Which family produced Bulgaks. Bulgakov's mythology: what is true and what is not. Genre, topics and problems

Mikhailo Opanasovich Bulgakov- Russian writer and playwright. Author of novels, stories, collections of accounts, feuilletons and nearly two dozen books.

Mikhailo Bulgakov was born in Kiev in the family of Associate Professor of the Kiev Theological Academy Afanasy Ivanovich Bulgakov (1859-1907) and one of Varvara Mikhailovna’s friends (from her daughter – Pokrovsky). In 1909 Having graduated from the Kiev Persha gymnasium and entered the medical faculty of the Kiev University. In 1916 having received a doctor's diploma and received directions to work in the village of Mikylskoye, Smolensk province, then worked as a doctor in the city of Vyazma. In 1915 Bulgakov takes his first love - with Tetyana Lappa. At the hour of the huge war in the fierce year of 1919. Bulgakov mobilizes as a military doctor to the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, or perhaps immediately deserts. The same fate is faced with becoming a doctor in Chervony Khrest, and then in the White Guard Armed Forces of the Day of Russia. The Cossack troops would spend an hour in Chechnya, then in Vladikavkaz. For example, the spring of 1921. Bulgakov moved to Moscow and began to work as a feuilletonist with the capital's newspapers ("Gudok", "Robitnik") and magazines ("Medical Practitioner", "Russia", "Vidrodzhennia"). At this hour, we are publishing some of the works of the newspaper “Naperedodni”, which was published in Berlin. From 1922 to 1926 "Gudku" has over 120 reports written and written by Bulgakov. Born in 1923 Bulgakov joins the All-Russian Union of Writers. U 1924 r. It’s time to get to know Lyubov Evgenivna Bilozerskaya, who has recently turned back from behind the cordon, as soon as she becomes his new squad. U 1928 r. Bulgakov and Lyubov Evgeniyna travel to the Caucasus, heading to Tiflis, Batum, Zeleny Mis, Vladikavkaz, Gudermes. The premiere of the song “Crimson Island” is taking place in Moscow. Bulgakov blames the idea for the novel, later called “The Maister and Margarita” (the low level of Bulgakov’s creativity indicates that the idea of ​​the novel was written by the Austrian writer Gustav Meyrink; Iration of such novels as “Golem”, which Bulgakov read in translations by D. Vigodsky, that “Green Face”). The writer also begins work on a song about Molière (“The Cabal of the Saints”). U 1929 r. Bulgakov to get to know Olena Sergievna Shilovskaya, the upcoming third squad. In 1930 Bulgakov's works cease to be friends, dogs become part of the theater repertoire. Shut down before the production of the play "Big", "Zoyka's Apartment", "Crimson Island", the play "Days of the Turbins" was removed from the repertoire. In 1930 Bulgakov writes to his brother Mikola before Paris about the unpleasant literary and theatrical situation and the importance of material development. In the same way, write a sheet to the Order of the SRSR and the Prokhannaya to give his share - either to give him the right to emigrate, or to give him the opportunity to work in the Moscow Art Theater. Bulgakov should call Yosip Stalin, who would like to make the playwright angry with the prohannyam of securing him to the Moscow Art Theater. In 1930 Bulgakov performed at the Central Theater of Robotic Youth (TRAM). From 1930 to 1936 - at the Moscow Art Theater as an assistant director, on stage in 1932. staging "Dead Souls" by Mikoli Gogol. Born in 1936 working at the Great Theater as a libretist and translator. Born in 1936 The premiere of Bulgakov's "Molière" took place at the Moscow Art Theater. Born in 1937 Bulgakov works on the libreto "Minin and Pozharsky" and "Peter I". Born in 1939 Bulgakov works on the libreto "Rachel", as well as on the song about Stalin ("Batum"). In all likelihood, the play's writing was blocked until the production was completed. Bulgakov's health is rapidly improving. Doctors diagnose new hypertensive nephrosclerosis. The writer begins to dictate to Olena Sergievna the remaining versions of the novel “The Meister and Margarita”. Z fierce 1940 r. Friends and family constantly express their sympathy for Bulgakov’s bed, which is suffering from illness. 10 Bereznya 1940 r. Mikhailo Opanasovich Bulgakov died. On the 11th of Birth, a huge panakhida took place at the birth of a collection of Radian writers. Before the panakhida, Moscow sculptor S.D. Merkurov removes the death mask from Bulgakov’s face.

Creativity Bulgakov, in his own words, wrote his first opinion in 1919. 1922-1923 r. - publication of “Notes on Cuffs”, in 1925 a collection of satirical accounts “Diavoliada” was published. U 1925 r. The story “Fatal Eggs” and the story “The Throat of Steel” (the first part of the series “Notes of a Young Doctor”) are also published. The writer is working on the story “Heart of a Dog”, the songs “The White Guard” and “Zoyka’s Apartment”. In 1926 The play "Days of the Turbins" was staged at the Moscow Art Theater. U 1927 r. Mikhailo Opanasovich will complete the drama “Big”. From 1926 to 1929 Bulgakov's play "Zoyka's Apartment" was performed at the Theater-Studio of Yevgen Vakhtangov, born in 1928-1929. "The Crimson Island" (1928) was staged at the Moscow Chamber Theater. Born in 1932 The production of "Days of the Turbins" at the Moscow Art Theater has been updated. Born in 1934 The first version of the novel “The Master and Margarita” has been completed, which includes 37 sections.

Create the basics* Coming prospects (article in the newspaper "Grozny") (1919) * Steel Throat (1925) * White Guard (1922-1924) * Notes on Cuffs (1923) * Zaviryukha (1925) * Zoryany Visip (1925) * Zoykina 1925) , published in the USSR in 1982. * Cabal of the Saint (1929) * Baptism by Turning (1925) * Fatal Eggs (1924) * Rushnik with a Pen (1925) * The Eye Has Seen (1925) * Temryava Egyptian (1925) (1925), published in the USSR in 1987 * Morphine (1926) ) * Treatise about life. Collection of notifications. (1926) * Big (1926-1928) * Crimson Island (1927) * Maister and Margarita (1928-1940), published in 1966-67. * Bliss (The Dream of the Engineer Reinu) (1934) * Ivan Vasilyovich (1936) * Molière (The Cabal of the Saint), post. 1936) * Notes of a deceased person (Theatrical novel) (1936-1937), published in 1966. * The remaining days ("Pushkin", 1940)

Bulgakov Encyclopedia: http://www.bulgakov.ru/ Moscow State Bulgakov Museum: http://www.bulgakovmuseum.ru/ Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

The end of the 19th century is a difficult and super-judicious hour. There is nothing surprising in the fact that in 1891 one of the most mysterious Russian writers was born. Let's talk about Mikhail Opanasovich Bulgakov - director, playwright, mystic, author of scripts and libretto of operas. The story of Bulgakov is no less interesting, and the team of “Literary Guru” takes the liberty to convey this.

People's Day M.A. Bulgakov - 3 (15) grass. The father of the mighty writer, Opanas Ivanovich, was a professor at the Theological Academy of Kiev. Mother, Varvara Mikhailovna Bulgakova (Pokrovska), took care of seven children: Mikhail, Vira, Nadiya, Varvara, Mikola, Ivan, Olena. The family often played shows, songs for some of Mikhailo’s writings. I really love productions, vaudeville, and space scenes.

Bulgakov's Budinok was a favorite place for the creative intelligentsia. His fathers often asked for famous friends, and they poured money on the gifted lad Misha. He already loved rumors when he grew up and was willing to take their share.

Yunist: light and cob of quarry

Bulgakov began at the gymnasium No. 1 in Kiev. Having graduated from 1901, he became a student at the medical faculty of Kiev University. The choice of profession was influenced by the material stature of the future writer: after the death of Father Bulgakov, he took responsibility for his great homeland. His mother got married again. All the children, except Mikhail, lost their lives to their parents. The eldest son wants to be financially independent. He graduated from the university in 1916 and received a medical diploma with a certificate.

At the hour of the First World War, Mikhailo Bulgakov served as a field doctor for many months, having for a year taken his place near the village of Mikilskoye (Smolensk province). Then several accounts were written, which later became the series “Notes of a Young Doctor.” Through the routine of tedious provincial life, Bulgakov began to develop narcotic habits, available to wealthy representatives of his profession for their activities. He asked to be transferred to a new place, so that his drug addiction would appear implicit to those who were absent: any other type of doctor could be spared a diploma. The squad helped to overcome the misfortune, secretly diluting the narcotic speech. She kept annoying the man to deprive him of the naughty sound.

In 1917, Mikhailo Bulgakov was born as the head of the department of the Vyazemskaya Municipal Medicine Plant. Across the river, Bulgakov and his squad returned to Kiev, where the writer began his private medical practice. The addiction to morphine was overcome, and instead of narcotic drugs, Mikhailo Bulgakov often drank alcohol.

Creativity

For example, in 1918, Mikhailo Bulgakov entered the officers’ pen. It has not been established whether he called as a military doctor, or even having identified himself as a member of the pen. F. Keller, the protector of the head commander, having released the pens, then took his part in the fighting. Already in 1919, he was mobilized to the UPR army. Bulgakov is in. The versions of the writer diverge further: some of the information confirmed that he served in the Red Army, and some - that he did not leave Kiev before the arrival of others. It is certain that the writer was mobilized before the Volunteer Army (1919). At the same time, he published the “Future Prospects” fayleton. Kiev pods fought in the works “The Unfortunate Benefits of a Doctor” (1922), “The White Guard” (1924). Varto appreciates that the writer chose literature as his main occupation in 1920: having completed his service in the Vladikavkaz hospital, he began writing for the newspaper “Caucasus”. Bulgakov’s creative path was thorny: during the period of struggle for power, unfriendly negotiations on the address of one of the parties could end in death.

Genre, topics and problems

At the beginning of the twenties, Bulgakov wrote important works about the revolution, important songs that were always staged on the stage of the Vladikavkaz Revolutionary Committee. Since 1921, the writer has lived in Moscow and worked in various newspapers and magazines. Cream of feyletons, published alongside the sections of stories. For example, “Notes on Cuffs” gained some attention on the pages of the Berlin newspaper Naperedodni. The newspaper “Gudok” (1922-1926) was especially rich in drawings and reports – 120. Bulgakov was a member of the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers, and at the same time his artistic light was buried in the ideology of the union: with great sympathy, he wrote about White Russia, about the tragic fates of telegences. This problem was vastly broader and more permissible. For example, social awareness of those involved in their marriage, satire on a new way of living in the country, etc.

In 1925, the song “Days of the Turbins” was written to rock. There are few mischiefs of success on the stage of the Moscow Art Academic Theater. However, Josip Stalin assessed the truth, but still has a skin thematic effect, voting on the antiradyan character of Bulgakov’s dog. Nezabar criticized the writer’s creativity. Over the past ten years, hundreds of harsh reviews have been published. The play “Big” about the Gromadyansk War was stopped from being staged: Bulgakov decided to make the text “ideologically correct.” In 1928-29 rr. The theater's repertoire includes shows such as “Zoykina’s Apartment”, “Days of the Turbins”, “Crimson Island”.

And the axis of emigrants was strongly supported by the key works of Bulgakov. He wrote about the role of science in people’s lives, about the importance of the right decision one by one. In 1929, the writer was working on the upcoming novel “The Meister and Margarita”. The first edition of the manuscript has already arrived. Religious themes, criticism of the Radian realities - all this made the appearance of Bulgakov’s works on the pages of newspapers impossible. It’s not surprising that the writer seriously talked about moving beyond the border. You must write a letter to the Order, in which you ask either to allow him to leave or to allow him to continue his work in peace. Nowadays there are six fates Mikhailo Bulgakov was a director-assistant of the Moscow Art Theater.

Philosophy

Statements about the philosophy of the master of the Drukov word are given to the most creative people. For example, the story “Diavoliad” (1922) describes the problem of “little people”, which classics have so often published. In Bulgakov’s opinion, bureaucracy and foolishness are a real devilish force, and it is important to resist it. Already, the novel “White Guard” has a richly autobiographical character. This is the life of one family, which resulted from a difficult situation: a huge war, enemies, the need to choose. Although we respect that Bulgakov must be loyally placed before the White Guards, although we praise the authors for their loyalty to the Radian government.

The story “Fatal Eggs” (1924) reveals a truly fantastic story of how a new species of creepers was accidentally created. These substances are steadily multiplying and will soon fill the entire place. Some philologists confirm that the image of Professor Persikov was based on the work of the biologist Oleksandr Gurvich and the leader of the proletariat V.I. Lenin. Another famous story is “The Heart of a Dog” (1925). Tsikavo, it was officially published in the USSR only in 1987. At first glance, the plot is satirical: the professor transplants a human pituitary gland into a dog, and the dog Sharik becomes human. How about a human being?.. I would like to learn from this plot the transfer of future repressions.

Originality of style

The author’s main trump card was mysticism, which was woven into realistic works. Indeed, critics could not immediately blame him on the image of the proletariat. The writer gently brought to light the clues and real socio-political problems. However, these fantastic elements are always an allegory for similar phenomena that happen in reality.

For example, the novel “The Meister and Margarita” combines different genres: from parable to farce. Satan, who has taken the form of Woland, seems to be arriving in Moscow. He meets people who are seeking punishment for their sins. Unfortunately, the only force of justice in Radyansky Moscow is the devil, and the officials and their people are bad, greedy and cruel to their fellow citizens. The stench is truly evil. This is where the story of the khan of the talented Master (Maxim Gorky was called Master in the 1930s) and the brave Margarita flares up. Only the mystical gift was given out by the creators in the face of certain death in the divine chamber. A novel for reasonable reasons was published after Bulgakov’s death. The same percentage counted on the unfinished “Theatrical Novel” about the world of writers and theatergoers (1936-37) and, for example, on the play “Ivan Vasilyovich” (1936), a film whose motives will be admired to this day.

The nature of the writer

Friends and acquaintances respected Bulgakov at once and even more modestly. The writer will never forget anything and immediately go “into the shadows.” He has a talent for reporting: if he was given a chance to quench his irritability, all those present heard only him. The character of the author is based on the shortest qualities of the Russian intelligentsia: enlightenment, humanity, sensitivity and delicacy.

Bulgakov loved to set fires, without hurting anyone and without looking for a short life. He was impressed by his friendliness and secrecy, fearlessness and incorruptibility, strength of character and trustworthiness. Before his death, the writer said only one thing about the novel “The Meister and Margarita”: “They should have known.” Such a stingy characterization of his brilliant hat.

Special life

1. While still a student, Mikhailo Bulgakov became friends with Aunt Mykolayivna Lappa. The family had to deal with a shortage of money. The first squad of the writer is the prototype of Ganni Kirilivny (opinion of “Morphine”): selfless, wise, ready to support. She herself suffered from a narcotic nightmare, and at the same time she brought down the fate of ruin and the crooked scourge of the Russian people. However, a full-time family with her did not work out, and even in those hungry days it was important to think about the children. The squad was already suffering from the need to perform abortions, and through this Bulgakov’s vision began to crack.
2. So, after an hour has passed, more than one evening has passed: 1924 Bulgakov’s rock of performances Lyubov Evgeniivna Bilozersky. There is little connection in the world of literature, and it was not without their help that “The White Guard” was published. Kohannya became not just a friend and comrade, like Tetyana, but the writer’s muse. This is another team of writers, a novel with which we will brighten up and biased.
3. In 1929, families became acquainted with Olena Shilovskaya. Years ago, he knew that he only loved this woman. Up to this point, the hostility had been friendly, but they seemed to appear even stronger. Olena Sergievna lived next to Bulgakov until his death. Children of Bulgakov are not born. The first squad created two abortions. It is possible that he once felt guilty before Aunty Lappa. Let us adopt the son of a writer by becoming Evgen Shilovsky.

1. Bulgakov’s first novel is “Come Svitlana.” The story was written when the future writer faced this fate.
2. Vistava “Days of the Turbins” was loved by Josip Stalin. When the author asked to be allowed outside the cordon, Stalin himself telephoned Bulgakov and asked: “What have we got you thinking about?” “Zoyka’s apartment” Stalin marveled at least once. It is important that he kidnapped the writer. In 1934, Bulgakov asked for a trip abroad so that he could improve his health. Having rejected Vidmova: Stalin understands that if the writer is lost in another country, then “Days of the Turbins” will have to be removed from the repertoire. Such are the peculiarities of the relationship between the author and the owner
3. In 1938, Bulgakov wrote a song about Stalin at the meeting of representatives of the Moscow Art Theater. The leader, having read the script for “Batum”, was not entirely satisfied: he did not want the general public to know about his past.
4. “Morphine,” which reveals the doctor’s drug addiction, is an autobiographical drug that helped Bulgakov overcome addiction. Confessing to the paper, we have regained strength to fight the illness.
5. The author was even more self-critical and loved to collect criticism from outsiders. I have seen all the reviews of my creations from newspapers. 3298 were negative, but only three people praised Bulgakov’s creativity throughout his life. With this rank, the writer was not a little aware of the fate of his geeked-out hero, Maistra.
6. The notes of my colleague’s writing and writings came together very smoothly. Although encouraging him, for example, director Stanislavsky threatened to close his legendary theater in order to block the showing of “The White Guard.” And, for example, Volodimir Mayakovsky, having booed the show, booed the show. He publicly criticized his colleague, no longer accepting his achievement.
7. Whale Behemoth is, it turns out, not at all the author’s guess. Its prototype was Bulgakov’s phenomenally intelligent black dog with the same price.

Death

Why did Bulgakov die? For example, in the thirties, people often talked about near death. The friends respected it with great affection: the writer loved pranks. It’s true that Bulgakov, a great doctor, noted the first signs of nephrosclerosis - a severe recession. In 1939, the diagnosis was made.

Bulgakov was 48 years old - the same age as his father, who died of nephrosclerosis. At the end of life, I started taking morphine again to dull the pain. When he was blind, the squad wrote chapters of “Maistra ta Margheriti” for him from dictation. The edit was based on Margarity’s words: “So, why should writers follow the lead?” 10 Bereznya 1940 Bulgakov died. They praised him for the Novodivichy tsvintari.

Budinok Bulgakov

In 2004, the foundation of the “Bulgakov House” - a museum-theater and cultural and educational center - was opened in Moscow. Visitors can take a ride on the tram, view the electronic exhibition dedicated to the life and creativity of a writer, sign up for an overnight tour of the “filthy apartment” and see the friendly cat Behemoth. The function of the museum is to preserve Bulgakov’s slaughter. The concept is connected with a mystical theme, as the great writer loved.

There is also a non-crossing Bulgakov Museum near Kiev. The apartment is riddled with secret passages and manholes. For example, from the shawl you can go to the dark room, where you are currently in the study room. There you can also look at the endless exhibits, which speaks about the prowess of writing.

Novelist, playwright.

Born on May 3 (15 NS) in Kiev to the family of a professor at the Kiev Theological Academy. “The Bulgakov family is great, friendly, cultural, musical, theatrical,” says the squad of Bulgakov’s young brother.

Until the fall of 1900 r. starting at home, then entering the first grade of the Oleksandrivska gymnasium, where they were the most prominent graduates of Kiev. Already in the gymnasium, Bulgakov showed his various abilities: writing verses, painting caricatures, engraving on the piano, singing, making up dreams and miraculously discovering them.

After graduating from high school in 1909. not without passion (the path of an artist or a writer beckoned) he became a student at the medical faculty of the Kiev Imperial University of St. Volodymyr, where this fate may begin (the university statute allows repeating the program of the same course). In 1913 he became friends with T. Lappa.

From the beginning of the First World War, we worked together as a team at the hospital, then volunteered for the front, worked at the front-line hospital, and developed a medical certificate under the care of military doctors. rgiv. In 1916, he graduated from the university, received a diploma with a certificate and went to the Smolensk province as a zemstvo doctor, which found its reflection in “Notes of a Young Doctor.”

The Great War found Bulgakov near Kiev. Once the end of the “White Rukh” came to an end, it became evidence of the German occupation of Ukraine in 1918 and the atrocities of Petliur’s gangs.

In 1919-1921, he lived near Vladikavkaz (in the Caucasus, having found himself in the jokes of brothers who served in the White Army, obliging their mothers to know them, who were in the great war), praising the newspaper "Caucasus", which did not wake up for a long time, because they lost their place, and the name was typhus. The Radyan power that had established itself in the place called for the consolidation of all literate people, including Bulgakov, appointments after being appointed head of the literary section for the creation of the mysteries of the people, sharing everything, What do you know and know? In Vladikavkaz, having started writing for the theater, the comedy “Self-Defense” was staged with little success. Encouraged by success, Bulgakov wrote two more plays, “Clay Grooms” and “Paris Communes,” staged in Vladikavkaz, representing the 50th century Paris Commune. The play was recommended by Golovpolitprosvet before staging in Moscow theaters.

In 1921 moving to Moscow. As the hour of crisis approached, the literary life of Russia began to revive, private publications were created, and new magazines were opened. In 1922, Bulgakov published not only feuilletons and correspondence, but also the essay “The Unfortunate Benefits of the Doctor” and “Spiritual Seance” (in the magazine “Rupor”). The newspaper "Naperedodni" and its literary supplement were enriched by the light of M. Bulgakov's rich works: "Notes on Cuffs", "Chichikov's Hands", "Forty Magpies", "Nobles' Notes", "Crimson Island" and others. (1922 24) . With the publication of Naperedodniya, the popularity of M. Bulgakov began.

In 1924, the newspaper "Gudok" was published, which at that time brought together such talented writers as Y. Olesha and V. Kataev, I. Ilf ta E. Petrov, K. Paustovsky and in. The initiative of the Moscow Art Theater created a song based on the novel “The White Guard”, which was staged under the title “Days of the Turbins”. Having completed the drama "Big" in 1927, it was closed shortly before the premiere.

In 1925, the story “Fatal Eggs” was published in the almanac “Nadra”, which aroused the dissatisfaction of the rulers. Therefore, the story “Heart of a Dog,” already prepared before publication, was not allowed until the end (it was first published in 1987). In 1928, Bulgakov began writing the novel “The Maister and Margarita” and worked on it for twelve years, until the end of his life, not daring to publish it. (The novel was first published from the end of 1966 to 1967 in the magazine "Moscow".) In 1965, the magazine "Novyi Svit" published "Theatrical Novel", written in 1936-1937.

In 1929-1930, Bulgakov’s hot dog was not staged, and the press did not have a hot series. Then he turned away from the sheet to Stalin with groans, either to allow him to leave the country, or to give him the opportunity to earn money for a living. Having become an assistant director at the Moscow Art Theater (1930? 36). The Moscow Art Theater staged his play “The Cabal of the Holy One” and then removed it from the repertoire. Bulgakov moved to the Great Theater, working as an opera librettist and translator.

Bulgakov Mikhailo Opanasovich (1891-1940) - Russian writer and playwright, theater actor and director. Many of his works today are considered classics of Russian literature.

Family and children's rocks

Mikhailo was born on May 15, 1891 near the city of Kiev. On the third day after the feast of the people, he was baptized in Podol at the Khresno-Vozdvizhensk Church. My dear grandmother Anfisa Ivanivna Pokrovska (Turbin’s daughter’s nickname) became my mother’s baptized mother.
My father, Opanas Ivanovich, was a lecturer at the Kiev Theological Academy, having previously attained the rank of associate professor, later than professor.

Mom, Varvara Mikhailovna (Pokrovskaya’s girl’s nickname) worked at the women’s gymnasium. She was originally from the town of Karachayev, Oryol province, and her father served as archpriest of the Kazan Cathedral Church. Varvara was a very energetic woman, she had a small-willed character, and in addition to these qualities she experienced extraordinary kindness and tact.

In 1890, Varvara married Afanasy Ivanovich, and from that hour she took up the management of the household and the care of children, of whom the family had seven. Mishko was the eldest child, and later gave birth to two more brothers and several sisters.

All the children with their mother fell in love with music and reading. Mishko himself became a writer, his younger brother Ivan became a balalaika musician, another brother Mikola became a Russian scientist, a biologist and a doctor of philosophy.

The Bulgakovs' homeland was considered to be the Russian intelligentsia, such as provincial nobles. They lived well in terms of material security, Father’s wages were paid so that their rich homeland could live comfortably.

In 1902, a tragedy befell his family, and Father Opanas Ivanovich immediately retired from life. His early death put a damper on things in the family, but Varvara Mikhailovna’s mother knew how to run the house so well that she was able to get by and, regardless of life’s burdens, give the children their first birthday.

Navchannya

Mishko’s studies took place at the First Kiev Gymnasium, having ended in 1909.

He continued his studies at the Kiev University, graduating from the Faculty of Medicine. The choice of this one was not out of character, the resentment of his maternal uncle was small in the medical profession and he earned good money. Uncle Mikhailo Pokrovsky had a therapeutic practice in Warsaw, being the physician of Patriarch Tikhon. Uncle Mikola Pokrovsky gained fame as one of the leading gynecologists in Moscow.

7 years have begun at Mikhailo University. There is a shortage of nirk, and in connection with this, you have retired from the military service. Ale Mikhailo himself wrote a report, so that he was sent to the fleet as a doctor. The medical commission approved the ward, and then asked to go to the hospital as a volunteer of the Chervony Khrest.

In the fall of 1916, the fate of Mikhail Bulgakov was awarded a diploma about the miracle of graduating from the university at the level of a doctor.

Medical practice

In 1914, the first World War began. Young Bulgakov, like millions of his same-year-olds, hoped for peace and prosperity, lest war ruin everything, although they were not immediately taken away from Kiev.

After graduating from the university, Mikhail was sent to the field hospital to Kam'yants-Podilsky, then to Chernivtsi. As soon as it saw the breakthrough of the Austrian front, the Russian army experienced colossal losses, including hundreds and thousands of lost human bodies and lives.

In the early autumn of 1916, Mikhail was called from the front and sent to the Smolensk province, where in the village of Mikilskoye he was in charge of the zemstvo hospital. He was already a good doctor, a true believer, who had procured wine from the Mikyilska Doctor's Hospital, treated nearly 15 thousand patients, and performed many successful operations.

He was transferred across the river to Vyazm to the Moscow hospital to become the head of the venereal and infectious diseases department. Throughout this period of treatment, people have known their inspiration from Mikhail’s work “Notes of a Young Doctor.”

In 1918, Mikhailo returned to Kiev, where he entered into private practice as a venereologist.

He fought the Great War as a doctor in the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic, in the Red Cross, in the army of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and in the Terek Cossack Regiment. Having visited the Northern Caucasus, near Tiflis and Batumi, he fell ill with typhus, and at the same time began to write articles and articles in newspapers. You may be able to emigrate, but without having done so, until you have firmly established that Russian people can live and work in Russia.

Moscow

Mikhailo wrote on the sheet to his brother: “I dreamed of many fates, I have long been able to start writing.” From medicine you will have to tie up the rest.

At the end of 1917, Bulgakov was able to visit Moscow for the first time, visiting his uncle Mikoli Pokrovsky, from whom he later copied the image of his professor Preobrazhensky in “The Heart of a Dog.”

And in the spring of 1921, Mikhailo decided to remain in control in Moscow. He was in charge of the literary branch of the Head of the Government of Education to become a secretary, working there for two months, after which the difficult hour of unemployment began. They began to gradually make friends with private newspapers, picking up the corpses of wandering actors. And having continued to write non-streamingly for the entire hour, I burst out of words for so long. Until the spring of 1922, enough facts and evidence had already been written in New Year in order to publish a successful trade in the capital's branches. The newspapers “Robitnik” and “Gudok”, magazines:

• "Red magazine for everyone";
• "Medical practitioner";
• "Rebirth";
• "Russia".

For several reasons, the newspaper “Gudok” published over 100 reports, reports and drawings by Mikhail Bulgakov. A few of his works were published in the newspaper “Naperedodni”, which was published in Berlin.

Creativity

1923 Mikhailo Opanasovich became a member of the All-Russian Society of Writers.

• autobiographical TV series “Notes on Cuffs”;
• "Diavoliada" (social drama);
• the novel “White Guard” is the first great work of the writer;
• one of the most famous books “Heart of a Dog”;
• “Fatal eggs” (fantastic story).

Since 1925, Moscow theaters have staged shows of Bulgakov’s works: Zoykina’s Apartment, Big, Days of the Turbins, Scarlet Island.

Until 1930, Bulgakov’s works were protected by others and were taken over by all theatrical productions. This was explained by his creativity in emphasizing the “ideological purity” of Radyan culture and literature. The writer plucked up courage and went wild to Stalin himself - either to allow him to write or to give him a chance to leave the cordon. The leader especially supported him, saying that the production would be renewed, he wanted to respect the “Days of Turbins” with an “anti-radish thing”, but he himself loved this show and had seen it 14 times.

Like the playwright and theater director Bulgakov was revived, but the books were never seen again in his life.

From 1929 until his death, Mikhailo worked on the work of his entire life - the novel “The Meister and Margarita”. This is an immortal classic of Russian literature. The world began to shine only at the end of the 60s, but immediately became a triumph.

Special life

As a university student, Mikhailo made friends for the first time. Tetyana Lappa became one of his squad. This father took care of the state chamber in Saratov and, from the very beginning, carefully took care of the hundreds of young men. The Lapp family belonged to the ranks of the nobles, the royal aristocrats, and the bureaucracy was a completely different world from the one in which Mikhailo grew up.

Tetyana and Mikhail's novel began in 1908, having thrashed five rocks, but ended in mischief. In 1913 the stench ended. Auntie’s mother, who came to the wedding, was in full mourning along with her betrothed, there was neither a veil nor a wedding cloth. She was named for fun in a linen sweatshirt and blouse, which her mother decided to buy.

Over the years, Auntie’s father came to terms with the choice of his daughter, and father sent her 50 rubles, which was a decent amount at that time. Tanya and Mishka rented an apartment on Andrievsky Uzvoz. At the beginning of the 20th century, Kiev became a great theater center and young people often went to premieres. Bulgakov was famous for music, loved to give concerts, and once he had the chance to visit Chaliapin’s performances.

If you don’t like Bulgakov, you could take a taxi for the remaining money to get from the theater to the booth. Such ideas were pursued without much thought, with little regard for the fact that tomorrow there is not a lot of money left and, perhaps, there will be nothing left, at the end of the day. Auntie's mother, who came to visit them, often noted that her daughter was missing a ring, and then the little girl realized that everything had been pawned at the pawnshop again.

When he became a writer, with his first friend Aunt Bulgakov, he copied the image of Anna Kirilovna from the work “Morphine”.

In 1924, the family met Bilozerskaya Lyubov Evgenivna, who had recently returned from abroad. She came from an old princely family, was well versed in literature and actively encouraged the writer in his creativity. In 1925, the family separated from Tetyana Lappa and became friends with Belozerskaya.

Having lived with another team for 4 years, in 1929 he became acquainted with Olena Sergievna Shilovskaya. In 1932 the families became friends.

Olena is the prototype of Margarita in his famous work. Vona lived until 1970 and was the keeper of the literary decline of the writer.

Death

In 1939, Bulgakov started working on the song “Batum” about the great leader - Comrade Stalin. Once everything was practically ready before the production, the decree came about starting the rehearsal. This affected the health of the writer, and he developed a congenital nitric deficiency due to his severe deprivation of the world. To relieve pain, Mikhailo took morphine in high doses. In the winter of 1940, the great writer and playwright passed away. They praised Bulgakov on the Novodivichy Square.

Bulgakov, Mikhailo Opanasovich(1891-1940), Russian writer. Born on May 3 (15), 1891 near Kiev in the family of a professor of the Kiev Theological Academy. Family traditions were transferred by Bulgakov from the novel “The White Guard” (1924) to the way of life of the Turbins. In 1909, after graduating from the Kiev First Gymnasium, Bulgakov entered the medical faculty of Kiev University. In 1916, having received his diploma, he worked as a doctor in the village of Mikylskoye, Smolensk province, then in the borough of Vyazma. The conflicts of these fates became the basis for the cycle of revelations, Notes of a Young Doctor (1925–1926). Literary scholar M. Chudakova wrote about this period of Bulgakov’s life: “This is the second fate of our people, having treated our people every day, and, perhaps, the very glance of a doctor who knows that without elementary enlightenment and primitive Although hygiene standards are not possible, we cannot jump into a new bright world, marking Bulgakov’s role in the destruction of Russia due to the inevitable revolutionary upheavals.”

Even as a student, Bulgakov began to write prose - perhaps it was important to connect with medical topics, and then with zemstvo medical practice. According to my sister's knowledge, in 1912, the family showed her a report about white fever. After the Yellow Revolution of 1917, Bulgakov and T. Lapp’s squad returned from Vyazma to Kiev. The crooked bottoms, bearing witness to the fact that the place passed first to the Reds, then to the Whites, then to the Petliurists, became the basis of many of his works (the story “I drove in”, 1926, etc., the novel “The White Guard”). When the White Volunteer Army reached Kiev in 1919, Bulgakov mobilized and, like a military doctor, went to the Northern Caucasus.

Having finished his bonds, Bulgakov continued to write. In his Autobiography (1924), he said: “Like the night of 1919, in the dead of autumn, having first written a small account. At the place, as the train pulled me in, the message was sent to the newspaper editorial office. Yogo was cuffed there. Then they put on a bunch of feiletons.” Bulgakov’s first feuilleton “Forward Prospects”, published with the initials M.B. from the newspaper “Grozny” in 1919, giving a very clear picture of both the current writer of the prosperous political and economic state of Russia (“that’s what you really want to close”), and the future of the country. Bulgakov conveyed the inevitable retribution of war and evil “for the madness of the living days, for the independence of the citizens, for the infuriation of the workers, for Brest, for the reckless exploitation of verstats to steal pennies... for everything!” Neither in those days, nor in the past, the writer was under the illusion of the “cleansing power” of the revolution, but rather in it there was no infusion of social evil.

Having fallen ill with typhus, Bulgakov could not deprive Vladikavkaz at the same time as the Volunteer Army. An attempt to get out of Radyanskaya Russia by sea through Batum was also not successful. I have spent many hours in Vladikavkaz, earning my living from theater reviews and writing songs for the local theater (which I have earned).

In 1921 Bulgakov arrived in Moscow. Having started working with a number of newspapers and magazines as a feuilletonist. Works from various genres were published in the newspaper “Naperedodni”, which was published in Berlin. In the newspaper “Gudok” Bulgakov worked with a whole galaxy of writers – I. Babel, I. Ilfom ta E. Petrovim, V. Kataevim, Y. Olesh. Bulgakov’s story “Notes on Cuffs” (1923), which was seen throughout the life of the writer, was hostile to this period. The main character of the story is a people, like before Bulgakov, who came to Moscow to begin life from a pure arkush. The need to write a mediocre song in order to “fit in” to a new life weighs down the hero, who understands his connection with the great culture that is instilled in Pushkin.

The next sequel to “Notes on Cuffs” was the story “Diavoliada” (1925). Its main hero, the “little people” Korotkov, stumbled into the thick of the phantasmagoric life of Moscow in the 1920s and became a chronicler. In Moscow, Bulgakov's other stories written in the Church are also available - "Fatal Eggs" (1925) and "The Heart of a Dog" (1925, published 1968 in Great Britain).

In 1925, Bulgakov published the novel “The White Guard” (another version) in the magazine “Russia”, working on something that was widely published in Vladikavkaz. The tragedy of the huge war, which unfolds in a certain writer of Kiev (in the novel - Mіsto), is shown as a tragedy not only for the people, but also “closely taken” by the family of intellectuals of the Turbins and their close ones some friends. Bulgakov, from his weeping songs, spoke about the atmosphere of a quiet hut, in which “one can write with the heat of daubed stones” and people live who love one another. The heroes of the novel, Russian officers, continue to strive for honor and worthiness.

At the time of publication of the novel, Bulgakov began work on a song, plot-wise and thematically connected with the White Guard and later retracting the title “Days of the Turbins” (1926). The process of creation of descriptions by the author in “Theatrical Novel” (“Notes of a Dead Man”, 1937). The play, which Bulgakov revised several times, was not a dramatization of the novel, but an independent dramaturgical work. Vistav's "Days of the Turbins", which premiered in 1926 at the Moscow Art Theater, had little great success among the spectators, regardless of the attacks of official critics, who accused the author of the fact that he would "wink over the excesses of the Ilogvardiyashchina", and began to sing in the song " the ridicule of the Russian chauvinist." Ukrainians." Vistava vitrimala 987 vistav. In 1929–1932 the display was fenced off.

Nezabar, after “Days of the Turbins,” Bulgakov wrote two satirical plays about the peasant life of the 1920s - “Zoyka’s Apartment” (1926, performed on the Moscow stage for two years), “Crimson Island” (1927, filmed for repertoire) uaru after kіlkoh rise) – and the drama about the Gromadian War and the first emigration “Big” (1928, canceled before production shortly before the premiere).

At the end of the 1920s, Bulgakov succumbed to harsh attacks from official criticism. His works were not published; the songs were withdrawn from the repertoire. At the beginning of the 1930s, Gogol’s “Dead Souls” was staged on the stage of the Moscow Art Theater; The song about Molière “The Cabal of the Holy One” (1930-1936) was for some time in the “corrected” version by censorship, and then it was also suppressed. Birch 1930 Bulgakov turned to Stalin and the Radyan order with a letter, asking either to give him the opportunity to leave the USSR or to allow him to earn money to live in the theater. A month later, Stalin telephoned Bulgakov and allowed him to work, after which the writer resigned as the director’s assistant at the Moscow Art Theater.

Allowed to quote Bulgakov, revealing Stalin’s favorite approach: the work of the writer, as before, was suppressed before publication. In 1936, Bulgakov contributed translations and libreto writing for the Great Theater, as well as engravings on various performances at the Moscow Art Theater. At this hour, Bulgakov wrote a novel, published in 1929. The original version (according to the author’s official definitions, “a novel about the devil”) was published by Bulgakov in 1930. In 1934, a new edition of the text was created, having taken away the title from 1937. Even though Bulgakov himself was already terminally ill, he acted as the head of the novel and dictated to the squad of E.S. Bulgakova. Work on the novel was completed in the bitter 1940s, a month before the writer’s death.

Over the course of his work on “Maister and Margarita,” the author’s concept has completely changed – from a satirical novel to a philosophical work, in which the satirical line is not a warehouse-like compositional whole. The text of the rape of impersonal associations is right in front of Goethe’s Faust, from which the epigraph of the novel The Name of Satan is taken – Woland. Gospel stories are artistically reworked by Bulgakov in sections that constitute a “novel within a novel” - Master’s story about Pontius Pilate and Yeshua Ha-Nosri. Aware of the unpleasantness of “Maister and Margarita” among the Radian ideology, Bulgakov was no less eager to accept the publication of the novel. Thus, in 1938, he wrote the song “Batum”, with the young Stalin becoming the central figure. P'esu was fenced off; The novel was not published during the author's lifetime. It was only in 1966 that Bulgakov’s widow, in exchange for K. Simonov’s marriage, decided to publish a novel for the magazine “Moscow”. Publishing became the most important cultural trend of the 1960s. According to critics P. Weil and A. Genis, “this book was inevitably perceived as frank, where the encrypted view contains all types of fatal nutrition of the Russian intelligentsia.” A lot of phrases from the novel (“Do not burn the manuscripts”; “The apartment food only took them away” and so on) have become phraseological units. In 1977, Yu. Lyubimov staged a one-name performance at the Tagants Theater after “The Master and Margarita”.