taleb N. Black swan. Under the sign of intransigence. M., 2009.

An active member of the British Academy, a professor at the University of Cambridge, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, took the floor. D. Lieven(Great Britain). Having declared that he was a follower of the English school of empiricism, while at the beginning of his studies at Cambridge University, students were not taught methodology and historiography. However, the problems raised at the conference arouse his greatest interest, and first of all, the problem of objectivity in Anglophobic robots about Russia, the author of some of these issues himself 11 .

In Leven's opinion, there might be a lot of marriage to be found in the presumption of proving facts. If, for example, there is such an understanding here as historical truth, then we can talk about the collapse of the legal system of this or that other power. Levena appreciates that the postmodern approach, which tends to make truths evident and facts illusory, is extremely dangerous not only for ethical but also political ambushes of power. In this case, Lieven separates the thoughts of many people and reliable facts. It is important that thoughts are not facts, and that they are not journalism. The position of the historian may be based on evidence and evidence. A good teaching will always be able to understand the object of the study from all sides, in essence, he is a thinker who looks for the truth.

Leven appreciates that every historian is guilty of striving for objectivity in his work. First of all, regardless of the facts, an important part of one’s professional commitment is the search for and proof of their reliability: do you need to know what happened, when, how and why? History departments at universities are created to teach students how to analyze theories, develop evidence, and understand the motives of their characters. Since the facts are daily, then all people have their own thoughts, without sacrificing the skin of any of them. For example, is the story about those who did or did not kill Hitler the Jews? There are people in England who seem to recognize the guilt of the Jews and other European peoples at the rocks of Another World War. Of course, history revolves around important problems, including who killed whom, and why? The interpretation of the plot and the actions of the heroes often depends on the greater subtlety of the time and motive of the killing. However, it is difficult to interpret various historical processes or entire eras.

Historians, respects Lieven, should follow singing rules. First of all, the worst evil against the profession is to become involved in the knowledge and creation of actual facts. In another way, the investigators, for the sake of those who are in charge of sponkana, are not guilty of becoming guarantors of a different interpretation of the concept. This position has been justified in extreme cases, such as, for example, the outbreak of war during the First World War. In such situations, it is necessary not only to search for all possible evidence, but also to evaluate it objectively, bearing in mind that the search for truth does not represent the memory of all those who died in the last century. And the Ottoman Empire became a witness to massive ethnic cleansing and massacres Muslims on these borders. All these facts are unlikely to create a real picture of what is being discovered, but they are necessary and useful for historical research. Leven concluded that if there is a reconciliation between the times and the Turks, then the description of them will be very sensitive to the historical context, to all respectable peoples.

In Levene’s opinion, academic science may go so far as to date past views of green light, around historians,

11 Lieven D. Collapse of Tsarist and the Soviet empires in a comparative perspective. - The Decline of Empires. Munich, 2001; idem. Empire, History and the Contemporary Global Order. - Proceedings of the British Academy, v. 131. London, 2004; idem. Russia against Napoleon: The Battle for Europe, 1807 to 1814. London, 2009; idem. Leo Tolstoy on War, Russia and Empire. - War and Peace Across the Disciplines. New York, 2010; idem. Russia against Napoleon: Struggle for Europe. 1807 – 1814. London, 2010.

There are great historical ideas that can hardly be objective. In essence, this provides free access for people with different interests and scientific approaches to publications, journals and appointments to government positions. Leven appreciates that in any marriage there may be a place for different scientific schools, methodologies, concepts and subjects of study. What is needed is not only pluralism in the middle of one or another marriage, but also international pluralism, the visibility of different views and historical methodologies among them different countries.

Leven highly appreciated the achievements of Anglo-American achievements, which trace the history of Russia to the remaining fates. In his words, the canons of the profession have always dominated the arsenal of scholars, so as to mean the essence and reasons for what is missing. Any attempts to clearly prove or accept this or other evidence inevitably led to the loss of trust of one or the other investigator on the side of the academic community. I want funding for research into the history of the USSR in the rocks" cold war it went directly and indirectly from the ordinary ones, which in no way meant any bias towards scientific interpretations of these or other approaches that were being developed in Russia. Thus, in Great Britain and the USA, most historians, as a rule, did not support the foreign political course of the decline of the USSR. foreign policy R. Reagan and M. Thatcher bolo, zokrema, apparently not rich. And although historians were not all Russophiles, it would be unfair to classify them all as Russophobes. Neither English nor American historians were servants of prophecy and, moreover, rumored champions of the ideological trends of the “Cold War”. All your choices are small. Zokrema, according to Lieven, and Vin himself, was a member of one of the great banks for six years, achieving an independent position and losing his wealth.

According to Levene, all the problems in modern Russian history stem not from the intellectual dishonesty of their predecessors and the legacy of political manipulation, but are indicated, for the most part, by panicky looks in the Anglo-American partnerships and related professions of American and British academic scientists. Over the course of time, everything has led to a great deal of interpretation and supernatural interest in many other, no less important problems. To support his thesis, Levene used two examples: the first was about discussions related to the Russian Revolution, which dominated Anglo-American historiography during the 1970s. , and in the other - until the remaining two decades, once it has begun exploration of the plots of cultural life, identity and ethnology in Russia. For example, at one of the remaining conferences of Slovenian and Russian research from the United States, there were one of more than 100 reports that addressed the problems of foreign policy. Most of the participants were not interested in topics related to the sovereign, economic, financial or military-political history of Russia. Levene’s idea is this: it is necessary to conduct a thorough exchange on the international level of different points of view, to become familiar with the scientific schools and traditions of different peoples.

D.I.M., prof. A. G. Golikov, Head of the Department of Geographical Studies of the History Faculty of the Moscow State Duma, he noted that he asked, “How can historical science date objective knowledge about the past of human marriage?” Today they say differently. In the 19th century Positive historians have been reconciled: their task - “Show how everything was true” (L. Ranke). It was reported that the support of reliable facts, such as from the relevant sources, and the knowledge of the investigator’s personal subjectivity can guarantee the objectivity of the extracted knowledge.

Although all historians, regardless of their theoretical and methodological positions, that is, in other words, are based on adequate knowledge about the past, it is practically difficult to implement this focus. The past is closely connected with today. As his German colleague, Professor J. Rüsen, stated in his book, “one should not trust the obvious assertions of the authors, who sing the readers in absolute

fierce objectivity of their people. History is written and rewritten again and again in the context of the hour in which historians and their readers live” 12.

To the thought of Academician I. D. Kovalchenko, regardless of the subjective form of knowledge, you can give an objective form of knowledge instead of knowledge. For historical studies, there is a “range of objectivity”: from 1 to 0. However, neither the objective nor the subjective stock of historical knowledge reaches these extreme values ​​13.

When a positive diagnosis is confirmed, the mother's nutritional requirements must be taken into account in three circumstances. First of all, apparently, not all information about reality was recorded by the participants. Otherwise, the information that has been recorded is not completely saved and, for various reasons, is not often available for review. Thirdly, the historian, when molding the core of the work, selects the material that is most suitable for the purposes and objectives of the investigation.

Instead, the basis for historians should be information about past activities, recorded in devices, which eliminates the function of accumulation, saving and transmission of this information over time. The number of interests of the creators was always chosen. Therefore, historians believe that as a source of investigation, a subjective picture of the past is deprived of contemporary knowledge. Thus, the ancient Russian chronicler is extremely difficult. He punctually stated, for example, that they reflected on his reality the manifestations of comets, describing the affairs of princes, rather than skilfully fixing those that seemed to him to be of utmost importance. And if there were no prospects that were given to the best respects of the land, the chronicler was able to exchange short respects: “The summer... had nothing.”

The author of a special book dedicated to the new and new hour, however, often talks about everyday life. Emperor Mikola II carefully made detailed notes: about the weather, the hour of the meeting. Only those things that destroyed the basic way of life, created inconsistencies that did not fit into the framework of special phenomena, provoked a new emotional reaction that took away the imagination in the garden. The “sounding news” about the mutiny on the battleship “Prince Potyomkin-Tavriysky” prompted the desperate tsar who would like to give free rein to everyone: “I just can’t believe it!.. The devil knows what’s going on in the Black Sea Fleet I... It is necessary to punish the bosses and fiercely rebels" 14.

A special schodennik - he is incredibly proactive. The author emphasizes the extreme effectiveness of those that are important and important to me. At the same time, he immediately provides information about himself. Such unbearable evidence, no matter how insignificant the stench may have been for an hour, allows historians to extract more objective knowledge. 1st Veresnya 1904 r. Mikola II wrote to the gardener: “It’s a recent autumn day: 7° with a board and a strong wind... First we had a chance to flood the fireplace.” And then follows the remark: “Lost at home, prepared for the weather” 15. Obviously, this last phrase vividly characterizes the Russian autocrat as an extremely restless person, capable of acting impulsively, in accord with the rally mood. It appears that Risa Mikoli II appeared in his capacity as the head of the state.

The level of objectivity of historical knowledge has a lot to do with the preservation of resources and their availability for descendants. Information about people's activities can be recorded in different ways and on different material noses. Step by step by mankind, the viroble forms were preserved by stretching out

12 Risen J. Historische Vernunft: Grundzuge einer Historik. Die Grundlagen der Geschichtswissenschaft. Gottingen, 1983, p. 119.

13 Kovalchenko I. D. Methods of historical research, type. 2. M., 2003, p. 256 – 257.

14 Crafts of Emperor Mikoli II. M., 1991, p. 265 – 266.

15 Ibid., p. 227.

The most important reminders for both practical and scientific people. Their main storage areas were archives, libraries, and museums. The wars, the fires, and human misfortune made adjustments to the stock of historical equipment that was being preserved. But who knows, sometimes natural and social cataclysms played in one’s life not only the role of the all-ruinous evil charmer, but also, in the figurative words of the French historian M. Blok, the role of the “deity who stands in” to the investigator" 16. The eruption of the Vesuvius volcano, which became a disaster for the inhabitants of Pompeii, preserved the richest archaeological material for them. French revolution XVIII century. The king's ministers were forced to flee, not giving them time to burn the dark papers. The nationalization by the Russian state of the great enterprises and banks that operated in pre-revolutionary Russia saved their archives and documents that were in business from destruction.

The number of historical jellys is great. Before the historian begins their investigation, he is obliged to explain: what necessary materials can be obtained for the work. M. Blok names two main “culprits of neglect and ignorance”: lack of balance, “how documents are used” and addiction to secrecy (diplomatic, business, family), “how documents are kept or known” 17 . The legislation of all powers establishes restrictions on the elimination of certain categories of documents. Please note that if a country publishes documents that were previously classified as secret, there is a trend in the selection of material.

In 1914 - 1915 rubles. The ministries of foreign affairs of Germany, Great Britain, Russia, Belgium, Serbia, France and the Austro-Ugric region published collections of diplomatic documents - the so-called “color books”. With the help of special collections of documents, a number of powers that entered before the First World War decided, in the eyes of the enormity, to transfer responsibility for their guilt to the enemy 18. To wrap such versions of the stacking of all color books, cheating operations were performed.

So, the MZ Nimechchini already has 2 sickles 1914 rubles before noon. prepared the "White Book", which did not include the text of telegrams from Mikoly II to William II with the proposal of "transferring Austro-Serbian food to the Gaza conference." The proposal, developed by the Russian side, reflected the key thesis of the German MZS: Russia is to blame for the war - and they were more respectful of it than to “forget”. In the English “Blue Book,” as investigators found, more than 100 out of 159 documents were published in a highly falsified form: documents had “incomprehensible” phrases written on them, sometimes new ones were added, and sometimes they were combined fragments of various telegrams were put into a single “document” and several were created didn't wake up. "documenti".

After the end of the war, the powers - the participants began to publish a rich volume of diplomatic documents. Ale stench, as it appeared, were also not homeless. The first was a 40-volume publication of documents from the MZS Nimechchini. The preparation of this publication followed the thematic principle of spreading the material, which made it possible to select “those that are important to those” and not to include “insignificant” documents, to publish documents with bills, to tear them up, and to place them in in various parts volumes, as well as in different volumes. This technique became obvious after France saw the translation of the German publication, distributing the documents in strictly chronological order.

The evidence of many volumes of publications has clearly shown that it is impossible to publish all the documents without guilt, and their collections add up to a final political agreement. Behind the last word of the English historian A. Taylor,

16 Blok M. Decree. cit., p. 42.

17 Ibid., p. 43.

18 Div: Erusalimsky A. S. Nutritional support for the war. – Marxist historian, 1932, N 1 – 2.

"The thirsty state will not pay for the sight of richly voluminous works with selfless love for science" 19. The subjectivity of the selected publications of documents is obscured by all similar data - from military, economic history, etc. Moreover, the scale seen through the need to obtain significant financial sums will no longer strengthen their engagement.

This subjective picture is possible when compiled from different publications and based on the totality of information about the concepts that are contained in documents of various types for apparently different purposes.

The concept of “objectivity” is often imbibed in its meaning - objectivity, lack of anticipation. Russian positivist historian N. I. Kariev asserted: “The obligation to be objective is to support all the activities of the historian from criticism of principles to the most abstract details” 20. In the course of research, there is a need to consistently follow this, so that “any outside scientific evidence does not dictate to you anything about ideas and news, about people, about the motives of their leaders, about the results Their activities are the same. " " 21. Kareev identified three of the most advanced, in his opinion, types of subjectivism in his opinion, calling them “illegal”: confessional, national, party.

At the same time, dedicated to the history of the countries of Western Europe at the beginning of the 20th century, Karev gave characteristics to the heads of the Western European powers. Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany, for which Russia was at war during the author’s work on the book, he describes how a narcissistic, marnoslavny, powerful people, “like the authoritarians themselves, can understand.” At the same time, the English monarchs - Edward VII and George V, under the pen of a member of the constitutional democratic party Kariev, became "constitutional" wise rulers 22. So, in concrete historical research, there was no way to pin down “illegal”, according to the authorities, subjectivism.

The chance to create an objective picture of past activity is greatly enhanced by historical research of an interdisciplinary approach. Historical knowledge is integral: it embraces all the diversity of life.

At the monograph " Russian Empire“these are the enemies from the 16th century to the present day,” his English colleague Professor D. Levene, presenting evidence of the equal infusion of the Russian, British, Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg empire. The author interprets the concept of “Russian Empire” broadly - from the entry into the Moscow state of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates and before the collapse of the USSR. As an addition to the book, a selection of creative satirical graphics from the research of E. Fuchs “The World War in Caricature” 23 is included. Caricatures, according to Lieven's idea, complement the main text. Those that the author does not explain verbally, inform the reader visually.

Inclusion in the database of written and image-creating materials is based on the successor to the development of a specific problem method of comprehensive development of their information. Unfortunately, the author did not describe this method. Also, the reader can independently, on the basis of the materials contained in the book, would like to often reveal the subjective position of the author when selecting objects and try to learn more about the non-vikoristan in order to be able to identify more objectives. special recognition for the advancement of their information output.

19 Taylor A. The fight for peace in Europe. 1848 – 1918. M., 1958, p. 31.

20 Kariev N. History (theory of historical knowledge), view. 2. Pg., 1916, p. 193.

21 Ibid., p. 195.

22 Kariev N. History of Western Europe in an hour. T. 7. History of Western Europe at the beginning of the 20th century (1901 – 1914), part 1. Pg., 1916, p. 36 – 37.

23 Fucks E. Der Weltkrieg in der Karikatur. Erster Band: Bis zum Vorabend des Weltkrieges. Munchen, 1916.

It’s amazing how the book has text and a figurative row on the side to the story about the Crimean War. The historian dedicated just one phrase to the description of this situation: “The firm determination to resist the unforeseen attack of the Russian power lay the basis for Britain’s decision at the beginning of the war of 1854.” And then the statement of Lord G. Palmerston was written about those who “for the shortest and most assured security of a peaceful future Europe, we must consolidate Russia’s activities from the border territories.” The British politician confirmed that even without Georgia, Circassia, Crimea, Bessarabia, Poland and Finland, “Russia can still lose a great power, otherwise we will not achieve such an important advantage if we attack our own countries.” idiv 24 .

The protege of the Crimean War is summarized in 10 cartoons - the fourth part of the entire supplement. And this visual series carries more information than the author’s text. Caricature is a form of figurative creativity, in which information is recorded in an artistic form. The caricature, which is well understood by fellow readers, often provides an explanation for the average reader 25. Therefore, the cognitive potential of revenge can be eliminated by knowing the historical context and understanding the specifics of satirical graphics. Behind the words of Fuchs, the caricature has its own vocabulary and its own grammar. She is vicious from the start, ahead of the curve. Being a journalistic creation, the satirical graphics of my starry images convey a darkened assessment of those who have become, dying in their own way for the sake of people’s knowledge, aka, for the sake of their emotional release. Caricatures from different countries, arising from the political interests of the powers and the directness of the public mind, gave different assessments of these very ideas.

Levene, a uniquely creative series, in his interpretation of the Crimean War is based on the version of ideas represented in the works of English artists. Read in Russia the image of a majestic, terrible bear in a crown, who would strangle the volumes of a large indica in the fest - Turechchina (1853). In another caricature, Britain stands as a mighty, eager to fight, grim leftist, at the sight of a Russian witch retreating in fear (1854). Once Russia's defeat in the war appeared, according to the images flowing among the leaders, who would then see good allies-winners: the English, the French, the Sardinians and the Turks (1855). So, with the help of reasonable images, popular knowledge promoted the idea - the valiant English lion, the hunter of the weak and crooked, overcomes the majestic evil and fearful Russian witch.

The author has included a selection of French caricatures, in which the theme of the struggle between “cultural” Europe and “barbarian” Russia, represented under the artist’s image in the form of brutish, shaggy Cossacks, adorned with shawls and peaks, is important. At home, little O.'s house, the Cossacks eat... candles. Such images of Russians during the Napoleonic wars were cultivated in Europe, and caricaturists made their contribution by forming negative views of Russia, disseminating them to their followers.

It is with great respect that Lieven did not include, until the iconic series he created, the famous caricature by the Russian artist M. A. Stepanov, dedicated to the mutual allies, although this caricature was also created by Fuchs’s book. The little one can see how the Englishman from the front of the ship is guarding the tight fortifications of the forts that protect the Sevastopol Bay. The caption complements the little one with his thoughts: why not give the first assault to the dangerous fort to the French ally?

24 Leven D. The Russian Empire and its enemies from the 16th century to the present day. M., 2007, p. 417.

25 Div: Golikov A. G., Ribachenok I. WITH. Laughter is serious on the right. Russia and the world at the turn of the 19th-20th century in political caricature. M., 2010.

A caricature is a kind of “mirror” that reflects the realities of our time. The skin's national "mirror" has little known coefficient of curvature. To speed up confusion, it is necessary to select a number of mirrors.

Obviously, in the pursuit of historical objectivity, it is possible to minimize the power of subjectivity.

Professor at the University of Minnesota T. Wolf(USA) in his opinion, stating that food raised during the conference hour may, in his opinion, have an important epistemological nature. In connection with this, the only way to inform oneself about the status of history lies in the consideration of historical works as written texts, the authors of which are people inspired by ancient cultural traditions. According to Wolf, if there is a deep fixation on the cultural discourse of history, this means that there are a lot of other discourses that help people better navigate life. Concerns about the status of history, in this way, can be translated into the area of ​​identifying other discourses that are oriented, and how history is connected to them.

Wolf noted that this scientific approach is the product of trivial work in the American institutions of high light and, if we go into metaphors, we can say that in the United States history occupies a special niche in the discursive landscape of cultural production . History represents the configuration of nations, institutions, technologies, interests and perceptions, and the fact of its variability is due to the specifics of this and other countries. And while these institutions and technologies lie so strongly in the national context and the needs of national “histories”, it is reasonable to recognize as the current moment that there are different national cultures that represent a distinct view of the historical znannya.

According to Wolf, post-war, deideologization and hyper-technological times have increased the pressure on professional historians due to changes in their cultural, social and political authority. Under the "historians" we have the respect of those who occupy important positions from prestigious organizations that ensure the release of historical “products”, and from the universities themselves and the previous institutes in which people work at the doctoral stage. Under the concept of "authority" it is understood that the investigator is responsible for making judgments about people and situations that are not considered to be the truth in another instance, then they are considered close to the last word in that Another specific discussion on the song topic.

Wolf appreciates that historical knowledge in the past was often prestigious and authoritative due to its scarcity. Until recently, historical texts were created as a legacy of long-standing successes of research, which attracted great material support from related organizations. Historians wrote books for the public, who realized that they occupied different positions in the cultural hierarchy and that historical research had the greatest demands on the sanctified part of the marriage. Prote history of modernity is the history of the expansion of various things that move one after another hierarchy, so the knowledge of historians has become just one of the numerous competing phenomena that have arisen in the process of life's achievements I'm coming. In its time, all this knowledge was of a small nature; They were split into small portions of both written texts and the efforts of prestigious and inaccessible organizations, the chief people, whose mission in life is of little use to manage the marriage, were sent directly to various representatives of the elite. Stretch of the XX century. Historians, who were graduates of an organization that develops historical knowledge, were expected to remain calm until they clearly understood what their readers wanted from them. There are hundreds of periods in the history of the USSR, which one can doubt, but in the USA the audience that reads was clearly represented by an illuminated ball of junk, which was fought in order to reach the warehouse of the “establishment”.

Wolf appreciates that the United States has become a very widespread society, and this process changed until the 50s and 60s of the 20th century. The authority of historians is largely explained by the activity of professional structures in the middle of academic partnerships, the same role they played in the institutional partnership as a whole. The authority of historians lies in the judgment of the historians themselves, and not of the general public - amorphous and rich. Ale, at the same time, in the world, as more and more Americans began in colleges, gradually, starting from the 50s, having grown up, they started working on what could be intellectually called scientific processes, which give a historical place to singing reading this audience. These were investigations that focused not so much on the activities of national elites, but on the history of their most important people everyday life. In such works, the main focus was on the history of the local family, ethnic and racial groups to help understand what the accumulation and recommendations were like before the historical “evidence” was adopted. And although, in total, these changes that were noticed in the historical science promoted the authority of historians, while maintaining a deficit of trust in historical science.

Then Wolf asked those present to move to our days, since it is still a sin to complain about the lack of professional discourse about the past, the remains of the stench are through, and the cordon between scientific, popular and fantastic stories has been known through to a lot of inconsistency in the field of technology, which has “communicative meaning” of the past "has become as close as the use of a text editor or connection to the Internet. At this time, a number of segments for discussing these and other historical subjects have grown up, fragments of the peripheral subculture that existed previously in the past according to this plan, access to information channels was denied, so As such, new sites are constantly being created to appeal to various groups of people interested in people with similar interests.

New technologies simplify the process and expand the range of possible discourses on diverse topics. Knowing the frequent excess, we can say that at this time we have already reached such a level in the development of science, since all aspects of the human problem have passed, so here we go - as a context, an explanation, a place of action, a rational motivation for what is happening, triviality objects that can be seen, cultural monuments and so on. To put it briefly, then, according to Wolf, we are obliged to give due credit to current scientific technologies, so as to facilitate the massive introduction into the information space of a great deal of historical research and research about technosocial more middlebrow, as it was formed during the last ten years.

According to Wolf, in everyday life it is easy to know whose numerical uses. Obviously, you can print it from the TV channel "History Channel" and this means that it has become a "format" and is broadcast in different parts of the world. Now the United States has two national and one European historical television channels. The History Channel has ceased to track prestigious cultural creators accredited by the most prestigious intellectual organizations. Having become a place, de fans, enthusiasts and supporters of various ideas present history in a sloppy manner, but most often it’s wonderful in simple words. This variety of history on the History Channel voices a variety of assumptions and hypotheses that lend a semblance of plausibility to a form of discourse such as "an expert's inference from carefully collected data." Their theories not only cast doubt on their still poorly formulated historical hypotheses, but sometimes tear them to smithereens, as has happened more than once when programming a TV channel that specializes in history. There were still some remaining data about how ancient peoples learned technology from the "long-time astronauts". These TV shows are being promoted in the information field of history, thereby destroying a healthy historical context.

Kerivnitstvo channel "History Channel" directly states that its program is dedicated to "history", and objective programs have appeared in the past on other channels, for example, on the Culture channel. Let's take this example: it is impossible for any American politician to speak in front of the elections without presenting the problems of today in the context of the past. The policy of skin diseases is not less than revealing about the history of the region and pointing out those who were heroes and who were despicable, and who were subject to both tragedy and heroism storyline, in any case, in the name of the nation's champion, American politicians do not conform to the emerging European canons of a government official, like a kind of highly qualified professionals; They are rather the purveyors of the idea of ​​the American Messiah for the whole world.

Wolf said that we are constantly turning into a discursive middle ground, which is becoming more difficult to accommodate arguments, experiences and thoughts about the past. It is not surprising that it is now difficult for only historians who work in the academic environment to use the word “professional”. There are various fakes in the history of history, to which people fight for this, so that they, for a fee, evaluate the accuracy of these and other facts, provide evidence on the merits of these and other points of view of supernaturalists And thereby they themselves confirmed the historical truth. With this approach, authority is destroyed, as long as the cultural hierarchy itself understands how it can support them. The authority of academic historians extends beyond the threshold of the lecture hall and the pages of journals that have a circulation of 600 copies. In the eyes of everyone, all cultural products are often mixed with milk, not just milk or just milk.

Wolf emphasizes that in such an atmosphere it is not at all pleasant to be around, feeling like one voice of truth to shout in the desert for mercy. This is the sense of uniting with other events from the past. In your opinion, it’s important not to worry about professional anxiety, but to allow it to rise to the most important food for everyone: what is the vector of policy that influences the development of universities at the onset of the decade? It is not necessary to study the university only as a place of dissatisfaction with ideas, ideally the initial deposit, in his opinion, may become the place where various investigations are being carried out not only for the discovery of ideas, but also about marriage, such as the stench is noticeable. Wolf doesn’t want the university to look like an old monastery, fenced in by the resolution of the marriage, but they will always be looking for species to determine how many angels can dance on their heads. these are hairpins. A university with a wide variety of faculties can be more accommodating and generous, helping to shape the thoughts of students not in favor of the authority of scientific disciplines, but as a place of special and collective self-improvement. In Wolf’s opinion, no matter what our specific investigations are, the search for objective knowledge may, in any case, be aimed at one goal: to help people understand how to change their lives for a better life.

the side is coming >>

Everything lies behind what we want to remove from it.

When it comes to scientific knowledge, it is our responsibility to know exactly what happened in the past, and not what we imagine. History, like a science, is intended to be objective, it can reflect real activity, and not the thoughts of other people.

If the story is intended to be part of the marriage, it can be objective. In order to incorporate, it is necessary to exaggerate and apply, to invent those that did not really exist, and to comprehend those that did occur in reality. Otherwise, it is impossible to achieve an effective influx of some people against others. In this case, history will no longer be a science, but a mystery. All historical events related to the marriage must be accepted as actions artistic creations by different authors. Depending on social changes, such a story will inevitably be different. How many authors, so many stories.

It is necessary to know that today the world has little science of history, and only artistic historical works of various authors. Their historical features are mythological features, such as the authors would like them to be, and as the readers to whom the author writes would want them to be. Most often, these are the people who occupy high seats of power and those in opposition to power.

Of course, such a fact of non-objectivity of history cannot be accepted. As soon as there is nothing left to say, it is customary to appreciate that objective history can be sparked, and, of course, confirm those from whom historians are not familiar - history in such a way can be science. All historians want them to be immediately respected by scholars, and not by writers.

But is it still possible to transform history into science, based on the objective image of the past?

You can be like that, depending on any social values ​​and morals. This science has no morality, it either correctly reflects the laws of behavior of nature, human life and marriage, or it is dangerous. And that's all. And even if someone has discovered historical patterns in his activity, it does not amount to science. Whether scientific knowledge can be used for good or evil. However, without proper knowledge of the patterns that have been studied, it will be impossible to be successful in the future.

History, as a science, needs to be created from scratch, the remains that have not yet existed.

You need to start by filtering historical facts. It is necessary to throw out all the facts that raise doubts and leave out those who do not raise doubts in anyone. For example, did the Battle of Stalingrad happen or not in 1942? This historical fact is reliable, objective, and has no opponents. And so on. Let us not waste too many facts, which have been reduced to the category of dubious, or rather less, less information, or even mild. The current story has emotional assessments of features, bad and good. In this story, Hitler and Stalin do not seem to be either schizophrenics, but rather the promoters of new social ideas and systems for managing the lives of a marriage. The revelations that these systems have given not only the ruinous, but also the positive in various areas of activity, will help the future to take into account the negative evidence of the past for the success of the future. These ideas for certain political similarities will help to understand and much more negatively in the current marriage, but in the minds of extreme historical minds the stench appeared more extensively and completely. Some of the regularities of historical events have not been revealed (history means that nothing can be taken into account), the negatives will be present in the current marriage, and will appear in the future.

Well, history, like science, can flow wildly, otherwise it is transformed into artistic creation. It may not be useful for us, as science is, but it is a reliable tool for the successful design of the future. This is urgently needed by us in advance for those who are engaged in the development of minds for the successful development of marriage, and who do not want to have mercy from their project. And for why it is necessary to study the past as it really was, then we need objective history, history as a science, and not as the thoughts of certain peculiarities.

P.S. The nature of the discussed article allows us to recognize the absurdity of history as a subjective science, which we cannot do otherwise. The term itself – “subjective science” – is absurd. Science is an area of ​​activity that deals with the development of objective knowledge of the behavior of nature, and people and society are only a small part. And those who can be subjective, do not have close attention to the reference science until the very significance.

And again, the registration of historical facts is not science, but merely material that can be used in the future. This science establishes objective patterns of the appearance of these and other forms. For some minds the stench could appear, but for some they could not, and for whatever reason. The establishment of such historical patterns may be the sphere of activity of future historians, among whom the same large-scale features as Newton and Mendeleyev may appear in the natural sciences.

Everything lies behind what we want to remove from it.

When it comes to scientific knowledge, it is our responsibility to know exactly what happened in the past, and not what we imagine. History, like a science, is intended to be objective, it can reflect real activity, and not the thoughts of other people.

If the story is intended to be part of the marriage, it can be objective. In order to incorporate, it is necessary to exaggerate and apply, to invent those that did not really exist, and to comprehend those that did occur in reality. Otherwise, it is impossible to achieve an effective influx of some people against others. In this case, history will no longer be a science, but a mystery. All historical works, which are known to the estate, must be taken as artistic creations of different authors. Depending on social changes, such a story will inevitably be different. How many authors, so many stories.

It is necessary to know that today the world has little science of history, and only artistic historical works of various authors. Their historical features are mythological features, such as the authors would like them to be, and as the readers to whom the author writes would want them to be. Most often, these are the people who occupy high seats of power and those in opposition to power.

Of course, such a fact of non-objectivity of history cannot be accepted. As soon as there is nothing left to say, it is customary to appreciate that objective history can be sparked, and, of course, confirm those from whom historians are not familiar - history in such a way can be science. All historians want them to be immediately respected by scholars, and not by writers.

But is it still possible to transform history into science, based on the objective image of the past?

You can be like that, depending on any social values ​​and morals. This science has no morality, it either correctly reflects the laws of behavior of nature, human life and marriage, or it is dangerous. And that's all. And even if someone has discovered historical patterns in his activity, it does not amount to science. Whether scientific knowledge can be used for good or evil. However, without proper knowledge of the patterns that have been studied, it will be impossible to be successful in the future.

History, as a science, needs to be created from scratch, the remains that have not yet existed.

You need to start by filtering historical facts. It is necessary to throw out all the facts that raise doubts and leave out those who do not raise doubts in anyone. For example, did the Battle of Stalingrad happen or not in 1942? This historical fact is reliable, objective, and has no opponents. And so on. Let us not waste too many facts, which have been reduced to the category of dubious, or rather less, less information, or even mild. The current story has emotional assessments of features, bad and good. In this story, Hitler and Stalin do not seem to be either schizophrenics, but rather the promoters of new social ideas and systems for managing the lives of a marriage. The revelations that these systems have given not only the ruinous, but also the positive in various areas of activity, will help the future to take into account the negative evidence of the past for the success of the future. These ideas for certain political similarities will help to understand and much more negatively in the current marriage, but in the minds of extreme historical minds the stench appeared more extensively and completely. Some of the regularities of historical events have not been revealed (history means that nothing can be taken into account), the negatives will be present in the current marriage, and will appear in the future.

Well, history, like science, can flow wildly, otherwise it is transformed into artistic creation. It may not be useful for us, as science is, but it is a reliable tool for the successful design of the future. This is urgently needed by us in advance for those who are engaged in the development of minds for the successful development of marriage, and who do not want to have mercy from their project. And for why it is necessary to study the past as it really was, then we need objective history, history as a science, and not as the thoughts of certain peculiarities.

P.S. The nature of the discussed article allows us to recognize the absurdity of history as a subjective science, which we cannot do otherwise. The term itself – “subjective science” – is absurd. Science is an area of ​​activity that deals with the development of objective knowledge of the behavior of nature, and people and society are only a small part. And those who can be subjective, do not have close attention to the reference science until the very significance.

And again, the registration of historical facts is not science, but merely material that can be used in the future. Helpful science establishes objective patterns of appearance of these and other approaches. For some minds the stench could appear, but for some they could not, and for whatever reason. The establishment of such historical patterns may be the sphere of activity of future historians, among whom the same large-scale features as Newton and Mendeleyev may appear in the natural sciences.

Sandro Botticelli. Rivet it.

Nutrition is really more important. A small controversy on this topic occurred with one user on the Internet, who scammed and cheated me. I won’t mention the nickname of this riveter and boor (acknowledged before me), but I’ll just say that he will spend a difficult time as my friend on Facebook, positioning himself as a professional historian, a left-wing Marxist behind his perekonannyami (other than Stalinist), in due course having sensitively written in the comments about M. Kantor (as someone close to his independent “leftist”, I would like to later ask you not to regard him as a rogue). However, it is possible, without being a prankster, to relate to any person who is promoted in mass media to some nice category of “insiders”, whose attempts at authority can be even more painful. More importantly, a series of articles by Maxim Karlovich (about Engels, Marx, about leaving the dreamless Komsomol, etc.) Koristuvach received what is called “with a bang.” My speeches against Kantor on the Internet again received a sharp and hostile reaction, and at the first time we didn’t know anything more in the future, but you can click on me “tsed pomiev” on my page on Facebook i. Having washed, groomed, formed and, for example, badiotly added that I may not confirm to you, since I don’t like you (and, therefore, we don’t read the evidence). It’s called: spit and boldly flow in without waiting for the reward. I, prote, having respected the behavior of the koristuvach, deserved the result of punishment, not just unfriending, and banned him (which means that the fb is now invisible to each other). There are no ideological or political differences here on the right, let me highlight this point. I am tolerant to the extreme (as the stench is not extremist). There are simply boundaries at the drains that no one can cross. The people behaved in such a way that in a decent marriage they would get punched in the face.

For the Christians, IMHO, there must be one unacceptable breed of people who “know in and out what is rightly required”, stubborn mentors and rigors, who are constantly intruding with their status into someone else’s monastery (monastery i), stubborn and rude, narrow-minded and straightforward, obsessed with mania. Call on the truth to be told, everywhere and to everyone. It often happens that they cut and cut, but the truth is lost here, there is nothing in them. So it is here. And people who are independent, although it is unacceptable, have to say to the command “send your servants”, and in times of inconsistency, which is troubling, to send such a person to some distant borders.

Koristuvach, however, did not calm down after all the “surgery” I had undergone and smeared that very hardening on me already in addition to the status (post) on his Facebook chronicle and at the same time became a In an incredibly crazy manner, re-verifying my point. the gaze and the frisky denunciations about what seem to be important nuances in my disgusting (in my eyes) behavior.

He wrote about me, “pointing out the nonsense of this historian.” I’ll start from the fact that only the riveter or the divine one can blame me for the doubt. Aside from the fragments of the sign of God, behind the koristuvach it is marked buv, even a fool’s act, so that you can bring him up to the first category. Well, before you have indicated there, then indicate so, then. pointing one's fingers mindlessly in estranged ways, as wine, can be taught only to foolish little children, and the remaining koristuvachs are grown and matured people, then the whole merit goes to those who, through the drawn out graceful hands of yo good in They lied to me that I work here in a virtual capacity.

Koristuvach calls me a “boorish” and a blunder, calling me “rudeness” with a twisted irony that is entirely adequate to the topic of the polemic. Tse z yogo side, - rough retrimming. Hello, please, the expanded (and completely non-publicistic) version of my article on the same topic in “Russian Line” has the irony turned off, and what, how has the principle of my criticism changed? No. I want the text to become, in my opinion, redrawn and redrawn.

I am writing this publication. Tim, I recommend it to anyone who has not read it.

Koristuvach does not note the flashy super-accuracy of his introductory paragraph - he agrees with me that I am speaking with M. Kantor of my “social journalism”, and not in an academic style (about those who are popular science style koristuvach not chuv mabut or at any moment I forgot) and immediately write, pointing out to me the illegality of limiting scientific methods to artistic creations. Having indicated! First of all, to our mental “p. Ptitsin” it would be clear what is in this category between “scientific journalism” and “scientific methods”? It’s better to radically super-tell another, - but my like turned out to be that in the criticism of M. Cantor I am a sinner both in this and in the other - both in the fact that I did not go to scientific methods at all and ... in the fact that before them... having gone (but not beyond the proper address). This supernatural reality allows us to recognize his philippic as an absurdity. In other words, it would be good for our Ptitsin to learn not only to read other people’s texts with his own eyes, but to learn to understand them. I am not criticizing the artistic work of M. Cantor in my works (I want to respect his pretentious graphomania), but the very historical accounts that claim (as stated by the author himself) to be accurate and truthful; They are expressed in his interview and publication, and in the interview, and so, in his remaining novel. Criticism and historical philosophy, which, as can be understood, are the main ones instead of the artistic and journalistic statements of M. Kantor. Why don’t I have the right (and as a historian myself) to work? Are Ptitsin me at your wit's end? Far in the koristuvach in his post they went to call me for real laughter equal to ... "War and Peace" L.M. Tolstoy and “Bisami” by F.M. Dostoevsky. Why these great names and their true novels? Why doesn’t Pikul and Radzinsky know? What, we really don’t understand that the riddle of Dostoevsky and Tolstoy on a par with M. Kantor is simply utter stupidity and vulgarity? The koristuvach re-mixes, although he himself, perhaps, does not mark anyone. Even Tolstoy’s brand is the spiritual light of his heroes (in the novel), and not historical pictures, not his chimera of thinking about history. "Bisi" FMD - so, polemically speaking against nihilists, extreme radical revolutionaries, and what about other gross concoctions? There is no grandiose philosophy or deep insights in “Besses”. No, let's not be SO concerned about Russian culture. Just next to that row, de Pikul, Radzinsky, Ivan Shevtsov, and then look at the wretched writings of M. Kantor. Alemov is not about artistic activity, I repeat it again. І Radzinsky (and name Pikul) as writers, I respect, talented, they are the most important to read, below M. Kantor. Obviously, other current scribblers and non-historians historians can (and are absolutely right) twist in historical falsifications, so, without guile and calling speeches by their proper names, so that falsifications of falsifications Iyami, and not as if it were elegant and classy, ​​not something else.

Falsification is all about detail. In this case, there is a bit of nonsense in front of the truth.

Tsim sinner M. Kantor iz comrades.

The whole point is that such creations create in the common knowledge the EFFECT OF REPLACED reference historical knowledge. Readers in general want to go back to the cantors, to their demagoguery and literary quackery, to their great interviews, to the historical stuff of their pretentious novels, and not to historians , not to these “dry” and “boring” jobs. A historian has the right to criticize everything that is written on historical topics, no matter who the authors were, and no one can be placed between his activities as an expert.

And in order to preserve the “status quo”, I respect the demands of such activists and professional historians in some way.

Don't row with a black robot.