Transport system of Russia

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Transport system of Russia- Totality transport arrangements, infrastructureі management, functional on territories Russian Federation.

System characteristics

Structure of the Russian Vantageau- І passenger capacity born in 2005

Transport system Russia is characterized by an extensive transport network, one of the largest in the world and includes 87 thousand. kmzaliznytsya, over 745 thousand. km highways We keep repeating, over 600 thousand. km. air lines, 70 thousand. km. trunk nafto- І product pipelines, over 140 thousand. km. trunk gas pipelines, 115 thousand. km richkovykh ship-floating highways and impersonal sea routes. It has over 3.2 million borrowed, which is 4.6% of the working population.

Majestic spaces and suvorium climate determined the importance of all-weather types of ground transport for Russia zaliznichnyі pipeline. There the main requirement of modern work falls. Water transport plays a significantly smaller role in Russia after a short navigation period. Role automobile transport in the zagalny vantazhoobigu in the connection with the edges of insignificant middle parts transport(between placeі move, V kar'yerah open questions Corysia copalina, on logging trucks roads near logging areas, etc.) is also small, regardless of those that it transports more than half vantazhiv. An important feature of the Russian transport system is the close relationship with virobnitstvom.

The most important part of passenger traffic comes from several types of transport: bus (30%), bus (29%), railway (29%) and metro (9%). The trend of the remaining rocks is an increase in the share of wind transport (the increase was equal to 3 times since 2000) and a decrease in the share of wet transport.

The current state of the transport system is characterized by a low technical level of the manufacturing base of most enterprises and the removal of an important majority of transport means, which leads to a decrease in the safety of their work, as well as the work force investment for a lot of problems (Not available beyond reach).

According to Rosstat, as of 2011, in the off-season, 10% of the region’s population is actually cut off from the territory of the region (it does not allow access to highways that are in general use, and/or does not allow access to low stations and airports) . The average size of the population of Russia (as of 2011) is approximately 6300 km per capita per river (in Western European countries - 15-20 thousand km, in the USA, Canada - 25-30 thousand km per river) . The main factor that determines the territorial dispersion of the region is the need for a transport system based on a clear principle with a center near the capital .

The transport space is the totality of independent organizations - carriersі intermediaries- with respect to the precious capital that has become an inheritance disintegration economics the 1990s have rocks.

System structure

The Russian transport system is complex structure, it includes a number of subsystems (saltage, automobile, sea, river, water and pipelines), which are composed of the main elements: infrastructure, transport means and water supply. Close to the transport system transport universitiesі corridors, as well as provisionsі huge transport. Consider looking at the infrastructure galuzyam.

Zaliznychny transport

Zaliznychny transport Russia has the most blame (according to data for 2011, 85% of internal vandalism fell) . Over the length of the railway track (86 thousand km, half of which are electrified), Russia is in a different place after USA . In Russia, travel transport is divided into: travel transport, travel transport, zaliznychny transport zagalnogo koristuvannya and technological climbing transport. In the European part of the region, the slopes have a radial appearance; the slopes converge to Moscow. Persha Velika Zaliznichnaya Highway Saint Petersburg - Moscow entered into action 1851 roku. Then began the routine of leaving St. Petersburg directly.

In the Asian part, the salient border has a wider width and less thickness. The most important highway - Trans-Siberian- I started to hang out in 1892 roku overnight Chelyabinsk through Novomikolaivsk on Krasnoyarskі Irkutsk and from Vladivostok on Khabarovsk. Rukh vydkrity 1916 roku. U 1913 roku Gilka was encouraged Kyiv - Tyumen - Ekaterinburg. Later, latitude backups of the Trans-Siberian Railway were created: line Kartali - Astana - Pavlodar - Barnaul - Artishta, which in the mid-twentieth century was extended to Ust-Kuta(through Novokuznetsk, Abakan, Taishet, Bratsk); line Semipalatinsk - Barnaul - Novosibirsk; Baikal-Amur Mainline. In the 1970-1980s, the development of naphtha and gas resources Zakhidny Siberia it was caused by a concussion Tyumen - Surgut - Urengoy - Yamburg.

Between 1992 and 1999, Russia built 218 km of new railway lines and electrified 1,962 km of railway lines. Between 2000 and 2008, 899 km of new climbing lines were built and 3,083 km of climbing lines were electrified. The scope of goods transported through the territory is expanding Finland the same port (which corresponds to the same width of the track). For whom will there be a climb? Kochkoma -Ledmozero And it's a long way from Finland.

As of the spring of 2012, 78 out of 83 subjects of the Russian Federation have taken over. There is no way for anyone to get into Republic of Altai, Republic of Tiwe, Kamchatka region, Magadan region, Chukotka AT(on cob 2012 rock). With the everyday life of the salznitsa Kuragine - Dogwood Tiwa will become the 79th constituent entity of Russia, which is responsible for transport.

Marine transport

This type of transport has a major role to play as an interstate authority. The importance of maritime transport in Russia is indicated by its position on the shores of three oceans and the length of the maritime cordon of 42 thousand kilometers. Main ports: on Black Sea - Novorossiysk, Tuapse; on Sea of ​​Azov - Taganrog; on Baltic - Saint Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Baltiysk, Viborg; on Barentsev - Murmansk; on Bilyom -Arkhangelsk; on Japanese - Vanino, Vladivostok, Znakhidka, Port Skhidny.

River transport

The length of internal waterways, “Perelik..”, which are approved by the orders of the Russian Federation, is 101.6 thousand. km. . Pitoma vaga inland water transport has become 3.9%. The role of river transport is rapidly increasing in the lower regions of Pivnocha, Siberia and Far East.

The main one in Russia is the Volga-Kama river basin, which accounts for 40% of the river fleet. Zavdyaki Volgo-Baltic, White Sea-Balticі Volga-Donsky channels Volga became the backbone of the unified water system of the European part of Russia, and Moscow- "port of the five seas."

To the other important rivers of European Russia Pivnichna Dvina with tributaries, Sukhona, Onega, Svir, Neva.

The main rivers of Siberia are Yenisei, Olena, About and their tributaries. All of them are used for shipping and timber rafting, transportation of food and industrial goods from remote regions. The significance of the Siberian river roads is even more significant, due to the innocence of the slopes (especially in the meridional direction). Rivers connect the wetlands of Zakhidnoye and Skhidnoye between Siberia and the Arctic. Both Bi and Irtishem transport naphtha from Tyumen. The volume of the vessel is 3600 km, Yenisei - 3300 km, Olena - 4000 km (navigation lasts 4-5 months). Ports of the lower reaches of the Yenisei - Dudinkaі Igarka- available for seagoing vessels, attacking Pivnichnym sea way. The largest transshipment points of vantage from the river on Zaliznytsia Krasnoyarsk, Bratsk, Ust-Kut.

The most important river highway of the Far East Amur. Shipping It operates all along the river.

Pipeline transport

The development of pipeline transport in Russia began in the late 50s. XX century The most important brands that are transported are syrah naphtha, naturalі associated gas. Transportation naphtha products, rare and gas-like chemicals are promising, but at this time the product pipeline has not seen a great expansion. Russia values ​​pipelines of large diameter (1220 and 1420 mm) and great length. latitudinal directly .

Great oil pipelines:

Naftoprovid "Druzhba"- The largest export highway of Russia ( Almetyevsk - Samara - Unecha - Mozir - Brest and far away in the country Skhidnoyaі Western Europe);

Almetyevsk - Nizhny Novgorod - Ryazan - Moscow;

Nizhny Novgorod - Yaroslavl - Kirishi;

Samara - Lisichansk - Kremenchuk - Kherson, Snigurivka - Odessa;

Surgut - Tyumen - Ufa - Almetyevsk;

Nizhnyovartivsk - Samara;

Surgut - Polotsk;

Oleksandrivske - Anzhero-Sudzhensk;

Krasnoyarsk - Angarsk;

Surgut - Kyiv - Pavlodar - Shymkent - Chardzhou.

Largest gas pipelines:

gas pipeline Saratov - Moscow- First gas pipeline near Russia (840 km);

Stavropil - Moscow;

Krasnodar region - Rostov-on-Don - Serpukhiv - Saint Petersburg;

Central Asia - Ural

Vedmezhe - Nadeem - Tyumen - Ufa - Torzhok;

Nadeem - Punga - Perm;

Urengoy - Surgut - Tobolsk - Tyumen - Chelyabinsk.

Powder flow

The world's largest gas pipeline system Urengoy - Pomari - Uzhgorod- edges of Western and Western Europe (4451 km),

gas pipeline that passes through Orenburg through Ukraine at the edge of Western and Western Europe.

Great product pipelines:

Ufa- Brest with connections to Uzhgorod;

Ufa - Kyiv - Novosibirsk;

Nizhnyokamsk - Odessa.

Gas pipelines will be built Bovanenkov - Ukhta, Sakhalin - Khabarovsk - Vladivostok.

Gas pipelines are being designed Pivdenny flow, Altai, Yakutia-Khabarovsk-Vladivostokі Caspian gas pipeline, naphtha pipeline Baltic Pipeline System-II, Murmansk Naftoprovidі Zapolyar'ya-Purpe-Samotlor.

Road transport

The total number of highways on hard surfaces in Russia will reach 754 thousand. km (2008). In 2008, 6.9 billion tons of goods were transported by road transport, which also increased to 216 billion tons-kilometers.

From 2000 to 2008, the rate of transportation of goods by road increased by 17%, and the volume of goods transported by 41%.

After a decade of motor roads, Russia surpasses all European countries, including France, and ranks 7th in the world . In relation to the population size, the density of paved roads in the Russian Federation is approximately 5.3 km per 1 thousand. Zhiteliv, ShO Discho, NIZH in Ukrainian Abo in Kazakhstani (3.3 TA 5.0 vidpovo), Ale Nizhde, NIZH NIZHISHSHSHSHKH: So, FINLANDICA TANITIST IT IS PROLIZKO 10 km, in the United States - near 13 km, near France - 15.1 km per 1 thousand. residents . The total length of motorways is 910 thousand. km., of which 745 thousand. km. asphalt, 45.4 thousand. km federal roads. According to data for 2011, 92% of the length of the federal highways of the region are roads, which are affected by one smoothie directly into the skin; 29% of federal highways operate under the Naval regime . The rotting state of the region's highways causes an extremely low average speed of movement of commercial vehicles by motor transport - about 300 km per load (in the countries of Europe - it is approaching up to 1500 km per load) .

The activities of transport and forwarding companies for the delivery of goods by ground vehicles are not regulated by the Statute of Motor Transport.

In the spring of 2010, the construction of the highway was completed "Amur".

The main power of financing the road dominion of Russia since 2011 is Federal Road Fund, Plans for recovery in 2011 will reach 386.7 billion rubles. .

New transport

Innovative transport is the highest road that surrounds it with a lot of stagnation (vanges that quickly squeal), and is of greater importance for passenger transportation. In the areas Last night play an important role helicopters: transport goods and passengers to military facilities, provide medical assistance, etc. bud. The main air supply centers are Moscow, Saint Petersburg, resorts Pivnichny Caucasus,Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. At the same time, an important part of passenger air transport is concentrated on the Moscow air hub: approximately 80% (as of 2011) of air transport departs from Moscow or to Moscow . The range of airports in Russia from 1991 to 2012 decreased by more than 4 times . In contrast to most of the guilty powers, Russia's national air carriers can vikoryize (and vikorist) other equipment registered not in the Russian Federation, but in foreign countries offshore zones.

Industrial transport

Before industrial transport, there is the transport of non-registered goods and technological transport, which includes the technological and technological transportation of goods on internal roads of industrial enterprises and organizations, industrial complexes and disputes, transport services, and not in go to the roads of the Zagalny Koristuvannya. Subject to SNiP 2.05.07-91 Industrial transport includes:

zaliznych transport number 1520 mm and 750 mm,

technological automobile transport, including motor vehicles width up to 2.1 m, suitable for between workshops transport: rechargeable (navantazhuvachi, tractors h combs, electric cari) that with the engines of internal combustion ( avtovantazhuvachi, autocari and tractors with trailers).

hydraulic transport,

cable suspended transport,

conveyor transport.

Hromadsky transport

Russia leads in domestic passenger transport bus. Most places also have good facilities tramі trolleybus not information. The operating life of tram and trolleybus lines is 7.6 thousand. km. The most popular tram route in the world is St. Petersburg (more than half of it is in emergency condition). At the seven largest places - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Samari,Ekaterinburzi, Novosibirskі Kazan- Є metro. The total operational income of the metro routes is over 475 km.

Transport universities

On the territory of Russia you can see two types of transport hubs .

Vuzley international, federal region, the zone of its influx is expanding into great economic areas: Siberia, Far Skhid, Ural, Volga region, Central Russia, Day of Russia, Sunset of Russia. Contact federal universities Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Nizhny Novgorod, Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Vladivostok.

Woozley regional(interregional) significance, the zone of its influx expands by one, two, three subject of the Russian Federation (republic, edge, region, district).

Federal and regional transport hubs will mutually complement one another: interests from the singing territory from the beginning accumulate at the regional unit at those necessary for molding route directly, and centrally delivered to the federal transport university, which allows the empty speed of transport.

Transport corridors

Way from Europe V Asia through Russia is the shortest route, which allows for economical development of transport corridors. At this time, the territory of Russia will pass through three pan-European transport corridors: first"Pivnich Pivden" ( Helsinki - Tallinn - Riga - Kaunasі Klaipeda - Warsawі Gdansk), other"Skhid Zahid" ( Berlin - Poznan - Warsaw- Brest - Minsk - Smolensk - Moscow - Nizhny Novgorod) that ninth (Helsinki - Viborg - Saint Petersburg - Pskov - Moscow - Kaliningrad - Kyiv - Lyubashivka - Chisinau - Bucharest - Dimitrovgrad - Oleksandropolys).

Strategically important Trans-Siberian Railway, bye bye lines on Baltic, corridor for delivery of vantazhs Pacific saving USA V China through Russian ports Primorya, the expanse of Russia .

System management

Coming to the fore in 2012, the management of the transport system in the Russian Federation is underway Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.

The Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation (Mintrans of Russia) is the federal body of the British government in transport, which functions in accordance with the evolution of government policy and legal regulation in the civil sphere. of the Russian Federation, aviation and space research and maritime (including sea ports), inland water, transport, automobile (including transport control at checkpoints through the state cordon of the Russian Federation), Moscow electric (including the metro) and industrial transport, road gentlemen art, operation and safety of ship-floating hydrotechnical disputes, ensuring transport security, as well as the state registration of rights to sail ships and the management of them and the organization of road traffic in terms of organizational and legal approaches to the management of traffic on highways .

Transport legislation

Postage stamp Russia, 2009 r_k: 200 thanks to the transport department of Russia.

Basic acts of transport legislation:

International transport conventions

Civil Code of the Russian Federation

Statute of travel transport of the Russian Federation. Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 18-FZ dated 10 June 2003

Code of Inland Water Transport of the Russian Federation. Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 24-FZ dated 7 January 2001

Statute of motor transport and Moscow ground electric transport. Federal Law No. 259-FZ on November 8, 2007

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 87-FZ dated 30 June 2003 “On transport and forwarding activity”

Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 17-FZ dated 10 June 2003 "On transport in the Russian Federation"

Important elements of the regulatory framework for transport activities - various transportation rules tariffs.

Div. also

Economy of Russia

Transport system

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation

Notes

Passenger selection of types of transport

Transport system of Russia: competitiveness in the international world

1 2 3 4 5 Svetlana Ivanova. Zagalom: We didn't go far Archived z pershodzherela 9 kvitnya 2012 roku. Revised on May 25, 2011.

1 2 3 4 Mikhailo Blinkin. In general: Ideology of the era of horse-drawn transport. // Vidomosti, Addendum "Forum", 05/25/2011. Archived z pershodzherela 9 kvitnya 2012 roku. Revised on May 25, 2011.

1 2 3 4 Main indicators of transport// Rosstat

Subject to the Federal Law “On transport in the Russian Federation”

1 2 Socio-economic indicators of the Russian Federation in 1992-2008 pp.// Rosstat

Mikolaev A. S. Unified transport system/A. S. Mikolaev. - M: Lyceum, 2001.

Livshits V. N. Transport for 100 years / / Russia in the best world / V. N. Livshits. - M: 2002.

The government of the Russian Federation signed an order on the construction of the Zapolyarne-Purpe oil pipeline// Interfax, April 29, 2010

Length of automobile routes. Usyogo - Region of Ukraine | on the map of the world

Length of automobile routes. Usyogo - Polivnyannya krayin and regions

Transport strategy Suchasny Stan

Association "Airport"

1 2 About the activities of the General Directorate of the Airport Association // Airport Partner: magazine. – Moscow, 2007. – No. 3-4. – P. 5.

Levitsky L. How will the aviation industry cope after the Sukhoi Superjet 100 accident? // Airport Partner: magazine. – Moscow, 2012. – No. 6.

Ensure safe and efficient robotic transport // Airport Partner: magazine. – Moscow, 2011. – No. 3. – P. 3.

“Ordinary hour” in the State Duma // Airport Partner: magazine. – Moscow, 2012. – No. 1. – P. 8.

Lyudmila Morozova There's nothing to fly// Russian business newspaper. Promiscuous glance: newspaper. – Moscow, 2012. – No. 843.

Russian statistician. 2011. – Moscow: Rosstat, 2011. – 795 p. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-89476-319-4

SNiP 2.05.07-91 Industrial transport

Komarov K. L., Maksimov S. A. Problems and formalization of the system of multimodal transport hubs (transport and logistics centers) in the Russian Federation (on the example of the Novosibirsk multimodal transport hub). - Novosibirsk: View of SGUPS, 2003. - 43 p.

Grigor'ev M. N., Dolgov A. P., Uvarov S. A. Logistics. - M: GARDARIKI, 2006.

Resolution of the Russian Federation dated July 30, 2004 N 395 (as amended on November 29, 2012) “On the approval of the Regulations on the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation.”

Literature

Yakushev P. Ya. Transport system of Russia M., Transport, 1999

Shishkina L.N. Transport system of Russia / Shishkina L.N. – M.: 2003.

Transport system of the Russian Federation

Main transport corridors of Russia

Operational news for the transport complex

Formation of transport and logistics infrastructure in Russia

International transport corridors as a factor in the integration of Russia into the European transport system

Transport system as a factor of national security

Vladislav Inozemtsev. There is no longer any transit route from Russia. // vedomosti.ru. Archived z pershodzherela 4 breast 2012 roku. Verified on November 29, 2012.

Dzherelo - " http://ua.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_system_of_Russia&oldid=53670215»

Transport corridors- this is the totality of main transport communications of various types of transport with the necessary arrangements to ensure the transportation of passengers and passengers between different countries on routes of their concentration. The system of international transport corridors also includes export and transit main pipelines.

Transport hub is called a complex of transport devices at the point of multiple types of transport, which closely combines operations with servicing transit, local and municipal transportation of goods and passengers. A transport university as a system is a set of transport processes and features for their implementation in places where two or more main modes of transport are connected. In the transport system, the units have the function of control valves. A failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Great transport hubs are always great places, because they attract trade, it is easy to develop industry (there are no problems with supplies), and transport terminals provide a lot of jobs. Many places have fallen on the crossroads of land and water routes, such as transport hubs (many who still play this role). Here are the places in front of us: in Great Britain - London, in France - Marseille, Paris, in Germany - Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Bremen, in Spain - Bilbao, Barcelona, ​​in Italy - Venice, Milan, in the Netherlands - so ranks Ranstadt (a complex of transport hubs linked into a single network - Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden, The Hague), in Sweden - Stockholm, in the USA - New York, Seattle, Chicago, Los Angeles, San Francisco, in Australia - Sydney, Japan - Tokyo, China - Shanghai, Singapore. Less common butts. Thus, the city of Shannon in Ireland is mainly located behind the airport. Some places play the role not of tourists, but of passenger transport hubs, for example, Simferopol near the Crimea, where many tourists arrive and transfer there to transport that takes them to the place of the Crimea.

The largest transport university in Russia is Moscow. The routes of five types of transport intersect here: 11 railroad crossings, 15 highways, 5 gas pipelines and 3 oil pipelines converge at Moscow; there are three river ports, five airports and nine train stations. Another great butt is Vladivostok, where the Trans-Siberian Salvage ends and a lot of maritime adventures begin.

Transport system and links

Transport and connections can be interchangeable and complementary. If you want to replace the necessary connections with transport, it is theoretically possible (instead of a special visit, you could send a telegram, telephone, send a fax, e-mail), but it was discovered that the methods of communication to generate more interactions, including features. Growth in the transport sector would be impossible without the connection that is vitally necessary for developing transport systems - such as the need for two-way traffic on one track to control the flows, if necessary. A story about the location of a wind-powered ship in the sky. Thus, it was found that developments in one area lead to growth in another.

Transport (transportation) process- the totality of organizationally and technologically interrelated actions and operations that are carried out by motor transport enterprises and their subdivisions independently or in cooperation with other organizations during preparation, creation Completed and completed transportation of items.

The structure of the transport process includes:

1. Marketing of vantage flows.

2. Development based on quilting materials for vantage flows: rational route schemes that are transmitted when new routes are opened and changes are made to existing routes.

3. Select the type and determine the required quantity of dry goods for transportation

4. The important spheres of transportation of automobiles and road trains must be transported from specific minds, in view of the authorities of the owners, operational indicators of the required transport

5. Standardization of speeds for motor transport

6. Selection of systems for organizing the management of motor transport from the selection of rational modes of water circulation.

7. Coordination of the work of road transport includes other types of transport.

8. Analysis of road smarts using the method of developing effective and safe routes for a dry warehouse

9. Ensuring efficient and safe transportation of goods by road.

10 Establishment of economic-mathematical methods and expansions to increase the efficiency of dry warehouse storage and reduce transportation costs.

11. Controlling the flow of transport facilities.

12. Operational control over the work of the automotive warehouse and warehouse.

Particular attention is paid to the transport process by using a variety of methods to ensure:

The importance of delivering vanities in batches of the required sizes.

Saving the cost and quantity of goods that are transported;

Vikonannya benefited from safety techniques and from the ruins,

I'm saving money,

Dovkill's funeral;

Vikonannya vimog labor legislation

Transport is the basis of the geographical division of the nation. The general structure of transport operations, as a rule, reflects the flow and structure of the economy, and the geography of transport routes and vantage flows - the distribution of productive forces. Without transport, it would be impossible to achieve the territorial gap between the production and distribution of goods and services. All routes, transport enterprises and transport facilities together create a light transport system.

Types of transport are grouped not only according to the significance of their development, but also according to the geographical areas of their stagnation. At this point we see land (land), water and air transport.

There are three main types of land transport: automobile, salvage, pipeline.

Road transport can rightfully be called the transport of the XX century. The length of motor roads exceeded 28 million km; About half of it falls on five countries - the USA, India, Brazil, China and Japan, followed by Russia, Canada and France. The light passenger volume of the motor vehicle sector – first of all, especially passenger cars – is close to 4/5. At the same time, motor transport is expensive and is the most important means of congestion in the middle.

Zaliznychny transport, regardless of the reduction in transported goods and passengers, will be deprived of an important type of land transport. The Svitova zaliznichnaya border was mainly formed in the beginning of the 20th century. The festive dinner is gradually changing, and the placement is becoming even more uneven. While the harvest is in 140 countries, more than half of its harvest is in the top ten countries: the USA, Russia, Canada, India, China, FRN, Argentina, Australia, France and Mexico. The edges of Europe are visible in the density of the glaciers.

Pipeline transport having cut off the development of the rapidly growing production of oil and natural gas and the territorial expansion that exists between the main regions of their production and growth. The maximum length of the light barrier of main pipelines will be approximately 2 million km. Found pipelines that reach 4-5 thousand. km, collected in the countries of the SND, Canada, the USA, and the countries of the Middle East. Pipeline transport is even more economical.

New transport- the youngest and most dynamic, but expensive type of transport. It provides essential services to passengers on routes over 1000 km. In terms of air transportation volumes, the first place in the world is occupied by Western America, the other by Europe, and from other countries the USA, Japan, Great Britain, China, and France are especially visible. The largest airports are in the USA (Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Dallas, Las Vegas), Europe (London, Paris, Frankfurt, Amsterdam), Japan (Tokyo).

§ 2. What are the features of the development of the transport system in the world?

Suchasna light transport system- the galuz of the sphere of services, which involves the transportation of goods and passengers, was formed in the 20th century. The transport system includes infrastructure (roads and railways, canals, pipelines), terminals (railroads and bus stations, airports, sea and river ports), transfer facilities.

Transport will ensure government interconnections between territories (Fig. 169).

Small 169. See transport

The level of development of transport infrastructure reflects the level of concentration of population and population and the characteristics of the specialization of the territory.

The development of transport itself flows into the adjacent territory, giving it special impulses of accelerated development. Territories provided with transport infrastructure are increasingly suitable for a wide range of human activities. Thus, the largest transport hubs of international importance (sea and river ports, airports) attract industries focused on imported goods and exports of finished products, concentrating manufacturing industries i, bank capitals, commodity exchanges (Fig. 170-173).

Small 170. Structure of the port of Rotterdam (Netherlands).

Increase respect for the importance of imported goods (naphtha, naphtha products, mineral oil) and export goods (most important of container transportation)

Small 171. Rotterdam is the largest seaport in Europe

Small 172. Rotterdam. Space icon

Small 173. Porti as the focus of economical living

Zones removed from highways near newly developed areas will receive additional incentives for development.

Progress has been made in the ways of obtaining (increasing the tonnage of ships, container transportation, mechanization, vantagement and expansion) by accelerating the growing global trade and bringing new types of resources to the government. Since the most important international trends were expensive goods of small value and service (expensive goods, spices, textiles, salt), then with the development of international trade, the ways and the way of life became known to This trade has become global in nature and before the trade exchange, mass interests and sulfur began to appear .

Transport is one of the most important carriers of petroleum products and other essential products.

Statistical displays to analyze the level of transport development mesh density(to be insured to cover the area that is served, the population, and the direction of vantagements), mid-range transportation, vantazhoobig.

The regional transport systems of Northern America are at the forefront of development. The stench becomes approximately 30% of the total length of the light routes received, occupying first place behind vantage. Western Europe has the densest transport route in the world. In these regions, there is a shortening of the border between travel and an increase in transportation by road transport.

In the largest countries, the largest transport volume is by road transport (40%), with 25% in the winter. In countries with economies in transition, passenger transport is the most important vehicle (60%), with automobiles accounting for 9%.

Career

Logistics

Logistics is the science of optimal management of material, financial and information flows in an enterprise. Mainly purchasing, transport, warehousing, distribution, information logistics, etc. Competent logistics allows you to optimize and dramatically reduce production costs.

What is the job of a logistics specialist? Logistics representatives are responsible for the external relations of the enterprise and are responsible for delivering the raw material to the enterprise using optimal transport methods along the optimal route (shortest, cheapest, safest) and optimizing the finished product. Farmers are responsible for competently stocking up raw materials and finished products, forming prefabricated orders and processing the necessary forms of goods.

For a successful career, you need to know a number of foreign languages ​​(in English - English), the geography of transport in the world: the geographical location of transport routes, ports, airports, prices and tariffs for transportation, the economy of the world's regions, especially and ministries legislation. This knowledge can be withdrawn if you enter the specialty “Logistics” at an economical rate.

Small 174. Dirt road in Chukotka AT (Russia)

Small 175. Intercity bus transportation is a convenient and reliable mode of transport in Western Europe (Spain)

Europe plays a great role in the export of international transport services (nearly 50%), Asia takes another place (25%), part of America accounts for 13%, and all other regions - 11%.

Switzerland: ski resorts and cars?

Switzerland is a small European power in terms of size, because it has no access to the sea and does not have reserves of brown copalins of light value. Prote Switzerland, benefiting from economic developments, took advantage of the peculiarities of its geographical expansion.

It was developed in the center of Europe, sharpened economically by the guilty countries, it found itself at the crossroads of transport routes of the European Union, which made it difficult to think about the approach to changing the negative influx of road transport into nature. On the one held in the country in 1994. In a referendum, the population voted in favor of allowing foreign goods to be transported through Swiss territory.

The Zimplon tunnel is one of those found in the world (19.5 km), which connects Switzerland and Italy, built in 1905.

In other similar tunnels, cars move on special skid platforms, which changes the amount of exhaust gases.

Vantage transport. In the vantage ones transported to the cob of the XXI century. The leader is sea transport, which accounts for 2/3 of transported cargo. Maritime transport, being the cheapest, connects the main areas of production of goods, separated by oceans: Europe – America – Japan and China. The share of pipeline (inland) transport in light vantage industry for the last 50 years has decreased by almost half (up to 15%), the share of pipeline transport is increasing. For intracontinental transportation, road transport prevails (Fig. 174, 175).

All types of transport are characterized by a reduction in transport costs per unit of goods (this includes carrier costs, insurance and transit fees). The development of transport has brought about increased responsibilities of world trade and expanded its geographical and commodity structure. Thus, the appearance of supertankers capable of transporting up to 500 thousand. tons of oil, has reduced the importance of the light canals - Suez and Panama: tankers are not placed near the high channel of the canals, and the main oil transported goes through the middle of Africa - the Cape of Good Hope. For Egypt and Panami, payment for transporting goods through canals is the most important part of meeting the budget.

The development of the system of container transportation, the mechanization of vantage-breaking robots resulted in a reduction in costs for transportation by sea (Fig. 176, 177).

Small 176. After the discovery in the Mediterranean Sea (Italy)

Small 177. Container sea transportation (metro Shanghai, China)

The efficiency of robotic transport has a lot to do with the organization of the robotic infrastructure of ports - the collection and storage of goods, the repair of ships and their supply with firewood and water.

Part of the costs for transport of goods vary between regions and countries of the world and lie ahead of their geographical location. Variety of transport services for countries that do not have access to the sea, maybe 1/2 more.

On the other hand, it is obvious that transport costs per unit of goods are much higher than the production of manufactured goods, agricultural products, which require special transportation skills, and less expensive industrial goods.

The geographical location of the largest important ports in the world reflects the division of the economic power of the region and their share in the international division of trade.

Zavdannya 19. Where have the world's largest transport hubs been dismantled?

The most important trend in the development of general cargo transport is the formation of a container system that will ensure the transportation of approximately 40% of general cargo, which means the creation of transport corridors that will combine several modes of transport to transport goods across territories history of several countries. Thus, Europe plans to create nine such corridors; two pass through Russia: Berlin – Warsaw – Minsk – Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Yekaterinburg; Helsinki – St. Petersburg – Moscow – Kiev – Odessa.

The container system unifies the transport process and coordinates the development of mixed transportation of goods by different modes of transport. Handling of containers is carried out at large terminals, most of which are located near seaports. The largest container sea ports in the world are Singapore, Hong Kong and Shanghai. Recently, the largest container ports in the world have been replaced by the ports of Asian countries, which are developing dynamically, especially China. European ports, although they increased their demand, moved up to 7-8 places in the ranking (Table 14).

Table 14. The largest maritime ports in the world, 2008

Small 178. Monorail road near Osaka city (Japan)

Small 179. Transport connection near Miami (Florida, USA)

There is a new trend in the development of air transport services - a wider expansion of air transport services. This type of transport began to transport goods that were sensitive to the hour of delivery - products that are quickly rushed (for example, half a day from Steam to London, fresh fish for Japanese restaurants near Paris), cut-out goods, electronics, parts and components of cars. Air transportation is actively sought after by TNCs for internal acquisition of benefits between subdivisions of companies.

Small 180. Salznitsa in Spain is one of the most comfortable modes of transport

Small 181. Kenny carriages are a traditional form of transport on the Princes' Islands near the Marmur Sea (Tureckina). On the islands the ruins of cars are fenced off, making it difficult for the dowkill

The largest passenger airports in the world

Airports are incoming enterprises that can ensure a clear schedule of departures and landings of aircraft, the uninterrupted work of dispatch services, and the safety of passengers. The airports are full of company offices, restaurants, and convenience stores. According to estimates, around 350 thousand are sold at airports around the world. people, and 4.5 million people work for people traveling by air.

The largest airports in the world are located in “high-light places” and may be of greatest importance for connections between Europe – America and America – Pivdenno-Skhidna Asia (Table 15).

Small 182. Airport m. Munich (Nimechchina). There are airline offices, shops, restaurants at the airport

Small 183. Charles de Gaulle Airport (Paris, France) is connected to the largest passenger airports in the world

Small 184. Growth in the number of air passengers, 2000-2009.

Table 15. Largest passenger airports in the world, 2008

Passenger transport. The globalization of the world economy and the collapse of foreign trade, tourism, and scientific connections have led to a sharp increase in the fragility of the population. The most important indicator of the development of passenger transport is passenger volume (passenger kilometers). Regional figures for this indicator are quite significant: the maximum indicator in Southern America is 12.7 thousand. and Western Europe – 8.2 thousand.

The main part of passenger traffic comes from motor vehicles - 80%, travel and aviation - 10% (Fig. 178-181).

Transport, in relation to industry, is the main source of congestion in the area.

The largest transport hubs and corridors to the world

Apparently, the role of transport is even greater and important for the light infrastructure and for the normal, rhythmic functioning of the light government. As an accurate barometer of the development of this kingdom, transport reflects the changes that occur in a geographical area, in the interactions of manufacturers, buyers and sellers.

One of the most important things to understand related to transport is the concept of a transport site and a transport corridor.

Slide 2: Transport hub is called a complex of transport devices at the point of multiple types of transport, which closely combines operations with servicing transit, local and municipal transportation of goods and passengers. A transport university as a system is a set of transport processes and features for their implementation in places where two or more main modes of transport are connected. In the transport system, the units have the function of control valves. A failure of one such valve can lead to problems for the entire system.

Slide 3: The world's largest hubs have been established in places where land highways (highways, slides, gas and oil pipelines), water highways (navigable rivers and canals) and inland lines have been interrupted.

Slide 4: Transport universities are of national, inter-district, regional and local significance.

Slide 5: In addition, transport hubs are classified according to their meanings, types of transport, functions that are combined, according to the transport balance, according to the amount of demand. Integrated transport nodes can also be combined: zaleznichno-water (zaliznichno-river, zaliznichno-sea), zaliznychno-automobile, water-automobile.

Great transport hubs will always be greatin some places , what to attracttrade , it’s easy to develop hereindustry (there are no problems with delivery), and the transport terminals themselves provide a lot of work space. Many places have fallen on the crossroads of land and water routes, such as transport hubs (many who still play this role).

Slide 6: So, we can name the main functions of transport nodes:

• Economical (development of light industry and trade)
• Transport (transshipment of passengers and transfer of passengers)
• Function of international connections
• Cultural (transport universities facilitate the development of cultural exchange between countries)

Slide 7: For butts The largest transport hubs can be taken from:

1. Tokyo in Japan
2. Dubai in the UAE
3. Chicago in the USA
4. in Great Britain - London, in France - Marseille, Paris, in Germany Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Bremen, in Spain - Bilbao, Barcelona, ​​USA - New York, Seattle, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Australia - Sydney

Slide 8: The largest transport universityRussia - Moscow . The routes of five types of transport intersect here: 11 railroad crossings, 15 highways, 5 gas pipelines and 3 oil pipelines converge at Moscow; there are three river ports, five airports and nine train stations.

Slide 9: International transport corridors (ITC) - concentration on general directions to transport of international shipping (salznych, automobile, sea, pipeline) and telecommunications. The concentration of material, financial and information flows, the high intensity of service and diversity of services will ensure rapid turnover of capital and synchronization of the flow of goods, documents and money in the minds of people. ilgovy regime. MTK, which consists of many transport modules, is called that multimodal ( or else intermodal) transport corridors.
Transport corridors are the “blood vessels” of the world dominion. Great historical rivers, ocean routes, transport and automobile lines, and the Worldwide Information Highway form the communication framework of the Earth and create the foundation of intercontinental dialogue.

Slide 10: Thus, you can see the main functions of light transport corridors:

• servicing export-import transportation, as well as international transit
• strengthening information and cultural exchanges
• growing role of international spivorbitism
• change in vitrat for transportation

Slide 11: This is what the map of transport corridors in the world looks like (yellow – places, green – roads, blue – shipping, white – windy corridors). As you may note, its great quantity is found in Western America and Eurasia. This is especially true because the main transport corridors today are being designed on the largest continent – ​​Eurasia.

Slide 12: And now I would like to give more respect to the trans-European corridors:

1. First transport corridor Helsinki – Tallinn – Riga – Kaliningrad – Gdansk/Kaunas – Warsaw and the 1000 km long distance to Berlin may integrate Poland and the new independent Baltic states – Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia until the end European sociocultural and geoeconomic space. These countries are the most realistic contenders for accession to the EU.

1. Another transport corridor Berlin – Warsaw – Minsk – Moscow (road and railway) with a length of 1830 km is the basis of the communication axis Zahid – Shid, which connects the largest European power, Germany with Russia єyu. And lastly, this was directly strategic for the socialist Converging Europe. The transport corridor aims to reduce the cost and speed up the transfer of passengers and passengers, stimulate the development of trade between the Entry and Exit.
   
2. Third transport corridor Berlin/Dresden – Wroclaw – Katowice/Krakiv – Lviv – Kiev (road and travel) with a length of 1640 km enters Ukraine through Poland and Germany.
   
3. Fourth transport corridor Dresden/Nuremberg – Prague – Viden/Bratislava – Gyor – Budapest – Arad – Constanta/Craiova – Sofia – Thessaloniki/Plovdiv – Istanbul with a length of 3285 km clicks integrate the regions of Central and Northern Europe Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ugorskina, Rumania and Bulgaria among the European communication and dates of departure from Western Europe to the Black Sea.
   
4. Fifth transport corridor Triest – Ljubljana – Budapest – Lviv/Bratislava – Lviv (road and transport) with a length of 1595 km renews the historical connections of the large Austro-Ugric region and provides access to the great port of Triest in Slovenia, Slovakia, Ugorshchina and Western Ukraine.

1. Sixth transport corridor Gdansk – Katowice – Žilina provides access to Slovakia to the Baltic Sea and provides excellent communication throughout Poland.
   
2. Somi transport corridor(River Danube) with a length of approximately 1600 km connects all the Danube regions and will soon depend on the geopolitical situation in the Balkans. As a result of the military conflicts in the great Yugoslavia, the Danube shipping industry suffered great trouble.
   
3. Eighth transport corridor Durres – Tirana – Skopje – Sofia – Plovdiv – Burgas – Varna (road and transport) with a length of 905 km connects the ports of the Adriatic and Black Seas in the Balkans and provides access to them for Macedonia.
   
4. Ninth transport corridor Helsinki-St. Petersburg-Vitebsk-Gomel-Kiev-Bucharest-Alexandrupolos (automobile and railway station) and found (about 3400 km), closes at the convergence of the communication border of Europe and its current analogue. hundredfold way “from the Varangians among the Greeks.”

The Republic of Belarus is at the crossroads of the main transport routes that connect the powers of Western Europe with the West, the regions of the Black Sea coast with the edges of the Baltic Sea. The territory of Belarus is crossed by 2 trans-European transport corridors, designated according to the international classification under number II (Zakhid - Skhid) ​​and under number IX (Pivnich - Pivden) with divisions I X st.

Slide 13:

Transport corridors are seen as positive functions. Everyone knows that there are environmental concerns. Who seems to have 2 main global problems:

1. Transport corridors require the creation of a great deal of everyday work, which involves the displacement of a large amount of soil, destruction of the natural landscape, construction of bridges, pipelines, water supply, etc.
2. Transport vehicles that are interconnected by transport corridors and non-stationary sources of environmental unsafety and eliminate the greatest contribution from the obstructed medium with acoustic, electromagnetic and thermal fields, toxic exhausts, and hazardous emissions. with chemicals, too.

Transport corridors for normal functioning rely on the established transmission infrastructure. It is extremely important that the warehouse infrastructure initially includes a system for ensuring environmental safety of both transport measures and transport means, which are used to protect these measures. The warehouse of the environmental safety system necessarily includes an information and analytical center, which ensures that organizations are able to ensure that the information system is up-to-date in order to make decisions on the relevant level.

Slide 14: List of Wikoritan literature:

• Economy and organization of foreign trade transportation: Pidruchnik / Ed. Prof. K.V. Kholopova. - M.: Lawyer, 2000. - 684 p.
• http://dergachev.ru/book-10/ 16.html
• http://ua.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_system
• http://sc.nios.ru/dlrstore/ 00000c51-1000-4ddd-517d- 3600483aebf5/@001408.htm
• http://knowledge.allbest.ru/ transport/ 2c0b65635b2ac68a5d53a89521316d 37_0.html
• Maksakovsky, V. P. Geographical picture of the world: 2 books. / Art. P. Maksakovsky. - M., 2003. Book. 1: The sacred characteristic of the world.