Naftova vishka.Klondike.Klondike. Production and oil production. Where to find nafta vezhi klondike Where to find naphtha vezhi klondike

New and new

Strengthening legislation to prevent incidents similar to the blockage of the Druzhba pipeline from causing additional costs naftovykh companies, the head of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation, Oleksandr Novak, said on Friday on the air channel "Russia-24".

...

Commerzbank analysts revised their forecast naftovykh prices have decreased due to the fight against a severely weakened drinker, Reuters reports.

According to the new forecast, the average Brent barel barel volume in the third quarter of 2019...

Minister of Energy, Industry and Mineral Resources Khalid al-Falih at SPIEF-2019 spoke about the light exchange rate, orientation on the price policy in naftovium region.

Behind these words, there is absolutely no bounded framework...

The search for tank containers is of particular relevance in the regions of the Night of the Night, as there is no danger of getting caught, otherwise de Naftogaz and footwear projects are actively developing.

The advantages of tank containers include...

In civil industry, there are over 80 direct management organizations.

Continue import substitution from the largest oil and gas companies in Russia, de The share of imports sometimes reaches over 50%, which is quite easy - so...

naphtha price ranges, and also not entirely effective if Naftov The quotation is approaching $80/bar, says Sazanov.

...

Information

Strengthening legislation

Strengthening legislation
Commerzbank has revised its naphtha price forecast
The Minister of Energy of Saudi Arabia spoke at the SPIEF about the balance of naphtha prices.

Catalog of organizations and enterprises

Processing of raw materials and outputs for DM, preparation of ore for copper smelters and refineries.

Sales from the warehouse: long sections, pipes, profiles, sheets, etc. Rental of Russian, Ukrainian and Belarusian cars. Manufactured metal structures of any complexity: embeds and anchors.

Services for installation, repair and dismantling of drilling rigs vishok...

District: Volga Federal District Roztashuvannya: Saratov region...

Propositions for the purchase and sale of products

TOV "SibirEnergoKomplekt" sells naphtha road bitumen BND 100/130 produced by the Angarsk Petrochemical Plant. Improvement in bitumen trucks, which can supply packaged bitumen (clovertainers, big-bags). Secure...

The enterprise LLC "Taghimmash" sells new automated mini-refinery (naphtha refinery) that quickly pays for itself, with permissible documents with a productivity of 30 tons per output. Meet in the distance...

The company provides services from the capture and development of petroleum products, petrochemical products, and liver. Yemnisny Park 180 m3 under dark petroleum products and bitumen. According to the intake of liquid gases (S...

Naphtha anode coke grade B. Vidvantazhennya from Nizhnyokamsk. Naphtha coke, a porous solid product with a dark gray to black color that is removed when naphtha sour is coked.

TPO "Avers" produces and sells: Horizontal mud traps DN 450 to DN 1400 T31.00.00.000 Series 4.903-10 Issue 8 applications for filtration or purification of great and medium importance.

NOMINAL OUTPUT 100 m3/year HEAD 32 m Electric pump KMN 100-80-160 2G CO - horizontal, cantilever, monoblock, single-stage with main parts of the flow part with corrosion-resistant...

GUESTS, TU, standards

Technical washings GOST 11506-73 Naphtha bitumens. The method of determining the temperature and softening the ring and cool.

Management of Rostekhregulyuvannya - 320 - Management of standardization and certification of materials. Rozrobnik MND - Russian Federation. Interstate TC - 31 - Naphtha and oil materials.

Rozrobnik MND - Russian Federation. Interstate TC - 31 - Naphtha and oil materials. Last seen date: 10/01/2002. Number(s) of the change(s) - revised from the change.

Abstract (stagnation area) - This standard is broadened to the naphtha oil of acid-leed purification, which is indicated by the purification method and the value of kinematic viscosity at 50 degrees. Z.

Management of Rostekhregulyuvannya - 320 - Management of standardization and certification of materials. Rozrobnik MND - Russian Federation. Interstate TC - 31 - Naphtha and oil materials.

It’s easy to capture a video and download an MP3!

Our site is a wonderful tool for development and repair! From now on you can watch and download online videos, funny videos, private camera videos, feature films, documentaries, amateur and home videos, music videos, videos about football, sports, accidents and disasters, humor, music ka, cartoons, anime, series And many other videos are absolutely cost-free and without registration. Convert this video to mp3 and other formats: mp3, aac, m4a, ogg, wma, mp4, 3gp, avi, flv, mpg and wmv. Online Radio - a range of radio stations to choose from across countries, styles and colors. Online Jokes – these are the most popular jokes to choose from according to style. Cutting mp3 to melody online. Converter video to mp3 and other formats. Online TV channel – these are the most popular TV channels on your choice. The broadcast of TV channels is carried out absolutely cost-free in real time - broadcast online.

For example, in the late 19th century, once the naphtha industry had just begun, there was a lot of risk of stripping the shore and drilling in the sea. Even the shores of the birthplace are often found under water. Serious technologies that allow the exploration and species of copalin bottles on the ocean floor appeared after the Other Light War. Thus, in the 1960s, the development of oil and gas on the shelf of the Northern Sea became one of the main reasons for the growth of the European economy. Today the Fahivians will look at the ice seas of the Arctic, but how they will approach them is still unclear.

In 1949, an article was published in the journal Science with the simple title “Energy from the burning fire.” This is the author, one of the leaders of the last department of the Shell company, King Hubbert, who spent a lot of time as an analyst for the naphtha industry, according to the reports on nutrition, which took a lot of money at that time: how long The Earth's population is still growing and, obviously, its energy supply is increasing. Hubbert's logic was simple. This comes from the fact that the growing energy supply is directly related to the growing population, and at the same time the type of ory that generates energy is growing: coal, naphtha and natural gas. This is what is called a vikopne palivo, an irreparable resource on our planet. Knowing the reserves of vikopnogo burning and tempi yogo vidobutku, it doesn’t matter if the stink runs out.

There is no sense in bringing up the numbers from Hubbert’s first article, the fragments of the stink are often outdated, and the new ones have lost their decorum. The graph of the duty cycle of the vicinity of the fire pit gradually curves in the form of a ringing sound, so that, having reached the maximum, it moves to a small “plateau”, and then goes back empty. “Now we know that we are on a curve that is going uphill vertically. “It’s really bad, because the higher the peak on this curve, the steeper it falls down,” Hubbert wrote. - We can’t turn back, we can’t stop moving either. There is only one way out - to go forward, in the future, when the reserves of firewood will inevitably run out.” It seems that at first my colleagues did not take King Hubbert’s graphics seriously. Over the years, he continued to develop his idea and after 7 years, releasing a new work, clarifying the forecast and naming the hour when the oil bottle began to fall. Due to the disruptions between 1965 and 1970, oil production in the United States began to steadily decline. On a global scale, the naphtha production peak was around 1995. The first forecast was confirmed: in 1971, oil production in the United States began to fall. King Hubbert became famous, and his ideas gained the status of a theory called the “Hubbert Peak” or “Naphtha Peak”. Before the speech, the United States is the only country that has decided to shift the problem of its energy security to other oil producers, depriving the authorities of holding resources in reserve.

For the world economy, Hubbert's peak has been over-indicated more than once. Since the end of 1995, oil production in the world has still continued to grow, and the American Oil Development Association has coined a new term - cob 2004. Ale nafta must come to a close in great obsyagah. Which benefit from advanced technologies and production units, the introduction of energy-saving technologies, offshore production units and from non-traditional reservoirs (bituminous sands and shale, overlying deposits, important naphtha, richly enriched and paraffins). Having called for everything, the International Energy Agency predicted the collapse of the world economy until 2025.

Is King Hubbert right in his forecast about the fact that the decline in oil and gas production is just around the corner? On the level of current knowledge about the creation of naphtha deposits of this type is difficult to obtain. According to British Petroleum data, world reserves of oil are lost by 40.6 rocks, gas – by 65.1. Russia has lost perhaps half of its forecast land resources, and the exploration of oil reserves suitable for development by technologies that we expect will not last until 2015. It is possible that the supply of energy from oil and gas will change, but it will not be possible to insure it at a price. For example, analysts are keen to note that the growth of energy resources up to 2030 will increase (increased from 2000 by 1.7 times) and will reach 15.3 billion tons at the river of coal mining, oil: oil - 5.7 billion tons and gas - 4.2. As if we knew exactly where all the clans on the planet were located, this would not have solved Hubbert's problem. The head of the exchange on the way to the development of light energy in her current appearance is the end of the vikop fire at the nadry.

Meals

There is another problem in geology that would give rise to such troubling discussions as the problem of the presence of petroleum and other natural combustible minerals. How did the stinks disappear from the excess of creatures and plants and as a result of the synthesis of inorganic substances? The first point of view is most widely represented in scientific stakes, the other is still listed as an outsider, and over the course of much of history has accumulated a lot of facts that are not clear from the organic concept. Dmitro Mendelev was the first to develop a scheme for the creation of petroleum from clay fluids that penetrate the earth's crust from the mantle. Later, Mikola Kudryavtsev, Mikola Bezkrovny and other geologists developed these findings and showed that deep-lying faults are actually accompanied by the flow of gas-like carbohydrates, and the confinement of the largest deposits of oil and gas to rifts is not typical. In zones of great fractures, abiogenic synthesis of combustible copalins may occur, which is facilitated by the activity of natural catalysts, the high temperature of the clay fluid and the presence of free water in its reservoir, for which there is no disruption in the movement of rocks. Nutrition for carbohydrates and carbohydrates is important for everyone, and for all of us. As it turns out, organic speech is a surplus of organisms that have killed hundreds of millions due to the fact that much of the oil and gas on Earth is limited, and their reserves are faulty. Just as organic synthesis occurs at the bottom of inorganics, it can occur there simultaneously, steadily creating new deposits of carbohydrates. This means that we are discovering more and more new origins in different places of the earth’s crust. Of course, the offending concepts - organic and inorganic - are still far from residual formation, they are constantly changing and being updated, so it is not possible to put a stop to the discussion about the similarity of naphtha, as before.

Mark Verba, Sevmorgeo

Forecasts and prospects

Estimates of the quantity of copalins vary by orders of magnitude over time. This value depends on what you need to know: forecast reserves of cheese, exploration, production, geological or species. This includes the obligations of the ancestors of the other and third countries, those that will likely be developed in the future (as, for example, the tar sands of Canada lie deep). It is also important to what extent I consider it profitable. Since 50 years ago, carbohydrate reserves on the continental shelf were so important - up to a depth of several tens of meters, now - a few kilometers. Accountants, however, anticipate that the value of discovered and completed reserves may change in the world of data accumulation by as much as 20%, and forecast estimates are even more inaccurate. As supported by British Petroleum, the world's oil reserves reached 163.8 billion tons at the end of 2005, and gas reserves - 179.8 trillion. m3.

This is a large number, it must be clarified, that fragments of the shelf of the seas and territories of some countries are still badly damaged. It should also be noted that such estimates do not include reserves in the deep-water zones of the ocean and Antarctica. This continent is completely devoid of any traces of brown copal trees, even if the exploration activities there are protected by international interests, and it is impossible to say reliably about its reserves.

Until 1980, geologists identified nearly 600 sedimentary basins on Earth that were promising for oil and gas. Of these, 400 have already been developed, and close to 200 are still missing. It is noted that the main light reserves are concentrated in a few basins, such as the Perska and Mexican inlets, Western Siberia, and in hundreds of others, about 10% of the reserves occur. So, in the middle of two hundred occupied basins there were found a maximum of 10 supergiant deposits, but, apparently, there were no more than 4-5.

The land was very important, the great victorious and transferred. Experts prophesied them there, where they had never heard them before - on the continental shelf. Well, now, it has become almost like the 1980s - the beginning of the 1990s. Offshore fields produce 34% oil and 25% gas. This does not mean at all that the Fahivs have learned everything there - they only take on the great rakhunko, and only take on sea jokes. The prospects for the shelf as a receptacle for the combustion fuel are really high. Geological reserves of naphtha (up to a depth of 305 m) amount to 280 billion tons, gas – 140 trillion. m3. They are also attacking, like the last century, giant naphtha and gas fields on the shores of Angola, Nigeria, the Caspian Sea, and in the Arctic seas.

All the robots are on the shelf, deep under the water, more expensive, technically foldable and rugged. There are other options, for example, to more actively monitor the horizons of deep pollution on land. Most of the reserves of naphtha lie down to a depth of 3 km, they are rarely found below the birthplace, and at depths of 5-7 km (gas is more often found there). The deep-western part of the Florida Peninsula has such a natural resource that 234.5 tons of oil and 60,000 m 3 of gas can be extracted from the Sverdlovka at a depth of 4.7 km. Recent discoveries include the discovery of oil reserves at a depth of 8.5 km off the Mexican Sea (under 2 km of water) in the spring of 2006. In Russia, deep-seated exploration for oil is still being discovered in the midst of a scientific storm. Thus, the overlying Tyumen Sverdlova near Western Siberia - 7.5 km - revealed promising layers of the Paleozoic age, although industrial reserves of oil and gas did not appear there.

Another loss of nafta - surplus in the reservoir. At the top, the naphtha is under pressure (for example, at a depth of 2 km, the pressure at the reservoir reaches 20 MPa), so when the bore grows, it begins to bend uphill (spouting, as naphtha producers seem to say) and the surface is pulled without difficulty. Then the pressure on the reservoir drops, the naphtha stops rising and must be removed by pumping water into the collector, or pumping it out with pressure pumps. Even under pressure, sophisticated and expensive technologies have to be combined with hydroacoustic, physico-chemical and bacterial agents in order to dissolve the rock into naphtha. It is very expensive to get extras, since it is technically impossible. It is impossible to completely select all the naphtha, especially if it is knitted, as in the family you may lose even more. Very rarely, in other fields that are refined using new methods, the share of crude oil reaches 35-40%, which means 18-25%.

“Glibinny” or “overpriced” methods are not cheaper by sea. And the food is great, as you can better manage your pennies - invest them in the marine project, devising the Sverdlova worth 15 million dollars, or bury it in the ground. For the skin region, the solution is treated individually. For example, in Alaska, where the oil and gas industry infrastructure has been created, it is absolutely unreasonable to abandon the path of obtaining surpluses, wanting to extract the nadra to the last drop.

Persha in Russia

In the freshwater seas, there will be stationary platforms on a gravitational basis, which will be great to stand on the bottom of their majestic mass. The base, the underwater part of the platform, is similar to a giant inverted table with legs. The “legs” should be kept empty in the middle in order to save the raw material there and the technological advantage. The voids are lightened by the structure, and they can be towed by sea from the docks to the place of destination, and then flooded. The upper, steel part of the platform, which bears additional hardware, is taken together and placed on the base already in the sea. The idea, which has become a standard in the offshore oil and gas industry, was introduced in the 1970s from Norway, and the largest platform of this type, “Trol-A” - 472 m towers and a cargo capacity of 656,000 tons (including the base) - is being developed 1996 rock in Pivnichny sea. To operate the Lunske gas field in the Sea of Okhotsk, the Sakhalin Energy company decided to build a platform similar to the Norwegian ones - the first gas production platform in Russia. The uniqueness of the spore is not only in its gigantic dimensions, but in its design, which is protected by important ice drains and the high seismicity of the region (along the shores of Sakhalin there are earthquakes with a magnitude of up to 8 points, and the sea freezes). The reinforced concrete base of the Lun-A platform, 69.5-meter towers and a load of 103,000 tons, arrived at the Shidny port in Wrangel Bay. In 2005, the foundation was towed to a distance of 1,500 km from the site and sank at a depth of 48 meters - right above the birthplace. However, the large mass does not require special fastening to the bottom and can withstand strong storms and the onslaught of ice. The upper hulls (deck) of the Lun-A were constructed by Samsung at the Geoje Island shipyard in New Korea.

The flooding of the reinforced concrete base of the platform last year, 15 km from Sakhalin to a depth of 48 m. In 2006, a deck was installed on the platform. “Lun-A” stands firm on the day, supported by a heavy weight. This design makes it possible to carry out production of a whole river without fear of the onslaught of ice and storms.

The heart of the platform, for the sake of its power, will be a drilling rig. Its height is 45 meters. Current technologies make it possible to drill a whole bunch of drill holes without moving the platform itself from place to place, but rather the drilling module. Along the slats, the drilling rig moves from drill to drill, which can be at a distance of three meters one at a time. Here we can drill 27 drill holes using a spark plug. The stench penetrates from the bottom and chokes the genus from its different sides, like the roots of a giant plant. The six-deck contains the necessary technological equipment, living and working spaces, and a helicopter platform. In 2006, a deck weighing 22,000 tons on a vantage frame was loaded onto a barge specially designed for this purpose in China. When anchored, so that the barge and deck did not sink due to a sharp displacement of the center of the barge, water was constantly pumped through a system of pipes in the middle of the barge. The route to the platform’s parking lot is about 3000 km, taking nearly two miles. The barge rested between concrete supports that were washed out of the water, and steel platforms were lowered onto them. In this case, great precision was required, so the pressing of the two parts was done at several points: where the seismic isolators were not installed, there were devices to dampen the shaking of the structure, the vibrations of the underground lines. These are great steel surfaces that can easily “walk” around their nests, preventing the upper platforms from becoming too loose. The “Lun-A” viral cycle is broken down according to the “zero waste” standard: nothing should be released into the sea from the platform - no chemical reagents, no waste products, no waste products.

Pioneer shelf

At the time, when the main equipment of naftovydobuvach was a reel and a bucket, a few brave people, who were not wasting their profits, dared to enter someone else’s and unsafe territory - in the sea, quite rightly, respectfully, so there is a layer, so not to take revenge , does not get cut off on a birch tree, but does not get cut off under water . It’s not easy to figure out who is the first to take hold of a marine bottle of naphtha. Russian historians indicate that as early as 1824, on the Absheron Peninsula near Baku, several tens of meters from the coast, industrialists were draining wells and drawing up naphtha. Americans respect the shelf of their Russian explorers as explorers. According to documentary evidence, Mr. Williams, a petroleum worker from California, in 1896, built a bore 400 meters from the shore and drilled a hole from it. The simplest solutions - the storm from the embankments and the rocky waters from the shore - did not allow drinking. Open the sea unsafely. Strong winds and high ridges threatened to protect the drilling rigs, and there was no reason to pull them through the water. So, otherwise, if they tried to develop the shelf, only a few people worked in the 19th century, and no one specially drilled the seabed in search of fire from the pit, without fear: the oil was drained on land.

The turning point came at the end of the 40s of the 20th century, immediately after the Other World War. Exactly 60 years ago, in the fall of 1947, the American company "Care McGee" (the current report) built the world's first naphtha platform in Mexico, 16 km from the shore at a depth of 6 m, and then began there is a storm with her. The Kermak-16 platform was the size of an original living room and cost over 230 thousand dollars, and was dismantled in 1984.

Little later, in 1948, on the Caspian Sea, 42 km from the Absheronsky Peninsula, they began to raise a dispute that had transformed into a place on the water - Naftov Kameni, and is still deprived of a unique project. Naftovy Kameni is a giant spore on firewood, installed on a rock ridge, with a complex of sophisticated hydraulic and technological spores, asphalt roads, villages, villages, and shops. The depths of the sea in these places are small, only 10-20 m, but the first rocks in the developed shelf meant that people “came to the sea” not suddenly and would be lost here forever.

At sea days

The world does not yet have any working technologies for the production of cheese in regions like the Barents Sea. Training is required in mensch suvorich areas. The Norwegian Sea is becoming such a training ground for the development of technologies that may soon become stagnant for the production of oil and gas in seas that are about to freeze. One of the obvious solutions is to install a water tank right on the bottom to reduce the influx of high temperatures, frost, and ice. The Norwegian company Norsk Hydro has taken over the project and has managed to manage the giant Ormen Lange gas field with reserves of 400 billion m3. Ormen Lange was discovered in 1997, it was planted in the Norwegian Sea 120 km from the coast, at a depth of 2 km and covered with kilometers of water. The essence of the project is to install a drilling facility at the bottom and pump the produced gas directly through an underwater pipeline to the shore, to a liquefied natural gas plant (LNG). Then the rare gas will be sent via another underwater pipeline to the residents to England. The development of infrastructure was expected in the spring of 2004, and in the spring of 2007, underwater drilling will be completed. This is in the zagalnye rice, and in the meantime, the Norwegians have a small number of unusual tasks. At the beginning of 2005, two bottom platforms (caesons) were installed near the town of Burinnya, rated for 16 holes. Due to strong flows, they had to be specially attached to the bottom. Six drills have already begun drilling from the platforms, and if all goes well, two more platforms will be lowered to the bottom. All installations will be connected to two subsea pipelines for pumping natural gas. Two more cylinders are delivered to the drilling antifreeze (in this case monoethylene glycol) - a medium that prevents the formation of solid particles - hydrates, which tend to fall out of the methane at low temperatures and clog the pipes. Regardless of the warm current, there is a strong “Arctic wind” in the Norwegian Sea and the water temperature near the site is -1.2 ° C most of the time. The gas and antifreeze are already distributed at the ZPG plant. It took a lot of effort to lay the pipelines on the uneven rocky bottom. The way, obviously, was optimized, but the actions of the place happened to be literally equal. For several months, the robot “Spider” has been moving bottom-up, clearing the road with its bulges and removing the stones with a strong stream of water. The machine, stuffed with sensors, transmitted data to the shore, behind which there was a three-dimensional picture of what was happening under the water, and the operators moved the “spider” manipulators with an accuracy of a degree. In 2006, the Solitaire vessel began laying pipelines (pipe diameter 760 mm) from the birthplace to the ZPG plant on Goss Island. From the shore, through fiber-optic cables, control bottom drills using additional software simulators, which provide a comprehensive picture of many processes and allow you to study what is happening under water.

Submarine drilling on the Norwegian family of Ormen Lange began in the spring of 2007

In the photo: left-handed - the robot "Spider" of the highest rocks, right-handed - the bottom caeson is lowered into the water

Tera incognito

The most affected marine areas where development is taking place are the tributaries of the Mexican, Persian and Guinean, Caspian, the seas of Pivdenno-Skhidnaya Asia, the equatorial waters of Africa and Central America. All the smells are grown in warm regions, where the sea does not freeze and the whole river can be navigated. When the infrastructure is damaged, investments in video companies pay off quickly, so it is possible for such places to develop small and deep wealth.

The freshwater seas, developed by seafarers a long time ago, have been deprived of terra incognita for nafturists for a long time. The jokes in the carbohydrates there, as if by peace, began abruptly. In 1959, in the Dutch province of Groningen, a gas birthplace of gigantic proportions - Slochteren - was discovered in ancient piping engines. Geologists have assumed that the sand explorers will continue to live on the surface - under the waters of the Freshwater Sea, and that they are responsible for removing the deposits of the fire pit. Through a number of rocks, after the approval of certain legal supplies between the sealed edges (and some parts of the Volodya shelf), an active storm storm began, which showed that the shelf of the Freshwater Sea is one of the largest light of gas and oil tanks. Even Great Britain has about 300 clans, including hundreds of them.

Due to the reserves of the Freshwater Sea, Norway became the third largest oil exporter after Saudi Arabia and Russia. Near the Volodymyr region, whose shelf is four times larger than the land territory, there are giant genera of carbohydrates (such as Troll and Ekofisk), including another forty years ago. Realizing that there is not a lot of oil, since the 1980s the Norwegians have begun to explore the Barents Sea. It's a lot worse, it's cold in Norway and Pivnichnya: it's freezing, in winter the temperature drops to -25 ° C, the weather is rainy, there are often storms. How to carry out searches, what kind of technology to drill, how to disintegrate the clans themselves, be they found, without knowing anyone in the world. The robots in the middle of the ice were on a fundamentally different technical level, equaled for their complexity and road transport with space projects (special literature has the term “cosmo-ocean” robots).

Deep sea drills are extremely expensive: in warm seas, one cost is about 2.5 million dollars, in the sea - 8. Doctors say that more than half of the drills are dry, so that they do not open the cover (naftovians have an order, about Sverdlovsk it went better pennies, it turned back), the storm in the Barents Sea cost great tension and pennies. Regardless of the wasted gold, on the Norwegian shelf, only one giant birthplace has so far been found - Snowwit - with reserves of 193 billion m 3 of gas and condensate.

A careless affair

The naphtha industry will now be deprived of the right risk, and the oil industry on the continental shelf will be increasingly unsafe. Sometimes shoe platforms sink: no matter how important and stable the structure is, it will always have its “ninth shaft.” Another reason is gas leakage, and as a result, burning. And although great accidents are rare, on average every decade (the toughest ones are considered to be the same with the land sector of the world, safety and discipline), but the stench is even more tragic. On the burning or sinking steel island, people simply have nowhere to go - near the sea, and help never comes at all times. Especially on Pivnoch. One of the worst accidents occurred on the 15th of 1982, 315 km off the coast of Newfoundland. Produced in Japan, "Ocean Ranger" was the most advanced platform of that time, although its great dimensions lacked the glory of the unsinkable, and it was victorious for work in the most important minds. The Ocean Ranger had already been moored in Canadian waters for two days, and people weren’t expecting any surprises. A strong storm broke out, majestic pine trees flooded the deck, and a sense of control was visible. Water entered the ballast tank, damaging the platform. The team tried to correct the site, but failed - the platform sank. Many people scrambled overboard, not thinking about the fact that it would cost them less than a handful to swim in the cold water without special suits. The ritual helicopters were unable to fly through the storm, and the crew of the ship that came to the rescue unsuccessfully tried to remove the naftov workers from a single boat. Neither the windmill, nor the slab, nor the long poles with hooks helped - such high pine needles. All 84 people working on the platform died. The recent tragedy at sea was caused by hurricanes “Katrina” and “Rita”, which occurred in the sickle spring of 2005 on the coast of the United States. The elements passed through the Mexican flood, where 4,000 types of shoe platforms were in operation. As a result, 115 spores were lost, 52 were damaged and 535 pipeline segments were destroyed, which completely paralyzed the pipelines at the same time. Fortunately, there were no casualties, but the greatest harm was caused by the oil and gas spill in this region.

Short supply

Russia has the largest sea shelf. Or look at the map - it’s possible that the entire month will be located behind the polar stake and there will be a rare month not covered by ice. Due to the extreme savvy of natural minds, less than 2% of the Arctic shelf, with an area of 5.2 million km 2, has been exploited. According to rough estimates, they have seized 136 billion tons of carbohydrates from naphtha. That's 25% of the world's resources.

The scale of development of the Arctic seas for naphtha and gas began in 1978 with the decision of the Order of the USSR. In Murmansk they created an enterprise that carried out geophysical work and search drilling in the Barents, Kara and Pechora seas. 39 shallow boreholes were drilled, 100 promising structures were identified, 10 birthplaces, half of which were great. What is characteristic is that most of the deposits were moved in the domes of layers of the modern age and were simply melted from a geological point of view.

The unique Shtokmanivske birthplace (gas reserves - 3.2 trillion m 3, gas condensate - 31 million tons) near the Barents Sea is the largest marine gas condensate birthplace known to the world. They knew that in 1988 they had sunk below the design horizon. Shtokmanivske is located 600 km from Murmansk, the depth of the sea above it is 340 m, the water temperature drops below -2°C, storms, and important ice conditions. It will be difficult to develop such a birthplace; there will be a penny investment of about 50 billion dollars required. But the fate of the technologists of the leading naphtha companies in the world, and the remains of the chemical producers are few. Moreover, it is still unclear which of the two current technologies for drilling in frozen seas will give priority: a stationary surface platform or an underwater drilling rig discovered by the Norwegians.

Near the Kara Sea, in 1989, the Rusanivske rock was discovered, and in 1991, the Leningrad giant gas condensate birthplace. One great naphtha deposit was found in the Pechora Sea - the Prirazlomne deposit with reserves of 83.2 million tons. It is located 60 km from the coast, and the water level above it does not exceed 20 m, and as if the arctic cold and ice were not present, there were no problems with it there would be no For Prirazlomnoye, a special mining platform was designed with unique parameters to allow it to withstand the important ice-mining minds in that region. The base area is 126 by 126 m, the mass is over 70,000 tons. The Prirazlomnaya platform was laid down in 1995 near Severodvinsk at the Sevmash shipyard, which, however, is not surprising, looking at its cost - 800 million dollars, and will lead to the construction of naphtha platforms.

At the beginning of the 1990s, robots were deployed in the Arctic seas - the country is not small in size. A number of rocks have passed, and the first footwear companies have once again returned to the deep shelf. In 1994, Gazprom came to the fore, using the waters of the Obskaya and Tazovskaya bays for the development. And in 2006, the very same “Gazprom” decided to take out a license for the search for fire pits in the seas in the southern part of the country - the smallest developed territories. In the Skhidno-Siberian and Chukchi seas, no water drilling holes have been drilled, and there are no basic geophysical profiles, so it is impossible to predict about oil and gas reserves. Well, after all, there are promising points there, but by the sea, with free ice, there are only 1.5 months on the river, we can hardly deny this confirmation. The commercial growth of orchard on the Russian sea shelf occurs mainly in the Baltic (Lukoil) and Okhotsk (Sakhalinmornaftogaz, Sakhalin Energy) seas. The Sakhalin shelf has begun to enter the largest oil and gas basins of the Pacific Rim and its prospects are very high. The small number of clans discovered here - less than 8 - explains the low diversity of the territory.

Shkіdlyve vyrobnitstvo

It is not without reason that the naftogaz industry is considered one of the most important industries. The loss of too much substance is applied to the skin stage, starting from the exploration of ancestry. It would seem that the sea would have spared so much more, below the land. Before the large-scale development of the shelf, companies began to grow up recently, already in the hands of developed technologies, and for actively promoting “green” organizations. The problem, however, is that stranded fish are expanding near the water more and more rapidly, and through the life of sea scumbags, the jobs of the hired ones can be disrupted. Soil testing, exploration drilling, platform plating, pipeline laying - all of this erodes the bottom and negatively affects bottom ecosystems. Very expensive drilling materials and other chemical substances that are used during drilling, including initial water. Therefore, starting from the end of the 80s of the 20th century, the standard of “zero discarding” was introduced, which prevents the discharging into the sea of any vicors in the drilling area. The worst problems in marine life are the leakage of oil as a result of failures of platforms, pipelines and tankers. Regardless of those on the sea, the stinks are lost in general, but not on land, their impact on the environment is much stronger. An example of this is the accident of the Exxon tanker Valdez, which occurred in the spring of 1989 off the coast of Alaska and became one of the worst disasters of the century. The three-hundred-meter ship was carrying 200,000 tons of crude oil to California. At Prince William's, it hit an underwater reef, the hull was punctured, and approximately 41,500 tons of a highly toxic product spilled into one of the cleanest waters in the world. Nezabar was a typical storm for this region, which dramatically changed the geography of bottling. The naphtha flow quickly reached Kodiak Island, stretching 3000 km. The areas and biocenoses that were already flooded were seriously injured. Two dozen whales, 300 seals, 3,000 sea otters, 150 bald eagles, 250 sea eagles and approximately 250,000 other seabirds perished. The waste, oriented towards the local economy, was colossal, and the environmental consequences of the accident have not been eliminated.

The Mystery of the White Tiger

Over the course of the second century, the development of petroleum geology has repeatedly confirmed the following rule: genera in carbohydrates occur in sedimentary rocks created from river and marine deposits from a high volume of biogenic material. According to a broad concept, the loss of oil is due to the excess of dead organisms when a great pressure and temperature are applied to them. Granites, gneisses and other crystalline rocks, which form the foundations of continents, were not considered promising for oil and gas, due to their lack of organic matter. Since the very beginning of the naphtha industry, orchard has been extracted only from siege farms, both on land and at sea. And if in the middle of the 20th century they discovered sulphurous naphtha deposits in crystalline rocks of the foundation, geologists were naturally shocked, but they did not take over the scientific revolution - those who created the stink appeared ambiguous, and the data for legalization about mal. There seems to be a small number of deposits of burnt vicopal crystalline rocks in the world, and all of them were found, essentially, randomly. One of the largest is the White Tiger on the sea shelf of Vietnam. This maritime family was known to the Americans, but it was mastered by the farmers from the Vetsovpetro enterprise. In 1988, the excavations on the White Tiger drilled through the siege tower (about 3000 m) and reached the foundation composed of granites. At night the Sverdlovian gushes out, naphtha flows under the pressure of nearly 120 atmospheres with a production rate of 2,000 tons. There is no doubt left - the granites contain naphtha. The production of oil on the White Tiger is significant: about 13 million tons of oil are produced over the river, of which about 11 million are deposited in the clay deposits of the granites. The initial expansion of reserves has shown that the reservoir holds about 600 million tons of oil, and it is possible to extract approximately 20%, or 120 million tons. In 2005, they already produced a 150 million ton of oil, so the birthplace is close to dawn ? Prote naphtha continues to come under good pressure, which confirms that there is more naphtha at the foundation, as previously thought. The White Tiger is an atypical birthplace, which makes one think about the nature of the naphtha: it will accumulate more in sedimentary materials, or it can be receptacled in rocks and granite. The recognition of such possibility opens up a new path to the search for fire pits - solid crystalline rocks. Their quantity on the planet is truly great, and the stench is as strong as the deep-water parts of the oceans. If we rely on resources at the foundation, the world's reserves of oil and gas will increase richly. There is still no theoretical basis for how to systematically search for similar families and involve them in assessing light reserves. To do this, “you need at least a hundred years of practice,” according to Viktor Gavrilov, head of the department of geology at the Russian State University of Petroleum and Gas. I.M. Gubkin, who worked so many times in the family of the White Tiger.

The remaining resource?

The continental shelf is being deprived of the planet’s remaining great oil and gas resource. Its development is the history of gradual testing of human capacity, experimentation and risk. Several tens of meters of water above the birthplace require fundamentally different technical solutions and large capital investments, but there is only one advantage - the transportation of the waste will be a breeze. It can be transported manually by tankers by sea and does not lie in the presence of the “pipe” and the will of the ruler.

But this is an advantage, and costs and expenses grow exponentially, as you go about the Ice Ocean and the seas that adjoin it. Regardless of the unique wealth of this region, the profitability of its development of food products. And knowing that our offshore shelf will be deprived of drilling rigs for a long time, it is possible that at that time cheap replacements for rare motor fuels will be found and the demand for drilling equipment will decrease significantly. The industry is growing in the development of these clans, both on land and warm seas. At this time, the oil and gas potential of the ice-covered seas of Russia will soon appear unclaimed. Chi mi budom pro tse shkoduvati?

Before the Polish season, many inhabitants of the lowland lands went from the poor mandarin plant (with a single mark) to the practically trustless ruler of these places: the ruler of factories, hotels and factories. In order to complete the “recruitment” of any important resident of the Klondike, there will be no more naphtha at the airport! Friends, think of yourself as nafta tycoons. On the eve of the Nafta Industry Workers' Day, visit the naphtha location on the new Swedish transport. Evaluate all the possibilities of the open space! AERODROME - Can be bought in Lavtsi. 250,000 Coins - Reveals all currently available lands, including maps of these areas. - Stages of living: 1. Boards 20+ veneer 7+ timber 7 2. Cegla 20+ pipes 3+ buffet 1 3. Slate 3+ window 3+ blanket 1 LITAK - Part of the airfield. - The ability to quickly fly to any station. - Don’t be angry, as the sleigh will have a lot of interest. - In order to fly, you need to get the most out of the sleigh and end up going home on the sleigh. - The sleigh is being tied up by the flight. You can turn to your home location on a sled. - Refuel with gas. - In flight, your inventory is not insured (inventory = 0). They don’t bother painting. Vaga letaka however. - You can fly to any location on a plane without equipment. NAFTAVA LOCATION - Permanent location, aka: it is possible to move forward; After the first withdrawal, it is available for only 28 days, after which access will be blocked. - A bottle of valuable treasures and naphtha. - Required equipment: Gas lamp. - Micro goal: find 7 naphtha towers. Gift for finding cherries: 5000 dosvidu, 3 amethyst fragments, 3 amethysts, 15 elements from the collection of eskimos, fishing, Christmastide, horns, sea, mysl, cowboy, 3 dynamites of 100 each. - So that at the new location you can simply find out what's new, Let's get them. NAPHTOVIUM VISHKA - Extracts naphtha. - It does not require workers, but it limits the supply of resources. - Ability to craft resources. Limit = 50 times. - You can move the location. - Stages of development: 1. Board 20+ flowers 10 + lancets 3 2. Treads 10 + timber 7 + frame 1 3. Pipes 7 + window 7 + cardboard 3 4. Slate 3 + blue extract 1 + reinforcement 1 - The tower is already working after 3 stages of wakefulness. But stage 4 gives more possibilities. Important! After upgrading the naphtha tank to the 4th stage, the crafting limit will not be filled. Limit = 50 times. NAFTOV PLANT - For sale in Lavtsi. 3500000 Coins. - Allows you to remove viruses from naphtha. - Vibrates the extinguisher necessary for the flight. - Requires 10 robots. - Stages of life: 1. Wool 20+flowers 20+slate 3 2. Fabric 20+ vino 10+vessel 5 3. Timber 20+ lancets 20+lizhko 3 Craft: 1.Kerosene 50 pcs = Barel of naphtha 1+ Vogon 50 2 Gas 150 pcs = Barel of naphtha 3 + Vogon 100 3. Barel of naphtha = Nafta 100 + Steel barrel 1 KIROSIN Gas can be bought in Lavtsi. 9 Smaragds - 100 pieces 59 Smaragds - 1000 pieces 99 Smaragds - 5000 pieces NEW CRAFT AT THE STEEL MILL 1. Steel cream 25 pcs. = Zalizo 50 + Vugilla 25 2. Steel barrel 5 pcs. = Cast steel 25 + Steel 5 3.Vikonne folded 10 pcs. = 20 skla + 30 drotu Friends, you have a lot of robots ahead of you. We wish you success. Let's fly!