New economics of the 16th century. Socio-economic development of Russia in the 16th century. Feudal landownership. Boyars and serving people
Until kin. XVI century The territory of the region has increased almost twice as much in recent years. hundred Population of Russia at kin. XVI century there were 9 million people. Russia had approximately 220 places, the average population was 3-8 thousand. chol. The largest place was Moscow - close to 100 thousand. chol.
The economy of the region is of a small traditional nature, based on the panorama of natural dominion. The boyar estate was deprived of its noble form of land ownership. They expanded, especially in other respects. XVI century, after the land revolt: the power in the minds of a shortage of pennies endowed serving people with land allotments - maps, which are not passed on during recessions. The rural dominion developed in an extensive way with the additional development of new territories. The tripile system was expanded. Colonization of wild lands began – both by villagers and landowners; near Siberia, new lands were populated only by villagers.
In the XVI century With the continued development of handicraft production in the localities, specialization began to develop in the surrounding regions of the country. Changes are expected in domestic trade: local markets are changing to local markets. Foreign trade is being established: maritime connections through Arkhangelsk are being established with England, and trade from other countries is taking place through Astrakhan.
Before the greatest feudal lords there lay the boyar-princely aristocracy. It consisted of two main groups. Persha became great pets of the princes, who spent their great political privileges and saved great economic values. Another group of the feudal elite included the great and middle boyars. The interests and positions of these two groups of feudal lords were at odds with each other. Numerous feudal princes consistently opposed centralization. In the future, a trend is beginning to develop until the consolidation of feudal lords is strengthened.
In the 2nd floor. XVI century On the modern outskirts of Russia, a significant role was played by the Cossacks, which was formed through the use of influxes. 31st century a rank of victorious Cossacks to perform border service, supplying them with gunpowder, provisions, and paying them a fee.
The decline of sovereign power by Ivan the Terrible
As a form of feudal power, the establishment-representative monarchy represented the epics of mature feudalism. It is a legacy of the struggle of monarchs for the greater value of a centralized power. The power of the monarch during this period was not strong enough to be absolute. The monarchs and their followers fought against the upper ranks of the feudal aristocracy, which opposed the centralizing policy of the Muscovite sovereigns. The monarchs in this struggle concentrated on the nobles and the upper classes of the townspeople, whose representatives were asked for “for the sake of” the Zemsky Councils.
After death 1533 rub. Vasily III, the 3rd river son Ivan IV ascended to the Grand Duke's throne.
The boyars actually ruled for the young Ivan. The boyar rule led to the weakening of the central government.
Close to 1549, a council of people close to him formed around the young Ivan IV (Vibrana rada). Vaughn arose until 1560 and carried out a re-creation that was taken away from the name of the reforms of the Middle Ages. XVI century
The reforms have streamlined the state government system:
1) in the past three years, the Boyar Duma’s capacity has been expanded in order to weaken the role of the old boyar aristocracy. The Boyar Duma played the role of a legislator and a responsible body;
2) a new organ of power was created - the Zemsky Sobor. Zemstvo cathedrals were held by the most important powers. food - foreign policy, finance, during the interregnum period new kings were elected at the Zemstvo Councils;
3) the mandate system has taken shape. Punishments - establish what was imposed on the authorities of the sovereign administration and the surrounding regions of the country. The boyars, okolniki and dumni dyaks stood under the orders. The mandate system imposed centralization under the administration of the region;
4) in localities the Godivel system was used. Management was transferred to the hands of provincial elders, who collected from the local nobles, and zemstvo elders - from the possible ranks of the black-bearing population there, formerly the noble landowner, local clerks (favorite heads) - in the localities.
To strengthen autocratic rule, weaken the boyars, reduce the separatism of the feudal nobility and the excesses of feudal fragmentation, Ivan IV introduced a policy that took away the name “Oprichnina” (1565-1572).
By dividing the territory of the state into zemshchina - lands under the rule of the Boyar Duma and oprichnina - the state's share, where the most important assets of the land economy were included.
With the help of the nobles, the tsar’s loyal followers, a special army was created, with whose help the fight against the boyars and all opponents of the unbounded tsar’s rule was carried out.
Oprichnina has a small heavy legacy for the region.
1) in political terms: there was a weakening of the political role of the boyar aristocracy, the appreciation of autocracy, the residual formation of Russia as a power of a similar type with a despotic system of government;
2) in an economical sense: there was a weakening of the great feudal-patrimonial land ownership and the liquidation of its independence from the central government, the redistribution of lands from the boyars to the benefit of the nobility, the establishment of re-importance of the peasantry over the quitrent, the ruination edge, economic crisis;
3) on the social plane, the oprichnina has further consolidated the rural population and consolidated it in the middle of the region.
In this manner, among the Syrians. XVI century The apparatus of sovereign power was formed in the form of the Stato-Representative Monarchy. The underlying trend towards the centralization of the region was enshrined in the new set of laws - the Code of Laws 1550 rub.
Socio-political development of Russia for about 16-17 centuries.
Troubled hour and yogo inheritance.
Ivan the Terrible.
Ivan 4 (1533-84) from 1533-38 was ruled by Olena Glinskaya, and from 1538-47 the state was ruled by boyar groupings.
In 1547 Ivan 4 took the royal title.
The first period of government-reformation (the end of the 40s and the beginning of the 60s). The ranks of the ranks swore that they were "organized by the Rada"
The main reasons for the fall for the sake of:
1) Ivan 4 bv for the Levon war, and the army was elected against it.
2) Ivan 4 began to see collegial governance as a move towards power and taking a course towards autocracy.
Another period of the reign of Ivan 4:
Oprichnina- This policy of Ivan 4 in 1565-72 (84) led to the strengthening of autocratic power.
The essence of the oprichnina: a) division of the region into the oprichnina (the Tsar’s Volodynia with special administrations and the military) and zemshchina (territory with numerous administrations); b) repression against potential superniks. 1) the strife of unwanted boyars.
2) reprisal against his cousin Volodymyr Starytsky. 3) campaign against Novgorod 1569-70 r. 4) the sending and then killing of Metropolitan Pilip.
Oprichnina results:
1) autocracy with fear and terror.
2) disorganization of the maintenance apparatus.
3) Gospodarska crisis and devastation.
Foreign policy of Ivan the Terrible (table)
Third point of the plan:
At the beginning of the 17th century there was a huge war - this organized and intensified struggle for power between several social groups within one power.
Fedir Ivanovich (1584-98) before the new tsar created a republican council, having defeated Boris Godunov. Behind his initiative: 1) strengthening the concentration of villagers; 2) the patriarchate was founded in 1589.
Godunov’s position was undermined after the death of Tsarevich Dmitry in 1591. At the Zemstvo Council of Boris Godunov it was consecrated by the Tsar 1598-1605. In the life of 1604, the false Dmitro 1st cordon pinned and Godunov died unconvinced.
Cause troubled times:
1) systemic crisis of marriage: politically negative inheritances of the definition of the Rurik dynasty.
2) economic crisis after definition.
3) persistent dissatisfaction of villagers with the policy of enshrining villagers. (Table. Periods of turmoil in the 17th century).
The new Tsar Mikhailo Romanov 1613-1645. In 1614, Sweden flared up military actions against Russia. In 1617, the Stalbian world was laid down with Sweden, Russia turned over the Novgorod lands.
In 1616, Russia began a war with Poland, not far away. At the truce of Deulinsk in 1618, Russia lost the Smolensk land.
Annexation of Ukraine to Russia (table)
Church reform and church split.
Reasons for reform:
1) the divergence of church books from canonical expressions.
2) the extreme importance of unification through the union of Ukraine and Russia.
In 1666 there was a great church council, which condemned Nikon and praised the reform.
(Table. Main rebels of Stepan Razin)
Fourth meal plan:
4. the problem of the Stato-Representative Monarchy in Europe and Russia
The place of Yelets served as the center of the princedom until the beginning of the 15th century, then it became deserted and destroyed. It was reborn in 1592-1593. like a fort on the fallen border of Russia. Until the end of the 17th century, the place was the largest trade and craft center in the region and outnumbered such places as Kursk and Voronezh. Nevipadkovo Voronezk governor
at 1710 rubles. I wanted to spend more time in Yeltsya, where they had more friendly minds for a comfortable life, than in Voronezh.
The main indicator of the economic development of the place is the increase in the number of merchants employed in trade and crafts. In this way, we can understand the dynamics of the population of Yelts and, in this context, the relationship between the townspeople and the service population.
Yu. A. Mizis, in his work on the formation of the market of the Central Black Earth region, rightly noted that the planting population in the original Russian places was not more important than the numerical and economic potential, and the establishment of plantings was “unbearably long” and we found based on the support of communities of numerous serving people. Only until the end of the 17th century. In the Yelets village, the population cared about the economic success of the development of the place.
Before the problem of changing the population size of Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. The ancient historical sciences have produced a variety of Russian and Russian demographer historians, whose work has reported on the method of collecting the population from scribal and census books, as well as from audit materials.
Corresponding to illegal methods, dating back to the 17th-18th centuries. confirmed the middle family in 6 individuals. Due to the closeness of our archaeological sites, for greater reliability we will use rounded numbers, which is entirely appropriate given the significant population size for the era in which we are living. We have already tested this method in several studies.
After the end of Yelts's day at 1594 r. The number of serving people at the new fort became 846 people. In addition, there were 11 clergy and 13 people in Yelts who were classified as officials, totaling 870 people. . Well, the average number of families of the service population of Yelts is approximately the end of the 16th century. became close to 6100 osib. Thus, the approximate number of the townspeople's population at this time was almost 100 people.
At 1618 r. The place of Yelets was sacked by the Cossack army of the Zaporizhz hetman P.K. Sagaidachny. Previously, 1,461 people lived in the area and served as human beings. . The settlement population, which was located in the Black Sloboda of Yeltsya since 1613, became close to 40 people. There were about 6,000 people living there, and at this time the population became no more than 160 people. The size of the population here did not change until 1632. Due to this fact, a significant part of the population of the servicemen moves, at the initiative of the order, to a new place on the abandoned border.
This process lasted until the mid-1650s.
In 1645, the service population of Yelts swore allegiance to Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich. The approximate number of the service population in the town was 400 people, in addition, the town had 5 clerks and about 30 clergymen. For the census book 1646 rub. in Yelets there were townspeople - 177 individuals and 4 widows, in the monastery settlements - 44 individuals and 4 widows, on church lands - 39 individuals and 1 widow, in the settlement of the boyar N.I. Romanova -17 people and 1 widow, in addition, their slaves lived in the boyars’ children’s cabins – 66 men and 7 widows. Together at 1645-1646 pp. In the service, the population grew to around 2,000 people, and in the suburbs, the population increased to 1,000 people.
At 1658 r. Yelets was attacked by the Tatars, and a population census was taken behind the bags. According to the data of this document, 2,210 people lived in the city. The service population of the city was approximately 1,165 people (the number of 87 people was established approximately), and the residential population was 907 people.
In the 1660s rocks. The increase in the number of the service population was due to the gradual extinction of the military function of the place. At 1688 r. There were approximately 16 thousand residents in Yeltsya, and their settlement population became close to 10 thousand residents. At 1697 r. About 20 thousand people lived in Yeltsya, from which the population grew to an absolute maximum of 16 thousand people.
It's 10 o'clock. XVIII century Yelets became the center of a special tax district - “chastka”, which included over 5,000 households. There were 20 thousand people in the area's population. For the Landrat book 1711 rubles. The serving population numbered no more than 1 thousand people.
Thus, statistical materials like Yelts depict the process of transformation of the fort in its original place. In this case, during the century-long period, the trade and crafts population was ahead of the number of servicemen: for example, in the 16th century. in Yelets trade and handicraft population was slightly more than 2%, at the beginning of the 18th century. - 95%. It should be noted that the turning point in the progressive dynamics of the relationship between the service and the townspeople was 1645-1650. In the end, having carried out the “posadskaya budova”, some of the serving people moved to the posadskaya, while they were deprived of their rights and privileges in trade. Tim himself reformed the order of B.I. Morozova supported the economical development of the place and increased the number of paid taxes to replenish the treasury. Recently, reforms have allowed to accelerate the process of urbanization of certain regions that are facing development from the center (under the term Pivdnya Rossii).
In general, the dynamics of the population of Yelts was associated with the economic development of the place, as well as the change in its military significance, with which its geographical position made the most obvious transformation of the place into an important trade -economic center.
1 Vodarsky Y. E. Population of Russia for 400 years. M.: Prosvitnitstvo, 1973. 160 pp.
2 Glazyev V. N. Servicemen of the Yeletsk district at the end of the 17th century. // Materials of the international conference dedicated to the 850th anniversary of Yelets. Yelets: EDPI, 1996. pp. 19-21.
3 Gorska N. A. Historical demography of Russia before feudalism. Bags and problems with medicine. M.: Nauka, 1994. 224 p.
4 Kabuzan U. M. Population of Russia in the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries: based on audit materials. M.: Nauka, 1963. 157 pp.
5 Kabuzan V. M. Changes in the dispersed population of Russia in the 18th – first half of the 19th centuries: based on audit materials. M: Nauka, 1971. 210 p.
6 Komolov N. A. Yelets in the 1710-1770s: stories of political history // Interuniversity scientific and methodological reading in memory of K. F. Kalaidovich. VIP. 8. Yelets: Branch of Yerevan State University named after. I. A. Bunina, 2008. pp. 35-42.
7 Mironov B. N. Russian place in 1740-1860: Demographic, social and economic development. L.: Nauka, 1990. 272 p.
8 Zhirov N.A. Kanishchev V.V. Modeling of the historical and geographical region (based on materials from the daily life of central Russia in the 19th century) // History: Facts and Symbols. 2015. No. 1. pp. 63 - 83.
9 Lyapin D. A., Zhirov N. A. Number and distribution of the population of the Liven and Yeletsky districts between the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century // Rus', Russia: Middle East and New Hour. Reading memory of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences L.V. Milova: materials of the international scientific conference (Moscow, November 21-23, 2013). VIP. 3 M: MDU, 2013. pp. 283-288.
10 Lyapin D. A., Zhirov N. A. The thrust of the population of the Pivdnya of Russia (based on materials from the census of 1646) // Rus', Russia: Middle Eastern and New Hour. VIP. 4. Reading memory of Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences L. V. Milova. Materials of the international scientific conference Moscow, June 26 - November 1, 2015 M.: MDU, 2014. P. 283-288.
11 Lyapin D. A. History of the Yeletsk district from the XVI-XVII centuries. Tula: Griff i Co., 2011. 210 p.
12 Mizis Yu. A. Formation of the market of the Central Black Earth region in the other half of the XVII - first half of the XVIII century. Tambov: Yulius, 2006. 815 p.
13 Russian State Archives of Ancient Assets (hereinafter referred to as RDADA). F.141. Op.1. D 1.
14 RDADA. F. 210. Op. 7a. D. 98.
15 RDADA. F. 1209. Op. 1. D. 135.
16 RDADA. F. 210. Op. 1. D. 433.
17 RDADA. F. 350.
The Russian state at the end of the 16th century: chaos, imprisonment of villagers
Porukha in the 70s and 80s
The period of economic crisis in the Russian state was avoided by the end of the rule of Ivan the Terrible. The reason for the decline of the rulership of the region was social officials: most of the population perished during the hour of suppression and the Livonian War, many villagers fled from the tsarist oppression to the Siberian forests.
The strengthening of serf service and the observance of St. George's Day led to mass popular protests and uprisings. Villagers often organized robber attacks against Volodinsky boyars and landowners. The lack of labor force and the loss of active villagers from rural labor led to the fact that the area of uncultivated land became more than 80% of the total land area.
At the same time, the power continued to chew up more taxes. The number of deaths due to hunger and infectious diseases has increased in the country. Ivan the Terrible tried to stabilize the situation in the state, the support of landowners was changed and oprichnina was limited. But still, let’s not forget the economic crisis, which has passed into history, since the “ruzh” has not passed away.
Enshrined villages at the end of the 16th century
During this period, the Russian state was officially consolidated by Tsar Ivan the Terrible. The entire population of the Russian state was listed by name in a special book, which instructed each landowner to be responsible for the same people.
According to the Tsar's decree, the villagers, who worked the carts or were willing to work on the lands of the landowner, submitted to cruel punishment.
According to many historians, this river is the beginning of the formation of serfdom in Russia.
Also, on the legislative level, a position was established, in anticipation of which the fighters, who had paid their dues to the government, automatically lost their debt to their creditor, without the right to repurchase their sovereign freedom. The children of the villagers were under the control of the landowner, just like their fathers.
Russia for Fedor Ivanovich
Until the end of his reign, Tsar Ivan the Terrible became a frail old man and could not fully take part in the ruling power. Supreme power in Russia rested with the boyar families closest to the tsar. After the death of the state, the population was not deprived of the year's decline.
Having taken the throne, the young son, Fedir Ivanovich, was a man of many people, who had absolutely no merits that could have been earned from the new wise king.
Ivan Fedorovich could not handle the economic crisis and completely stop the external expansion; if they say that his reign did not give positive results for the state, it would be wrong. Being a religious person, the king was able to significantly raise the level of spiritual development of the people.
During the hours of his reign, the places built by foreign mortars changed significantly, and early schools were opened at monasteries and churches.
Without hesitation of the military strategy, Fedir Ivanovich was able to organize an army, which is why the Russian state gained victory in the Russian-Swedish war and turned itself around before losing its place Ivangorod, Yamu, Koreli and Kopor'e.
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1.1. The nature of the rural dominion. Russia was an agricultural country with significant importance for the rural population. (Until the middle of the 16th century, approximately 6 million inhabitants of the city’s population became no more than 5%). Farming has been deprived of busy work.
More and more the tripil system was expanded, Step by step the girl hung up. The lead troops of many villagers, as before, had a plow, which had become thoroughly prepared (that’s the name of the roe-plow) and, following its own abilities, was approaching the plow. They tasted wheat, barley, oats, wheat, and urban crops.
Due to the low fertility of the soils and the unfavorable climate (the short agricultural season, which became 5.5 months), the productivity rate became extremely low. As a result, agriculture retained its extensive character, what chewed colonization both new territories (in the Pivnocha, near the Urals, beyond the Oka), and the development of forest under the river in the internal areas.
The villagers gave a centuries-old testimony to the clever natural minds of the villagers, who constantly joined together and joined forces among the great patriarchal families, who, with their own ranks, clustered in the community.
1.2. Silk dominion. First half of the 16th century. can be described as the “gold of a century” of the Russian digger.
Once the forest was developed under the reel (then “internal colonization”), the supply of land to the rural household increased (from 10 to 15 acres of land on three fields). The number of rural families grew (up to 10 souls in the middle), which provided the dominion with the necessary labor force. True, there was a shortage of haymaking, and a general shortage of thinness was preserved. The villagers continued to engage in various crafts and began to develop domestic crafts.
At this time, the traditional rates of taxes and fees were still maintained, which were even more severe. Among the middle peasant rulers, the state gave up to 30% of all produced products to its feudal lord, which did not stimulate the ruler’s initiative. In this way, the power and the service camp, on the one hand, ensured external security and internal political stability for the economic activity of the village, and on the other hand, not much else was done in order to obtain a significant portion distilled product and thereby avoid the producers of material contamination in the results of their work . .
This was all due to the growth of production and the accumulation of resources by the rural dominions. However, the main goal of the villagers was not to expand production and thus not to deprive them of income, but to satisfy the family’s needs for hedgehogs, clothes, warmth and living, as well as to ensure the security of minds for the continuation of simple production. With this rank, the peasant dominion lost its sutta let's live together The accumulation was condemned to both communal and Christian morality, which also outstripped the expansion of production. On the other side, the path of expanded creation stood and natural officials, delimiting the possibilities of the rural dominion. As a result, everything was extremely vulnerable to various fluctuations, “external factors,” and especially to the policy of the state.
1.3. Social and legal status of villagers. In addition to the economy, there is currently an improvement in the social and legal status of farmers. This is to confirm the very fact of the expansion of the term “villagers”, which has become increasingly flawed, reflecting the unequal development of the concepts of “death” and “orphan” among farmers. The right of villagers to a free “exit” on “Yur’ev Day” was legally confirmed.
The peasant is a subject of law - he can sue his feudal lord, test against a new judge. Moreover, for
According to Sudebnik 1497, “the most beautiful villagers” were present at the trial of the boyars-year-olds as “men of the court.” The peasant still bore responsibility with his mayn for the failure of his feudal lord. From the 30s to the 16th century. The black-haired villagers took their part from the activities of the bodies of local self-government.
1.4. Peculiarities of the settlement of the Chornoshshov villagers. Instructions from various forms of feudal land volodin in Russia were preserved and free rural volodiny about so-called "black lands"(The plow was called the world of the flattened land, “black”, to be replaced by the “rich” - those who paid taxes to the state). The black villagers lost all their money and paid taxes to the Grand Duke.
On the cob of the 16th century. The stench began to grow in numbers in the central districts. Step by step, the power began to transfer the black-bearing lands to the land, which meant for the villagers a change in their status - they were converted to “Volodarskie”. Already, from the beginning, the landowner acted only as their patron, without taking away the communal land from his own disposition (the rise of the Pansky oranka began later - no earlier than the middle of the 16th century) and having kidnapped the villagers from the ishnih zіkhan, then for saving the legal level of life, and in fact - social and legal status, the villagers were humbled by the change in their status.
1.5. Silk communities. The villagers lived together with the community, the norms and traditions that regulated their ruler’s and spiritual life. She was involved in the peasant land development, controlled the crops and industrial territories, served as an intermediary in the villages' affairs with her feudal lord and power. Since then, the community has ensured the economic, social, legal and spiritual well-being of its members.
2. Feudal landownership. Boyars and serving people
2.1. Votchini. From the end of the 15th century. the structure of the earth's land was changing. On the one hand, the boyar patrimony was splitting between the stable family divisions, and on the other hand, it was expected that the land fund of the boyars' lands would soon be transferred to the hands of the monasteries. The boyars donated part of their volodins to the monasteries, willing to bury their sinful souls with the prayers of the Chens - intercessors before God. However, the increased and dispossessed part of the patrimonial lands threatened the interests of the state, which also supported its military forces. Whenever there was a shortage of money, the warriors collected land “salary” for their service. The patrimonial owners were “indulgent” for the land, for the work of the rahan of the villagers who sat on it, and also provided for themselves and their military servants with combat horses and the necessary equipment. For these tributes, the morning of one warrior, the rent of five peasant dominions was spent.
2.2. Maєtki. Foreign policy is active, the need to appreciate the state power necessitated an increase in the size of the army. The Grand Duke, after the unification of the powers and the concentration in the hands of the great land fund, rejected such ability with the help of land distributions. Proceeding from the allotment of land to patrimonial lords it became impossible: the “turn” of land into the hands of the church (the feudal lords donated a lot and bequeathed part of their lands to monasteries) led to the declaring of “children of the boyars.” As a result, for the performance of military service, the state began to allocate lands to the servants of the Grand Duke and the “children of the boyars” on their own. protect them by selling and granting land. This is how a new group of feudal camps took shape - landowners(“conveyed to the land”) and a new form of feudal land ownership - maєtok. The term “nobles” became more widespread later.
2.3. Zagalni rice patrimony and pattern in the 16th century. However, we should not absolutize the difference between the boyars and the landowners, but rather characterize them as reactionary or progressive. The differences between them were insignificant, the fragments were:
Maetok, like a patrimony, was passed down during recessions, so that the powers never left the earth from service;
Ask the landowner for the order of the patrimony, the authorities could have the patrimony, and the boyar - the patrimony;
The patrimony is also guilty of serving under the threat of confiscation of Volodynia, since the Grand Duke was considered the supreme ruler of all lands.
2.4. Social development of service people. For example, XV century - on the cob of the XVI century. The social status of the boyars is changing: Vasaliv, knitted with special sweatshirts for their prince, the stench is transformed into tributes. Now, for example, “going out” from the prince without losing his estates, which was widely practiced in the middle of the 15th century, has become regarded as a sovereign evil.
Numerous serving people united in local territorial corporations, which were the top, instructing the boyars to step by step enter the Sovereign's door. His representatives lacked the right to seize command military and sovereign estates, tax lands, etc. Between various groups of boyars and serving people, they began to fight through the seizure of these and other settlements, lands and towns. At that very hour, they were becoming aware of those who would no longer carry out “military, mortal service” with the declaration about the land war against the villagers, and would bring a negative attitude towards physical activity. However, the ruling powers in Russia were more angry with the right-wing authorities.
3. Place and town of population
3.1. Zagalny characteristic. On the cob of the 16th century. on the great territory of the Russian state there were about 130 settlements of the Russian type. Of these, only Moscow (130 thousand) and Novgorod (32 thousand) can be counted as many great places. Significant urban centers were Tver, Yaroslavl, Vologda, Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod and others, while most others retained a rural appearance. The total population of the city is estimated at 300 thousand. people
3.2. Gospodarsky Rozvitok. Places became centers of crafts and trade. Potters and garbars, makers and jewelers brought their products to the market. bud. The number and specialization of local crafts ensured the needs of rural residents. There are local markets around the place, and if for most villagers it was too far and difficult to get to them, then a significant part of the handicraft production was generated by the stench themselves.
Also, the natural character of the rural dominion, the inal economical state of the region stood at the price of molding market wines.
For example, XV century. Moscow has a state-owned vinyl manufacture for the production of harmat and other flammable products. But the newly formed won could completely cover the needs of the army. In addition, Russia has discovered quite a few deposits of colorful and precious metals, which were extracted from poor marshy ores. All this required the development of moisture production and the expansion of economic connections with the countries of Western Europe. The affairs of foreign trade of this era were directly dependent on the successes of maritime trade.
3.3. Miska population. The population of the town ("posadsky people") was forced to follow their warehouse and differentiate between their clans.
. Craftsmen, merchants, city workers They united behind a territorial sign in hundreds and hundreds. In all honesty, Russia did not know any handicraft workshops.
. Verkhivka Merchant was united in the corporation of guests, the Cloth and Vital Hundreds, members of which were less or less privileged, and in a number of points their status was close to that of the boyars - they did not pay taxes, the “guests” could rule over the lands of the villagers. The potters of the local self-sufficiency were collected from them, which involved the collection of taxes and the organization of various duties.
However behind-the-scenes management of places was in the hands of the grand ducal government and was carried out through their negotiators. The land of Miska was respected by the power of the state. In general, in Russian places there was no “Mussian way”, similar to the incoming European one;
4. Cossackism
4.1. Zagalny characteristic. In the XVI century at the daytime and daytime cordons of the Russian state, the formation continued Cossacks(from the Turkic “Cossack” - a free person, well done) - a special social group from the rural and townspeople-influx population, as well as representatives of various local peoples.
The basis of the Gospodar's life of the Cossacks was made by trades; Agriculture began to expand before the end of the 17th century. It is certain that those who rushed in did not shout, fearing that they would get the sovereign officials, tax collectors and landowners in the new land. And another version - free people respected the ganobnym's turning to productive practice, which they associated with an unequal status, a lien from the feudal lord and the community, and many of whom from the ducks were serving slaves, as and did not know the farming trade. Already, having sworn for everything, the Cossacks did not plow the land, for they were afraid of capturing the nomads, who might run out of crops. As a result of the founding of the Cossacks, there were military production, fisheries, trade, and later - payment from the sovereign for military service.
4.2. Internal organization and department with central control. All the most important issues were discussed at the meeting - the Cossack stake. The otamani and elders were immediately selected. The autonomous Cossack freemen for a long time operated independently of the state and did not turn over inflows. For example, the Don Cossacks have a principle: “There is nothing in sight from the Don.” Under this, a part of the Cossacks entered the service of the state, for example, as a border guard, for which a fee was charged. These Cossacks were later called registries, The fragments of stench were added to a special list (register). On the other hand, the Cossack freemen periodically opposed the foundations of the Russian state, and in the world of its great power, the supreme power tried to take it under control, which, as a result, turned the Cossacks into its reliable support.
5. Visnovki
5.1. Russian village in the first half of the 16th century. was experiencing a period of progress achieved by the “great clearing” of lands under the rill, an increase in the population, the development of home crafts, significant internal political stability and external security. Under this, the power and feudal lords have not yet made plans to relieve the peasants of the results of their work with over-the-top taxes and taxes.
5.2. However, on the rozvitka road the villages stood Sutteva transcoded: unfriendly natural and climatic conditions, the sparse population of the great territory of the region, the cooperative and communal nature of the rural dominion.
5.3. Having awakened to a further development feudal landownership, the distinction between estates and estates began to fade. The nobility and the top of the service camp united within the boundaries of the “Sovereign Court”, as the material and service camp of the future was more likely to be close to the princely rule.
5.4. Russian place The goal was to rise up in development and ensure the continued peace of the needs of our kingdom and the state for industrial products. Local markets developed around the area, but the international market would appear much later.
The places were completely under the control of the Grand Duke. The number of established organizations of craftsmen and merchants, similar to those in Europe, which defended their rights and freedoms, passed the formation of the “Master's way”, without which the development of the place would be impossible.
5.5. On the outskirts of Russia was formed Cossackism with our own way of living, which has preserved a rich character of sovereignty.
5.6. Well, the development of Russia in the first half of the 16th century. characterized by diversity socio-economic structures And, with a forward movement, the political foundation of which the united region created. However, with this great role, as the power emerged, which essentially impacted all spheres of life, there will probably be a lot in what lay behind the policies of the grand ducal rule.
The 16th century of Russia - the hour of enlightenment of the centralized This period itself marks the beginning of feudal fragmentation - a process that characterizes the natural development of feudalism. Places are growing, the population is increasing, trade and foreign political connections are developing. Changes of a socio-economic nature lead to inevitable intensive exploitation of the villagers and further consolidation.
The 16th-17th centuries were not easy - this was the period of the formation of state power, the formation of ambushes. The crooked steps, the wars, the attempts to defend themselves against the tide of the Golden Horde and the Time of Troubles wrested the cruel hands of the rulers from the people.
Illumination of a centralized power
The reasons for the unification of Russia and the emergence of feudal fragmentation began already in the 13th century. It was especially noticeable in the Volodymyr Principality, which was at the annual gathering. The development was interrupted by the invading Tatar-Mongols, who not only disturbed the process of unification, but also caused great harm to the Russian people. The revival began in the 14th century: the renewal of the rural dominion, the development of the place, the improvement of economic ties. The Muscovite principality and Moscow gained more and more momentum, the territory of which gradually grew. The development of Russia in the 16th century led to the strengthening of class differences. In order to bring the villagers into order, the feudal lords worked together, developed new forms of political connections, and strengthened the central apparatus.
Another factor that has contributed to the unification of principalities and the centralization of power is the development of foreign politics. In order to fight against foreign invaders and the Golden Horde, it was necessary for everyone to join together. This is how the Russians were able to achieve victory on the Kulikovo Field and, for example, the 15th century. The only thing left is to throw off the Tatar-Mongol oppression that has plagued two hundred rocks.
The process of establishing a single power was determined by the change in the united territory of the previously independent powers in one great Muscovite principality and a change in the political organization of the partnership, the nature of the state. From the geographical point of view, the process was completed until the beginning of the 16th century, and the axis of the political apparatus collapsed only to the other half.
Vasil III
We can safely say that the 16th century of Russian history began with the reign of Vasily III, who took the throne in 1505 for 26 years. He was another son of Ivan III the Great. The Sovereign of All Russia was born in arms of the daughter. First up is the representative of the old boyar family, Solomonia Saburova (in the photo below there is a reconstruction of the face based on the skull). The marriage took place on 09/04/1505, and after 20 years the love has not been born in decline. Sturbovany Prince Vimagav separation. It’s hard to get rid of the benefit of the church and the boyar duma. Such an outbreak of official separation from further envoys of the army to the monastery is unprecedented in the history of Russia.
Olena Glinska became another retinue of the sovereign, resembling another of the old Lithuanian family. Vona gave birth to two blue ones. Widowed in 1533, she literally caused a coup at court, and Russia in the 16th century for the first time abolished a ruler, however, who was not very popular with the boyars and the people.
In fact, there was a natural continuation of his father’s actions, which were aimed at centralizing power and emphasizing the authority of the church.
Domestic policy
Vasil III stood up for the sovereign's unbounded power. In the fight against the feudal fragmentation of Russia, their followers actively supported the church. For those who were unprofitable, they were easily dealt with, sent to the exiled or inflicted stratum. The despotic character, marked by the cheeks of youth, appeared again. At the end of his reign, the importance of the boyars at court significantly decreased, then the landed nobility grew. When implementing church policy, he gave priority to the Josephites.
At 1497 rub. Vasily III adopted a new Code of Law, which was based on the Russian Truth, Statutory and Judicial Charters, court decisions with other categories of food. This was the creation of laws and the creation of systematization and ordering of the existing rules of law at that time and was an important step towards the centralization of power. The sovereign actively encouraged everyday life, at the rocks of his reign the Archangel Cathedral, the Church of the Ascension of the Lord in Kolomenskoye, new settlements, forts and forts were built. Before that, he was as active as his father, having continued to “take back” the Russian lands, which annexed the Pskov Republic, Ryazan.
Vіdnosini from the Kazan Khanate for Vasil III
The 16th century, or more precisely, the first half, has a lot of internal reflections. The sovereign decided to consolidate more lands and organize them under the central government, so that he could conquer new territories. Having left the Golden Horde, Russia almost immediately moved on to attack the khanates that were created as a result of its disintegration. The Turkish region and the Crimean Khanate were of interest to Kazan, which was of great importance for Russia due to the connection with the native land and their distant strategic expansion, as well as through the constant threat of raids. In the apparent death of Ivan III in 1505. The Kazan Khan started the Rapt War, which lasted until 1507. After many defeats, the Russians began to rebel, and then put the world to rest. History repeated itself in 1522-1523, and then in 1530-1531. The Khanate of Kazan was not surrendered until Ivan the Terrible ascended the throne.
Russian-Lithuanian war
The main reason for the military conflict is the desire of the Moscow prince to subjugate and take control of all Russian lands, as well as Lithuania’s attempt to take revenge for the past defeat of 1500-1503 rubles, which cost her 1-3 parts of everything Their territory. Russia in the 16th century, after the arrival of Vasily III, was in a state of flux in foreign politics. Knowingly the defeats of the Kazan Khanate, they were shocked by the opposition to the Lithuanian Principality, which signed an anti-Russian favor with the Crimean Khan.
The war began as a result of Vasily III's victory in the ultimatum (land transfer) for 1507 rubles. after the attack on the Chernigov and Bryansk lands of the Lithuanian army and on the Verkhovsky principalities - the Crimean Tatars. At 1508 r. The rulers gave up negotiations and settled for a peaceful settlement, after which the Lithuanian principality was turned away from Lublicz.
War 1512-1522 became a natural continuation of earlier conflicts over territory. Regardless of the placement of the light, the lines between the sides were extremely tense, the looting and the essence at the cordons continued. The reason for the active actions was the death of the Grand Duchess of Lithuania and the sister of Vasily III, Olenya Ivanivna. The Lithuanian princedom formed an alliance with the Crimean Khanate, after which numerous raids began to take place in 1512. The Russian prince declared war against Sigismunda I and sent his main forces to Smolensk. In the near future, a number of campaigns were launched with great success. One of the biggest battles took place near Orsha on the 8th of June 1514. At 1521 r. On both sides, other foreign political problems arose, and they were trying to turn the world into 5 rocks. According to the agreement, Russia in the 16th century took away the Smolensk lands, but with this it was convinced of the withdrawal of Vitebsk, Polotsk and Kiev, as well as the return of the military forces.
Ivan IV (Grozny)
Vasily III died of illness when his eldest son was over 3 years old. Anticipating the death of his Swedish wife and her further struggle for the throne (at that time the sovereign had two younger brothers, Andriy Staritsky and Yuri Dmitrovsky), he formed a “seven-year-old” commission of the boyars. It was too small to save Ivan until the eve of the 15th. In fact, the Opikunskaya Rada was in power close to fate, and then began to fall apart. Russia in the 16th century (1545 r.) took away the rightful ruler and the first king from its history in the name of Ivan IV, known to the whole world under the names of Ivan the Terrible. The photo above shows a reconstruction of the appearance behind the shape of the skull.
It’s impossible not to think about his homeland. Historians differ in numbers, naming the names of 6 and 7 women who were respected by the king’s squads. Some died a secret death, others were sent to the monastery. Ivan the Terrible was the mother of three children. The older ones (Ivan and Fedir) were born from the first squad, and the younger one (Dmitro Uglitsky) from the remaining one - M.F. Nagoy, who played a great role in the history of the region during the Time of Troubles.
Reform of Ivan the Terrible
The domestic policy of Russia in the 16th century under Ivan the Terrible, as before, was aimed at the centralization of power, as well as the ever-important power institutions. With this method, the tsar carried out a number of reforms in full force with the “Ornate Rada”. These are the most significant.
- Organization of the Zemsky Sobor 1549 rub. establish a great representative office. He represented all the camps of the countryside.
- The adoption of a new code of law in 1550, which continued the policy of the previous legal act, and again legitimized a single tax system for all.
- The zemstvo reforms were ruined in the early 50s of the 16th century.
- Formation of a system of punishments, including Cholobitny, Striletsky, Drukovany, etc.
The foreign policy of Russia during the reign of Ivan the Terrible developed in three directions: the current one - the fight against the Crimean Khanate, the other one - the expansion of the cordons of the power and the western one - the fight against the Baltic Sea.
At the meeting
After the collapse of the Golden Horde, a constant threat to the Russian lands was created by the Astrakhan and Kazan khanates, in the hands of the Volzsky Trade Road. Everything I. Grozny, having launched three campaigns against Kazan, was finally taken by storm (1552). After 4 years, Astrakhan was annexed, in 1557. Most of Bashkiria and Chuvashia voluntarily acceded to the Russian state, and then the Nogai Horde recognized its fallow status. This is how the bloody story ended. Russia, at the end of the 16th century, opened its routes to Siberia. Rich industrialists who wrested letters from the tsar to Volodin lands along the river. Tobol, they used their money to hunt down the free Cossacks, on some banks of Ermak.
At sunset
Try to cut off the exit from the Baltic Sea for 25 years (1558-1583) Ivan IV in the early Livonian War. This campaign was accompanied by successful Russian campaigns, 20 places were taken, including Narva and Dorpat, the troops were approaching Tallinn and Riga. The Livonian Order was defeated, but the war became protracted, leaving only a few European powers involved. The unification of Lithuania and Poland with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth played great significance. The situation turned around at the gateway and after the bitter standoff of 1582 a truce was established for 10 days. Even across the river it was laid after which Russia lost Livonia, and then turned all the burial places to Polotsk.
On Sundays
Today, as before, the Crimean Khanate, which was created after the collapse of the Golden Horde, did not give peace. The main tasks of the state were the destruction of cordons due to the raids of the Crimean Tatars. For these purposes, actions were taken from the development of the Wild Field. The first aforesaid rice began to appear, i.e., defensive lines from the rubble of the forest, in the gaps of which stood wooden forts (forts), zokrems, Tulska and Bilgorodska.
Tsar Feder I
Ivan the Terrible died on December 18, 1584. The circumstances of the royal illness remain in doubt among historians to this day. His sons took over the throne after the death of their eldest son, Ivan. According to the words of Ivan the Terrible himself, he was, rather, a deserter and a faster, more suitable for church services, less for royalty. Historians generally shrink to the point of thinking about those who were in poor health and mind. The new tsar suffered little fate from the ruled state. He was under the tutelage of the first boyars and nobles, and formerly his friendly boss Boris Godunov. The first was a king, and the other a cherub, and everyone knew this. Fedir I died on September 7, 1598, leaving no offspring and thus interrupting the Moscow Rurik dynasty.
Between the 16th and 17th centuries, Russia experienced a deep socio-economic and political crisis, which was aggravated by the protracted Livonian War, oprichnina and the Tatar invasion. All these circumstances led to the Hours of Troubles, which began with the struggle for the disputed royal throne.
From the 16th century, the Muscovite state borrowed approximately 2.9 million square meters. m. Since before the 16th century the villagers stopped paying taxes (taxes were placed on the land), people who became independent could move to other territories.
The most important role in the process of settlement and development of new territories by the people was played by monasteries. Despite the fact that the state retains its natural character, in some areas agriculture and productive animal husbandry are beginning to develop.
Where there is active development of industry and crafts, centers of gallstone production. Despite the fact that the trade center, as before, is deprived of a sparsely populated area, the number of trading forces has grown.
It's time to rule Prince Vasil 3 things have developed in the rich Russian towns life in stone. For this purpose, as well as Pushkar’s information, the prince obtained foreign soldiers.
Livonian Warі oprichnina there were some legacies for Russia:
· destruction of places and villages that villagers flee to the new land;
· The economy of the region was caught up in the misfortune, and the plague epidemic and the extreme drought intensified the situation - an economic crisis has arrived;
· Most of the lands in the central regions were under fire. The villagers, as much as they lived, deprived the land.
A strong need to know the way out of the crisis led to an order to praise the decision to implement the “saved rocks” (from 1581 to 1582), by which people were not allowed to deprive their lands. The feudal lords tried to give land to the villagers, but it brought great success. In the 90s, the 16th century began with the rise of the rural dominion, but it was at the end of the storm. The lands in power were small, mainly secular and ecclesiastical feudal lords, whose lordships were supported by various benefits, secured by grand ducal charters.
In the 16th century, important changes occurred in the structure of feudal power: the area of cross-breeding land farming was growing strongly, the development of the cross-breeding system led to a change in the number of black-bearing villagers in the center of the region. In Russia, territorial divisions of 2 forms of feudal landownership naturally appeared:
· Land-patrimony (secular and ecclesiastical feudal lords), which had already occurred earlier, in the central regions;
· Communal villages in sparsely populated areas were periodically controlled by the state, and as a result, what fell into the sphere of wide distribution.
This was the characteristic development of Russia in the middle centuries.
The most direct socio-economic development in the 16th century was the change in the feudal-serf system. The economic basis of steadfastness was the feudal power of the land.
According to the social camp, villagers were divided into 3 groups:
· Vlasnitsky - belonged to secular and church feudal lords;
· palatsov - belonged to the palace department of the Moscow princes, and also the kings;
· Chernososhny (states) - lived in territories that did not belong to any other ruler, but were required to consign huge robots to the benefit of the state.
In the 16th century, trade from centers near Moscow and other places grew greatly. Bread was delivered from the soil, and salt, fish and food were delivered from the soil. For domestic trade, small feudal lords are of great importance, as they are less privileged, and, say, the Grand Duke himself. The sphere of commodity lighting included the products of the industrial state and handicraft industries. Foreign trade was actively gaining momentum. Novgorod and Smolensk were a successful route for trade connections from Zahod. At 1553 r. A trade route was opened across the White Sea to England. Products of Russian industries and timber were exported, and timber, metal, and cloth were imported. Immediately, Chinese textiles, portlets, and kostan goods were imported to Russia, and hutra and wax were exported.
The increase in the commodity turnover of the region in the 16th century led to the development of financial investments and the accumulation of capital. But through the pandolence of the feudal-serf system and the harsh fiscal policy of the power, capital and rich treasuries were directly transferred to the transfer of pennies from the Borg under the capital and the attraction of the population from the important Borg deposit.
As trade expanded from various monasteries, a rich merchant stock was formed. A merchant association has been established in Moscow, which may be more advantageous. In legal terms, they were compared to feudal land lords.
In the 16th century, the largest merchants were the Stroganovs, and the Pomeranian villagers, who became the founders of the active trade and industrial enterprise in the 15th century, which continued until 1917.
13) Socio-political crisis from the end of the 16th century to the beginning of the 17th century in Russia. “Troubled Hours” are their legacy. The beginning of the 17th century is characterized by extreme intensification of social and political contradictions, caused by and aggravated by the economic crisis and changes in the international development of the region. The Suchasniki designated this discovery with the term “Troubles” (1605-1613). Troubles are possible as the history of the region begins with a huge war. The Oprichnina and the Livonian War echoed the desolation of the rulers of the land. Through the increase in taxes, mass flows of villagers on the outskirts of the region to the Cossacks began. Trying to stop the flow of villagers and overcome the shortage of labor force, the order of 1597 Roci defends the rural transition at Yuryev’s day and voices the five-tier term of resentment of the villagers-influxers. The social crisis has subsided from the dynastic one. After the death of Ivan the Terrible, his son Fedir Ivanovich (1594-1598) became king. The federation was friends with the daughter of Boris Godunov, who in fact belongs to the country. After the death of the childless Fyodor, the Zemsky Sobor formed the kingdom of Boris Godunov (1598–1605). However, the closest relatives of Ivan the Terrible – the princes of Shuisk and the Romanov boyars – also laid claim to the throne. Boris Godunov (1598-1605). The Borisovs hid most of the furnishings. At the beginning of the 90s, the land began to be favored by the rulers, the development of the black earth began in the Center, and the international establishment began to grow. In 1598, Godunov succeeded in obtaining the arrival of the Patriarch of Constantinople to Moscow and establishing a patriarchate in Russia. Metropolitan Job, a native of Staritsa, became the first Russian patriarch. The famine of 1601-1603 caused a socio-economic crisis. As a result of the mitigation of the crisis, Godunov reintroduced the norms of Yuri's day in 1601-1602. But this renewal was lost only among the villagers of the land nobility. The law exclaimed the dissatisfaction of the border nobles, as the skasuvannya exclaimed the dissatisfaction of the villagers. Through the war of dissatisfaction with Godunov, all the faiths of the union were buried - from the boyars to the villagers: 1) the boyars were destroyed by oppression and were dissatisfied with the very peculiarity of Godunov; 2) the nobility is increasing in number, as the lands and villages are disappearing; 3) the villagers are dissatisfied with the taxes, evils and restrictions on freedom; 4) the Cossacks are dissatisfied with the attempts to secure the Cossack lands. In 1605 Boris died and his son Fedir Borisovich ascended the throne. With this rank, the Godunov dynasty was consolidated under the ruler. False Dmitry I. The uprising against the Godunov dynasty was prompted by the appearance of the impostor Grigory Otrep'ev (False Dmitry I), who pretended to be the son of Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry, who was killed in Uglichi in 1591. The impostor was helped by the Polish king Sigismund III, and in Russia the False Dmitry fought against the anti-Godun forces. At the turn of the century 1605, False Dmitry captured Moscow and Fedir was killed. Trying to please everyone, the impostor has pursued an extremely sensitive domestic policy: the promotion of high-quality villagers, increasing the supply of monies Astyrov, brought the Polish army to the Kremlin, increasing land grants to the nobles. V.I. Shuisky (1606-1610). At the hour of the uprising in Travna 1606, the False Dmitry was killed, and the Zemsky Sobor elected Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky as king. Against Shuisky came the villages of the spring and sun-dwelling outskirts of the region and the Cossacks, who took away the tribute from the False Dmitry. On the surface of the rose Ivan Bolotnikov (1606 – Zhovten 1607). The army forcibly broke with the rebels. The surplus Boltnikites from 1607 were acquired by the army of False Dmitry II (Tushinsky villain). False Dmitry II (1608-1609). The basis of the army was laid by the Cossacks and the Lithuanian-Polish armies. The false Dmitry settled in the village of Tushino (Tushinsky villain) and besieged them partly. Also the former taxation of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery (Spring 1608 – September 1610). Metropolitan Filaret (boyar Fedir Romanov) was at the Tushinsky camp. To fight this villain, the Tsar’s nephew Mikhailo Vasilyovich Skopin-Shuisky Klav made an alliance with Sweden, which sent troops to Russia. Skopin-Shuisky managed to take the cover of the Trinity-Sergm Monastery and strengthen the defense of Moscow. The delivery of Sweden to the Russian documents gave rise to the Polish intervention, which took Smolensk as a tax. Thanks to the relief of Polish aid, the Tushinsky tabir collapsed. The Seven Boyars and the Occupation of Moscow (1610–1612). Vasyl Shuisky was elevated to the throne in 1610. A council of seven boyars (semiboyarshchina) came to power. Trying to increase power and overcome Cossack rule, the Rada entered into negotiations with Poland and allowed the Poles to reach the Kremlin along with Tsarevich Vladislav. Vinikla is a threat of the death of Russia as a power. Hermogenes became patriarch on behalf of the national forces. In response to his call, a militia was formed in Ryazan from the nobles and Tushins together with Lyapunov and Otaman Zarutsky. Due to divisions between the leaders of the militia, the militia grew apart. In 1611, another people's militia was formed near Nizhny Novgorod, together with Prince Dmitry Pozharsky and the merchant Kuzma Minin. On June 26, 1612, the militia invaded Moscow. A timely order began the preparation of the Zemsky Sobor, which was held in 1613. At the cathedral, the 16-year-old Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, son of Metropolitan Philaret, was elected tsar. After the cathedral, gifts from Poland and Sweden were improved. According to the Stolbovo World of 1617, Russia turned Novgorod over Sweden, and then lost the lands of the Baltic. Following the treaty with Poland in 1618, Russia took over Smolensk. Inherits of the Troubles: 1) away from the weakening of the boyars and the decline of the nobility; 2) the economic legacy of the war caused an increase in the concentration of villagers; 3) value of perceived national and religious unity. “Mikhail’s protection marked its self-conscious unity,” writes A.S. Khomyakiv.
Farming has been deprived of the main employment of the population of Russia. There was a lot of excitement there. Much of the adoption of rural practices was preserved without change in Kievan Rus until the 20th century.
A special kind of craft that brought great joy was the production of salt (salt factory). Vaughn vibrated even more in these localities (Stara Russa, Belomorya, Soligalich, Solvichegodska, where salt reserves were deposited.
Domestic trade
Domestic trade in Russia in the 16th century was associated with many types of goods. First of all, here are the food products - bread, meat, fish, vegetables and fruits. Prices for them were low, and as a result, the townspeople became less powerful under their own dominion. Material from the site
Foreign trade
The foreign trade of Russia in the 16th century gives rise to new possibilities for the conquest of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates. The entire Volzhsky road becomes free for Russian merchants. They are energetically developing the markets of Transcaucasia, Iran and Central Asia. Those who traveled to Rus' brought spices and fruits, shovk and kostovo stone, keelimi and farbi. In Russian places one could see similar merchants wearing lined robes, white and red turbans.
Russian trade in the Baltic region is also developing. The flow of goods that passed through Narva in the period from 1558 to 1581, when the port city was under the rule of Russia, increased especially rapidly. However, the recent completion of the Livonian War once again closed the possibility of direct trade from the West for Russian merchants. Arkhangelsk was deprived of its foundations in 1584 as a single “window to Europe”. in the garla of the Pivnichna Dvina from the middle of the 16th century. ships arrived from England and Holland. The sea route through all of Scandinavia will remain important for a long time. However, only by following this path, merchants could avoid conflicts with the Hanseatic League, which controlled trade in the Baltic.
Vantaged...