The appointment of Stolipin by his head for the sake of the ministers. Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin - biography, information, peculiarities of life. Other biography options
Russian sovereign leader, Minister of Internal Affairs and Head for the Ministers of the Russian Empire Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin born in the 2nd quarter (14th quarter of the new style) in 1862 in Nimechchina, near the town of Dresden. He comes from an old noble family, dating back to the beginning of the 16th century. Pradidami P.A. Stolipin was Arkady Oleksiyovich Stolipin (1778-1825; senator, friend of the greatest sovereign leader of the 19th century, M.M. Speransky) and his brother - Mikola Oleksiyovich Stolipin (1781-1830; lieutenant general, killed near Sevastopol during the riot), great-grandmother - Elizaveta Oleksiyevna Stolipina (behind Arsenyev; grandmother M.Yu. Lermontov). Batko P.A. Stolipina - Arkady Dmitrovich - adjutant general, participant in the Crimean War, who became a Sevastopol hero, friend of L.M. Tolstoy; at one time he was the punitive ottaman of the Ural Cossack army of a similar Russian outpost, which is located adjacent to the Saratov province, where Stolipin has his headquarters; Through the efforts of Stolipin the Elder, the town of Yaitske (Ural) significantly changed its appearance: it was replenished with bruised streets and was forgotten by stone buildings, for which the town’s population dubbed Arkady Dmitrovich “Peter the Great of the Urals” Cossacks." Mother – Natalia Mikhailovna – was born Princess Gorchakova. Brother - Oleksandr Arkadiyovich Stolipin (born in 1863) - journalist, one of the leading figures of the "Union on the 17th of June".
The Stolipin family lived in two houses in the Kovno province, and in the Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Penza and Saratov provinces. The family of Petro Arkadiyovich lived in the town of Serednikovo near Moscow (in some villages the town of Kolnoberg, near Kovno) is indicated. The first six classes were completed at the Vilensk Gymnasium. I will further explore the Oryol Gymnasium, because In 1879, the homeland of the Stolipins moved to Orel - for the sake of the father’s service, who served as commander of the army corps. Peter Stolipin was particularly interested in learning foreign languages and exact sciences. In early 1881, Peter Arkadiyovich Stolipin received a certificate of maturity.
In 1881 P.A. Stolipin entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, including physics and mathematics, and studied chemistry, geology, botany, zoology, and agronomy. Sered vikladachiv buv D.I. Mendelev.
1884 rock, after graduating from university, P.A. Stolipin entered service before the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Two years later, he transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Mines, where he took over the position of assistant chief, which gave him the modest rank of wheel secretary. Through the river, they transferred to the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs by the Kovno povitovy troop of nobility and the head of the Kovno congress of social intermediaries. U 1899 r. appointments by the Kovno provincial gang of nobility; never before P.A. Stolipin was elected to honor the justice of the peace for the Insar and Kovno judicial districts.
In 1902 P.A. Stolipin was appointed governor of Grodno. From 1903 to 1906 he was governor of the Saratov province. At the time of Stolipin’s recognition, approximately 150,000 locals lived in Saratov, there were 150 factories and factories, there were over 100 initial deposits, 11 libraries, 9 periodicals. All this gave the place the glory of the “capital of the Volga region”, and Stolipin sought to achieve this glory: the foundation stone of the Mariinskaya Women’s Gymnasium, which belongs to the town, was laid, new foundation stones were laid and, doctors, the asphalting of Sarativ Street, the construction of a water supply system, the installation of gas lighting, and the modernization of telephone lines have begun. The peaceful transition was interrupted by the outbreak of the Russian-Japanese war.
At the seat of the governor of Saratov, Stolipin was caught by the revolution (1905-1907). The Saratov province, which was one of the centers of the Russian revolutionary underground, found itself in the center of revolutionary forces, and the young governor had to stand against two elements: revolutionary, oppositional to an order, and "right" ii", "reactionary" part of the marriage, what stands on the monarchical and Orthodox positions. Already, a number of attacks have been made on Stolipin: they shot at him, threw bombs, terrorists in an anonymous list threatened to destroy the young child of Stolipin - the territorial son of Arkady. To fight against the rebel villagers, a rich arsenal of weapons was put in place - from negotiations to the standstill of the army. For the strangulation of the rural movement in the Saratov province, Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin - chamberlain to the court of His Imperial Majesty and the youngest governor of Russia - having removed the throne from Emperor Mikoli II.
26 April 1906 r. P.A. Stolipin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs in the cabinet of I.L. Goromikina. On June 8, 1906, after the dissolution of the First State Duma, the resignation of Goremykin and his replacement by Stolipin, who became the head of the ministers, was announced. The portfolio of the Minister of Internal Affairs was taken away from him.
Stretched out the line Stolipin in negotiations with Prince G.E. Lvivsky, Count Heyden, Prince E. Trubetskoy and other world-liberal public figures, trying to get them into his office. The negotiations did not lead to anything and the cabinet was left unchanged, losing the name “cabinet of dispersal of the Duma”. Having left the cabinet of ministers, P.A. Stolipin voted for the course of social and political reforms. The implementation of the agrarian (“Stolipinsky”) reform began (the idea of the agrarian “Stolipinsky” reform lay behind S.Yu. Witte), under Stolipin’s leadership, a number of great bills were broken down, including the current reform self-growing, propagation of cob illumination, state insurance of workers, about tolerance.
It was impossible for the revolutionary parties to reconcile with the confessions of a converted nationalist and a strong-power beneficiary of the post of Prime Minister on September 12, 1906. There were bombs on Aptekarsky Island near St. Petersburg. At that time, at the dacha, the heads of the order were those who had arrived earlier for the reception. As a result, 23 people were killed and 35 were wounded; Among the wounded, Stolipin's children appeared - his three-year-old son Arkady and his sixteen-year-old daughter Natalia (Natalia lost her legs and was once again disabled); Stolipin himself was not harmed. As luck would have it, the move was stopped by a group of Socialist-Maximalists who were part of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party; This party itself has not taken the plunge. At the sovereign's request, the Stolipin family moves to a safe place - to the Winter Palace.
In response to the suppression of terrorist activities, the followers of which most often made payments through court litigation and lawyer's tricks, and for carrying out reforms in life, there was a low level of progress, among which was the introduction of "high-speed" military courts. ів ("shvidkostrelna justice"), types of It was difficult to confirm the commanders of the military districts: transfer to the court was expected no more than after the act of murder or robbery. The analysis can be completed no more than two times, ending at 24 years. Stolipin was the initiator of the creation of military-field courts and the establishment of the death penalty (the motuzka for promotion began to be called among the people “Stolipin’s crab”), firmly, one can only marvel at the repression of the world , necessary for the beginning of peace in Russia, so that the military courts - a momentary approach that may “smear the evil evil and pass into eternity.” In 1907, Stolipin achieved the dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and passed a new election law, which significantly strengthened the position of the right parties in the Duma.
In a short hour, Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin became the leader of an entire royal city. There are a number of High Rescripts with varying degrees of success, in 1906 Stolipin was appointed to the chamberlainship, on 1 September 1907 he was appointed a member of the State, in 1908 - Secretary of State.
Having fallen ill in the spring of 1909. large-scale fires fell, thanks to the doctors, Stolipin left St. Petersburg and at the same time spent close to a month with his family in Crimea, Livadia. A talented politician, economist, lawyer, administrator, orator, Stolipin may have been inspired by a special life, all his efforts contributed to the Russian state: the leadership in the Council of Ministers, which called at least twice on Today, there is no middle fate among the people for exact references and for the nourishment of legislation ( meetings often dragged on until morning); evidence, receive, careful review of Russian and foreign newspapers, publication of new books, especially dedicated to the subjects of sovereign law. U Chernі 1909 r. P.A. Stolipin was a present member of the sovereign Emperor Mikoli II with Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany. Zustrich was collected from Finnish skerries. On the yacht "Standart" there was a conversation between Prime Minister Stolipin and William II, who, over the years, said: "If I had such a minister, to what height we would raise Germany!"
The Tsar was a weak-willed person, and so we were pushed in. Mikola II did not tolerate people with a strong character, nor those who turned him around with their mind and breadth of outlook. We take into account that such individuals “usurp” his power, “pull” the autocrat onto another plane, “rape” his will. Without even falling to the courtyard of S.Yu. Witte, now another day has come for the magnitude of Vitte, the sovereign leader of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century - P.A. Stolipina. The reforms conceived by him did not threaten the ruins of autocracy, but the revolution was defeated, and, as Nicholas II and his advisers respected for the sake of the united nobility, it was defeated again, so no reforms were required in the future. Around 1909, different, or even systematic, claims and complaints began from the right-wing queens to the head of the order. It was planned to create the Naval General Staff from two dozen people. After all, Stolipin wanted to spend additional funds through the Duma, which approved the budget. The denunciation of Mikola II, who was the “supreme leader of the army” and respected that all information about the armored forces was urgently sent, was his special competence. The bill on the staff of the MDS Mikola II was pointedly not approved through the Duma and the State Rada. At this hour, a significant influx of the “holy elder” R. Rasputin appeared at the court. The scandalous benefits of the “old man” prompted Stolipin to ask the Tsar to remove Rasputin from the capital. At the end of the speech, Mikola II Vidpov said, gravely speaking: “I’m good enough for you, Peter Arkadiyovich, unless there are more than ten Rasputins, one hysteria of the empress.” Alexandra Fedorivna, who knew about her Rosmova, hated Stolipin and, in connection with the order crisis with the confirmed staff of the Naval General Staff, pushed for his resignation.
In the spring of 1911, a new and once again serious crisis arose for Stolipin. They decided to fall asleep in the zemstvos in the neighboring provinces, introducing national courts at the time of elections. The rights rushed to meet Stolipin at the State Council and, rejecting the tsar’s unspoken permission, voted against the national curias, which became the core of the bill. The voting bags became Stolipin's complete dissatisfaction without even knowing what the position of Durnovo, Trepov and his followers was, so that they might not listen to the will of the tsar. The vote meant that Mikola, having welcomed his prime minister, and Stolipin could not fail to understand. At the next audience with the Tsar, Stolipin submitted a statement, declaring that the Legitimist leaders would lead the country to the death, so it seems: “There is no need to legislate, but only to servitude,” so that it would appear that and the modernization of the political system and its continuation until the situation changes .
Stolipin of the singing, which takes away the stand, but which is gone behind the two furnishings. First of all, the tsar did not recognize the right of the ministers to act as representatives of the rulers, respecting the principle of a constitutional monarchy, the autocrat is obliged to relieve the ministers of their posts only to the authorities. And in another way, having realized that the one-party attack of the great princes and the Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna was enough, she respected that Stolipin was still deprived of a single person capable of leading Russia to the “Bright Day”.
In this manner, Mikola did not accept Stolipin’s proposal, who, having believed in his strength, presented himself to the king with a base of cruel minds. It was hoped that the proposal would be taken because, first of all, the Duma and the State would be happy to be dissolved for three days and the bill would be passed through a special 87th article, which transferred the right to the order to pass laws during an hour's break to occupy the legislative chambers. His main opponents – P.M. Durnovo and V.F. Trepova - Stolipin was elected to leave the State for the sake of, and from 1st June 1912 to add 30 new members there on his election. The tsar, without saying so, nor nor, but in the evening he was again attacked by the Grand Duke’s family, forcedly gave up. Stolipin showed a piece of paper to one of the members of the Duma, in which all the decisions of his mind were written down by the hand of the king.
It was necessary to know your sovereign well, who never forgave anyone or anyone for such “forceful methods” inflicted on those who were betrothed to him. There was a bit of talk about the Swedish Prime Minister's presentation. Stolipin's health began to decline and his angina became worse. Regardless of the illness and fall of the Tsar, who has clearly grown up, the Prime Minister will continue to work on reform projects - she plans to organize all new ministries (price, local self-government, nationalities, social real security, recognition, investigation and exploitation of natural resources, protection health, resettlement), to reduce their expectations for a three-fold increase in the budget (introducing direct taxes, turnover taxes, raising the price of a burner), plans to lower the zemstvo qualification in order to allow for local self-government of the rulers farms and workers, as if there is little inconsistency .
According to various data on the life of Pyotr Arkadiyovich Stolipin, there were 10 to 18 swings.
Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin died on the 5th spring (18th spring after the new style) 1911 in Kiev, following the stroke made on the 1st spring of 1911 at the hour of the Kiev Theater.
Petro Stolipin was born 1 (14) April 1862 near Dresden. As a high school student, I developed a reputation for perseverance, strong character, and fairness.
In 1881 After graduating from high school and going to St. Petersburg, where he entered the natural sciences department. One of the vykladachiv buv D. I. Mendelev.
Having highly appreciated the talents of the young man, he gave it a “highlight” when he tried it with chemistry.
Ear of activity
Get to know the short biography of Pyotr Arkadiyovich Stolipin , One cannot help but be amazed at the intensity of his career.
In 1884, they continued their work and entered service before the MVS. Through the river, he took off the rank of wheel secretary. Even after the river, Stolipin became assistant to the head of the Department of Agriculture and Agriculture.
In 1888 having removed the title of chamber cadet. In the spring of this year, titular radniki began to grow rich. Birch 1889 r. having taken possession of the posad, the gang of nobility.
Service at the MVS
The cob of activity of Pyotr Arkadiyovich clashed with the cob of robot Derzhdum. It was important for the liberals to imagine that they would steadily support the authorities. Stosunka Stolipina with deputies were folding. Yogo came out immediately and began to pray. Stolipin was praised only by those who were a wonderful promoter.
Stolipin immediately reacted to the revolutionary developments. He thought that Russia might defend itself “fairly and firmly.”
After the dissolution of the Dumi and order I. L. Goremikina, Petro Arkadiyovich becoming the new prime minister.
Agrarian reform
The beginning of the reform of “village nutrition” was overturned by the leaf fall decree of 1906. The widest range of approaches to the depletion of the collective agricultural land and the creation of the rural class was announced. With this decree, the villagers were the rightful rulers of the land.
The decree stated that those who own land on a communal basis can, if they wish, claim for themselves special authority over their plots.
The assessment of the value of Stolippin's reform is limited by those that have not been fully implemented.
Foreign policy
Before foreign powers, Stolipin tried to enforce a policy of non-delivery. The culprit was the Bosnian crisis, which threatened to escalate the war with the Balkan countries, the RI, the German and the Austro-Ugric empires.
Petro Arkadiyovich respected that Russia is not to blame for its unpreparedness for military actions. The moral defeat of RI became a part of the crisis. After this, with the help of the Prime Minister, the MZS planter, A.P. Izvolsky, was released from the planting.
Kiev swing and death
Vlitku 1911 r. Stolipin, together with Mikola II, arrived in Kiev. After the unveiling of the monument to Alexander II, the emperor and the prime minister went to the Moscow Opera House.
The secret informant D. Bogrov took aim at the life of Pyotr Arkadiyovich. At the hour of another intermission, they went to Stolipin and the two sat down with him.
The wound turned out to be fatal. Petro Arkadiyovich pishov from life, 5th spring, 1911 On April 9, the body of the Prime Minister was buried with honors at the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra.
Other biography options
- Stolipin prophesied his death. Not long before his death, he said that he would soon be killed and members of his guard would kill him.
- Kaiser Wilhelm II especially spluttered as Prime Minister. 4 rubles 1909 rub. Stolipin preceded him about the unacceptability of war between their countries. Having realized that the Kaiser was right, he was already emigrating.
- In total, Stolipin scored 11 swings.
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A people that does not have national self-confidence is rotten,
on which other peoples grow
(Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin)
Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin is a brilliant political figure of Tsarist Russia in the 20th century. His political activity has earned him great respect. Not a lot of powerful figures will be lost in the memory of the people, and Petro Arkadiyovich will be lost. This is an effective person, a convert, a family man, an honest and deeply religious person, who set out to do justice for the good of her great.
He came from a noble noble family, born on the 5th quarter of 1862. For many of the early rocks, the word “honor” was not an empty sound. When his elder brother died in a duel, he shot at his killer. The duel ended with Stolipin throwing off the wound in his right hand, which had been almost paralyzed for years.
Petro Stolipin bless you. In 1884, his family successfully graduated from St. Petersburg University. One of the examiners was Mendelev, who gave Peter the good credit for his mastery of subject matter and praised his erudition and great intelligence.
In 1899, Petro Arkadiyovich was appointed provincial nobility in Kovno (near Kaunas). Three years later, he became the youngest governor at 39 years. I worked first in Grodno, then in Saratov.
He actively revealed his position at the hour of the revolution. We are fighting the revolutionary infection with decisive steps. Repeatedly asking for help from the military to restore order in the province and suppress anti-monarchist sentiments. Stolipin was feared and respected in Saratov. Still, it was more inspiring to stand up.
And one famous historical episode, when the hour of praise was approaching, Petro Arkadiyovich Viyshov, until the incendiary ten-thousandth of the day, red-handedly and chantly called for the rebels to disband and, rapt, until the young revolutionary began to approach. Stolipin, without any hesitation, with success and lightness, got excited, threw his overcoat to you, and said calmly, “Rub it.” It ended with the boy standing there in his greatcoat until the end of Stolipin’s speech, without saying the right word. This episode clearly shows his courage and charisma.
In 1906, Stolipin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire. This posada was the most important. As a junior cabinet minister, he displayed great energy among his colleagues. The ministers were ruined in the Duma, and the parliamentary order was in disarray - booing, interruption of words, noise... Stolipin, sensing himself in such a middle course, was in awe.
Already in the sickle of 1906 fate, on the new swing. It became available on Aptekarsky Island. Petro Arkadiyovich received the guards at his dacha and was rushed to the door by the gendarmes. These were revolutionaries, dressed in officer uniforms. In their hands were large briefcases, which contained bombs. Vibukh on Aptekarsky Island took the lives of 22 people and left nearly 30 injured. The minister himself was not injured by the hour, but his children suffered serious injuries. After the swing, Stolipin, as requested, moved from his family to the Winter Palace.
At the end of 1906, Petro Arkadiyovich became the head of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Empire, and during this time he retained the position of the Minister of Internal Affairs. Stolipin described the closest works as follows: “First of calm - then reforms.” Soon the first revolution ended and the hour of reform arrived. The minister decided to save the country from marriage, ignorance and lawlessness. Petro Arkadiyovich carried out the most important reforms, and the most important reform is Land.
It was a very successful project, although there were opponents among the monarchists in it. The death of Stolipin did not allow the reform to be completed, and the results at the initial stage were disappointing. Russia was taking away so much wheat that it could supply not only itself, but also the whole of Europe. He said that Russia needs 20 years of internal and external peace, and then the country will become completely different. Unfortunately, 20 years did not bring peace to the country. Stolipin has already done a lot to suppress internal restlessness - revolutionary activity. Foreign policy has also repeatedly seized Russia from the war.
They were progressive, but they did not find support in the current political force. They didn’t like him, although they were simply bullied by the Black Hundreds and other champions of Russian identity. For the revolutionaries, they have entered the gate number 1. Even if we have once said that the land reform will be integrated into life, then the revolution will not work for anyone. So, naturally, the radicals condemned Pyotr Arkadiyovich to death.
The assassination of the minister took place on June 1, 1911 near Kiev, just before the unveiling of the monument to Alexander II. Stolipin was killed by Dmitro Bogrov, an security agent and a member of the Socialist Revolutionary Organization. Monuments were erected to Peter Arkadiyovich across the river near Grodno, Samara and Kiev. Stolipin was a great historical figure, a prominent politician and a great man, to whom the situation, falsehoods and evil did not allow him to fully realize his talent and bring great favor to the Russian state.
Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin. Born 2 (14) April 1862 near Dresden, Saxony - died 5 (18) Spring 1911 near Kiev. Sovereign figure of the Russian Empire. At the same time, the plantings of the povitovy gang of nobility in Kovno, the Grodno and Saratov governors, the Minister of Internal Affairs, and the Prime Minister were captured.
In Russian history from the beginning of the 20th century, we know him as a reformer and a powerful figure who played an important role in the strangled revolution of 1905-1907. In the summer of 1906, Emperor Mikola II appointed Stolipin as Minister of Internal Affairs of Russia. Nezabar after this order was dissolved at once by the State Duma, and Stolipin was appointed as the new Prime Minister.
In the new settlement, as it prevailed right up to its death, Stolipin passed a whole series of bills that went down in history as Stolipin’s agrarian reform, the main focus of which was the promotion of private agriculture ї land power. The law on military-police courts has been praised for enforcing punishment for a number of serious crimes. Over the years, Stolipin was sharply criticized for the harshness of the approaches that were carried out. Among Stolip's other visits to the Prime Minister, the strengthening of the zemstvo in the neighboring provinces, the restriction of the autonomy of the Grand Duchy of Finland, the change in the electoral legislation and the dissolution of the Second Duma, as a result of put an end to the revolution of 1905-1907.
During the hour of his speech before the deputies of the State Duma, Stolipin’s oratorical abilities were revealed. The phrases “Don’t cry!”, “Calm first, then reforms” and “We need a great upheaval, we need a great Russia” have become popular.
One of the special characteristics of his character was his fearlessness. It was planned to hit Stolipin with 11 swings. Towards the end of his death near Kiev by Dmitry Bogrov, Stolipin recovered from his mortal wounds and died within a few days.
Petro Arkadiyovich came from a noble family, having already been born in the 16th century. The founder of the Stolipin villages was Grigory Stolipin. Yogo sin Opanas and onuk Sylvester were Murom local nobles. Sylvester Opanasovich took part in the war with the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the other half of the 17th century. Behind the fences there are fences near the Murom district.
Yogo onuk Omelyan Semenovich had two blues - Dmitro and Oleksiy. In Oleksia, the great-grandfather of the upcoming Prime Minister, six blue and five daughters were born from her love with Maria Opanasivna Meshcherinova. One of the blues, Oleksandr, became Suvorov’s adjutant, the other, Arkady, became a senator, two, Mikola and Dmitro, rose to the rank of general. One of the five sisters of grandfather Pyotr Stolipin married Mikhail Vasilyovich Arsenyev. Her daughter Maria became the mother of the great Russian poet, playwright and prose writer. With this rank, Petro Arkadiyovich became Lermontov’s third cousin. In this case, in the homeland of the Stolipins, the position to their famous relative was streamed.
The father of the looming reformer, General of the Artillery Arkady Dmitrovich Stolipin, who was born during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-1878, after the completion of some appointments as governor of Skhidna Rumelia and Adria Nopol Sanjak. I am in love with Natalia Mikhailovna Gorchakova, who is about to go to Rurik, born in 1862 to the birth of his son Petro.
Petro Stolipin was born on the 2nd (14th) quarter of 1862 near the capital of Saxony, Dresden, where he went before his mother’s family. Through the second month - the 24th of May - there will be baptisms at the Dresden Orthodox Church.
He grew up in the garden of Serednikovo in the Moscow province (until 1869), then in the Kolnoberger family in the Kovno province. The homeland also reached Switzerland.
When the time came to enroll the children in high school, Arkady Dmitrovich bought a booth from his neighbor Vilna. A double-height building with a great garden is located on Stefanivskiy Street (Nina Shvyanto Styapono Street). In 1874, the 12th grade Petro was enrolled in another class of the Vilna Gymnasium, where he graduated to the sixth grade.
In the spring of 1879, the 9th Army Corps under the command of the father turned from Bulgaria to the town of Orel. Petro and his brother Alexander were transferred to the Oryol Human Gymnasium. Peter was protected to the seventh grade. According to the words of B. Fedorov, he “was seen among the high school students as having a respectable character.”
3 chernya 1881 rock 19-river Petro graduated from the Oryol gymnasium and received a certificate of maturity. He traveled to St. Petersburg, where on the 31st he entered the natural sciences department (specialty - agronomy) of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg Imperial University. At the hour of Stolipin’s inauguration, one of the university’s contributors was the famous Russian teachings D.I. Mendelev. Having taken wine from someone, it will be treated with chemistry and set to “excellent”.
Having become friends with the 22nd Petro in 1884, while being a student, this was not typical at that time. For the named there is a solid settlement: the ancestral cap of the Neidgardt family - 4845 dessiatines in the Chistopol district of the Kazan province (P. A. Stolipin himself in 1907 was born in the ancestral cap of 835 dessiatines in Kovno and 950 - in the Penza province and Nizhny Novgorod province).
Stolipin's friendship was in tragic circumstances. The elder brother Mikhailo died in a duel with Prince Shakhovsky. It is clear that Stolipin himself also shot himself as the murderer of his brother. During the hour of the duel, he was wounded in his right hand, as it was not functioning properly, as the combatants often indicated. Mikhailo was entrusted with the maid of honor of the Empress Maria Feodorovna Olga Borisivna Neidgardt, who was the great-great-granddaughter of the great Russian commander Alexander Suvorov. The story goes that on his deathbed the brother laid Peter’s hand on his betrothed’s hand. A dozen hours later, Stolipin asked Olga Borisivna’s father for her hand, indicating his shortcomings - “youth.” The future father-in-law (active secret soldier, rank of 2nd class), chuckled and confirmed that “youth is a shortcoming that is getting better today.” Shlyub appeared even happier. Stolipin's friend gave birth to five daughters and one son. There is no evidence of any scandals in their homeland.
Behind the carved dzherels, your Young Stolipin received his sovereign service from the Ministry of Sovereign Mines. However, according to the “Formular list about the service of the Saratov Governor” on June 27, 1884, while still a student, he signed up for service before the Ministry of Internal Affairs.
According to this very document, on June 7, 1885, by the Council of the Imperial St. Petersburg University, Stolipin was “confirmed as a candidate in the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics,” which gave him a higher official rank, which proved useful This is a scientific level and completed university education.
In the remaining course, he prepared a final work on economic and statistical topics - “Tyutyun (Tyutyun cultures in Pivdenny Russia).”
The latest entry in the Formal List confirms that on the 5th of 1886 Stolipin “appears to have completed transfers to the service of up to the number of officials assigned to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry” of the Ministry of State Mines.
Documents dating back to the early period of P. A. Stolipin’s service were not preserved in the state archives.
With this, based on the entries in the well-established Formal List, the young official was deprived of his brilliant career. On the day of graduation from the University, June 7, 1885, he was awarded the rank of wheel secretary (which represented the Xth class in the table of ranks. Therefore, university graduates were appointed to serve in the XIV and even rarely in the XII class); On June 26, 1887, he became assistant to the head of the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry.
Mensh yak for the river (1st June 1888) Stolipin - with the access to career responsibilities and rules - as "instructions from the title of chamber cadet to the Court of His Imperial Majesty."
On the 7th of June 1888, exactly three years after winning the first career rank, P. A. Stolipin was promoted to titular rank (IX class).
Five months later, Stolipin had a career in his career: he transferred to the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and on 18 February 1889 he was appointed by the Kovno Provincial Troop of the nobility and the head of the Kovno Court of High Court mediators. in (for posad V class of sovereign service, for 4 ranks vyshche shoyno youmu assigned to the rank of titular radnik). For the moment's understanding: the price of the 26-strong army captain was assigned to the post of a colonel.
Stolipin served in Kovno for about 13 years - from 1889 to 1902. This hour of my life, according to the testimony of my daughter Maria, will be calm.
After arriving in Kovno, the young povitovo troop of nobility fell headlong at the right edge. The subject of his special work was the rural lordly partnership, which, in essence, took control and custody of all local lordly life. The main goals of the marriage were the enlightenment of the villagers and the increase in productivity of their dominions. The main focus was on the promotion of advanced methods of state management and new varieties of grain crops. During his service as a member of the nobility, Stolipin became closely acquainted with the needs of the local government and received administrative attention.
Diligence in the service was indicated by new ranks and cities. In 1890 he was appointed as a justice of the peace, in 1891 he was appointed as a judge, in 1893 he was awarded the first order of St. Annie, in 1895 from the nadvirnaya radniki, in 1896 she gave up the title of chamberlain at the court, in 1899 she was promoted to prison, and in 1901 to the state radnik.
In the vicinity of the right district, Stolipin took up his work at Kolnoberg, dealing with agriculture and the problems of the countryside.
During his life in Kovno, Stolipin gave birth to four daughters - Natalia, Olena, Olga and Oleksandra.
In mid-1902, P. A. Stolipin took his family and his immediate household “on the water” to the small German town of Bad Elster. In her conjectures, the eldest daughter Maria describes this hour as one of the happiest in the life of the Stolipin homeland. She also noted that the mud baths prescribed by German doctors for her father’s ailing right hand began to produce positive results for the joy of the entire homeland.
In ten days, the family idyll unexpectedly ended. From the Minister of Internal Affairs V. K. von Plehve, who replaced D. S. Sipyagin, who was killed by the revolutionaries, a telegram arrived asking him to contact St. Petersburg. Three days later, the reason for the cry became clear. P. A. Stolipin May 30, 1902 fate was not determined by appointment as governor of Grodno. The initiative for this came from Plehve, who set a course for replacing the governor's estates with local land lords.
On 21 June Stolipin arrived in Grodno and began his duties as governor. The governed province had special features: the governor was under the control of the Vilensky governor-general; the provincial center of Grodno was less than two district towns: Bilostok and Brest-Litovska; The national make-up of the province was heterogeneous (in the great places Jews were more important; the nobility, most importantly, was represented by Poles, and the peasantry by Belarusians).
From the initiative of Stolipin in Grodno there was a strictly Jewish two-class public school, a craft school, and also a women's paralegal school of a special type, in which, in addition to sewing objects, painting, armchairs and handicrafts were put in.
The next day, robots closed Polish Club, de “rebel sentiments” were extinguished
Having settled into the governor's seat, Stolipin began to carry out reforms, which included the resettlement of villagers on farms, the elimination of excess waste, the introduction of piece goods, the reduction of agricultural supplies, rich fuel systems, land reclamation, and the development of cooperatives. tsіi, rural illumination of the villagers.
The innovations that were carried out drew criticism from the great rulers of the land. At one of the meetings, Prince Svyatopolk-Chetvertinsky stated that “we need the working power of people, we need physical work and knowledge before it, and not light. Light may be accessible to the rich classes, but not to the masses...” Stolipin gave a sharp testimony: “To be afraid of literacy and illumination, you cannot be afraid of light. Light for the people, correctly and wisely delivered, will in no way lead to anarchy...”
Stolipin was completely satisfied with his service in Grodno. However, the unsuccessful Minister of Internal Affairs Pleve again proposed to Stolipin to stop the governor of the Saratov province. Stolipin does not want to move to Saratov. Plehve stated: “I don’t care about your personalities and family circumstances, and they can’t be accepted with respect. I respect you as suitable for such an important province and expect you to respect any business concerns rather than respecting family interests.”
The Saratov region was unknown to Stolipin: the province contained the Stolipin family lands. Pyotr Arkadiyovich's great-uncle, Opanas Stolipin, was a member of the Sarativ nobility, and his daughter Marya was befriended by Prince U. A. Shcherbatov, Sarativ governor in the 1860s. On the Alai River there is the village of Stolipina, under which is the “last khutir” of A.D. Stolipina with a guilty cultural dominion.
Appointment of Stolipin as governor of Saratov There were promotions in the service and evidence of the recognition of his merits in various settlements near Kovno and Grodno. At the hour of his appointment as governor, the Saratov province was considered to be rich and powerful. Saratov had a population of 150 thousand inhabitants, industry was developed - the city had 150 factories and factories, 11 banks, 16 thousand budinks, and perhaps 3 thousand shops and stores. Moreover, the warehouse of the Saratov province included the great towns of Tsaritsin (nina Volgograd) and Kamishin, along the lines of the Ryazan-Ural Salznitsa.
Stolipin took the beginning of the Russian-Japanese war critically. Well, in the words of my daughter, I said to my dear family: “How can a man walk happily among people, stealing leased land from unknown lands? Dark and important is war, not embellished with sacrificial violence.”.
After the defeat of the war with Japan, the Russian Empire was overwhelmed by revolutionary movements. When in tune, Stolipin showed rare courage and fearlessness, as evidenced by the evidence of that hour. We entered unarmed and without any kind of security to the center of the attack that was raging. This had such an effect on the people that their passions themselves sensed it.
Afterwards "Rizanini in Malinivtsi", at the hour when 42 individuals died, Adjutant General V.V. Sakharov was sent to Saratov. Sakharov hushed at Stolipin’s booth. Eserka Bitsenko, who came in front of the guard, shot him dead. The episode that took place in the Balashivsky district, when the land doctors were threatened by insecurity on the side of the Black Hundreds, who were burdened with them, becoming especially vidomy. The governor himself showed up to help before the taxes were imposed and saw them off under an escort of Cossacks. When this happened, they threw stones at the earth, one of the stones and Stolipin.
Thanks to Stolipin’s energetic actions, life in the Saratov province gradually calmed down. The work of the young governor was marked by Mikola II, who rewarded his special officer for his diligence.
The other half has a year of 1906. Stolipin was called to Tsarskoye Selo by telegram signed by the emperor. Having heard him, Mikola II said that he respectfully followed the actions in Saratov and respectfully their prominent ones, appointing him as Minister of Internal Affairs.
Stolipin, who survived the revolution and many of his swings, was trying to get rid of the planting. It is noticeable that two of his predecessors in this settlement - Sipyagin and Plehve - were killed by revolutionaries. The first Prime Minister of the Russian Empire, Witte, spoke more than once in his memoirs about the fear and unworthiness of wealthy officials to take up senior positions, fearing the blunders.
The Minister of Internal Affairs was first among other ministers of the Russian Empire for his role and scale of activity. Yogo has the following:
control of the right mail and telegraph
state police
communication, sending
provincial and district administrations
interaction with zemstvos
food on the right (food security for the population during neurosis)
burnt part
insurance
medicine
veterinary medicine
Local judges and in.
After the imprisonment of Prime Minister Stolipin, having taken offense to the imprisonment, he will lose the Minister of Internal Affairs until the end of his life.
The beginning of his work in his new post fought with the work of the First State Duma, which was mainly represented by the leftists, who from the very beginning of their work set a course for confrontation with power.
Radyansky historian Aron Avrekh said that Stolipin appeared as a great speaker, and his words became loud. The opening ceremony of the Minister of Internal Affairs Stolipin spoke to the deputies of the First State Duma. With this, all three times the promotions were accompanied by noise, shouts and shouts from the place “Dosit”, “Get”, “Vidstavka”.
Stolipin immediately made it clear that “to do justice and firmly preserve order in Russia.” Confirming the inadequacy of the laws and, obviously, the impossibility of their correct enforcement, they said a phrase that gained wide popularity: “You can’t tell Vartovoy: you have an old creamy rushnitsa; if you live it, you can injure yourself and others; Throw a towel. Here’s the honest truth: while I’m in office, before they give me a new shirt, I’ll wear myself out like an old man.”.
About the revolutionism of the Duma, she decided to accept the amendment of deputy M.A. Stakhovich, who condemned the current political extremes, to suppress terror against the regime. In response to the evidence that in 90 casualties over the past few months there were 288 killed and 388 wounded representatives of the government, more than ordinary locals, they shouted from the left: “Not enough!”...
Such a standoff between the Vicon and the legislature made it difficult to overcome the war crisis and revolution. The possibility of creating an order for the participation of the opposition party of Cadets, which has a small majority in the Duma, was discussed. Stolipin, whose popularity and the Tsar were praised, met with the leader of the Cadets Milyukov. Based on the doubt that the Cadets will not be able to maintain order and resist the revolution, Milyukov confirmed: “What are we not afraid of? If necessary, we will set up guillotines in the squares and mercilessly deal with all those who are fighting against the order, which is based on people’s trust.”.
The remaining decisions of the Dumi, which had completely defeated the tsar before his dissolution, were the brutalization of the population with clarifications about agrarian nutrition and the statement that “there is no way to go beyond the Primus alienation of the private lands.” At once the Duma dissolved Goremykin's order. Stolipin became the new prime minister.
8(21) lime 1906 rock Persha The State Duma was dissolved by the emperor. Stolipin replacing I. L. Goromikina on planting his head For the sake of ministers and savings, the Minister of Internal Affairs is planted.
Immediately after the recognition, Stolipin began negotiations about the request for a new cabinet of popular parliamentary and civil leaders who were due to the Constitutional Democratic Party and the “Union of the 17th of June”. Ministerial plantings were initially promoted by D. N. Shipov, Prince. G. E. Lvov, gr. P. A. Heyden, N. N. Lvov, A. I. Guchkov; During subsequent negotiations, the candidacies of A.F. Koni and Prince were also considered. E. N. Trubetskoy.
Community leaders are singing that the upcoming Second Duma will be able to restore order to the creation of a cabinet in front of the Duma, there is little concern in the activities of crown ministers among the mixed government officials to whom the office; The possibility of entry was furnished to the point of stench with such minds as were clearly accepted by Stolipin. At the end of the day, the negotiations completely failed. The fragments of this was already the third attempt to bring the huge activists to order (the first attempt was collected by the count. S. Yu. Witte in the evening of 1905, immediately after the appearance of Zhovtnevy’s manifesto, a friend - by Stolipin himself in the 19th century) 06 roku, before the dissolution of I Dumi), Stolipin, as a result, was completely disillusioned with the ideas of the huge cabinet and became disgusted with the overall bureaucratic nature.
When Prime Minister Stolipin took office, he called on the representation of the head manager of land management and agriculture, A. S. Stishinsky, and the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod, Prince. A. A. Shirinsky-Shikhmatov, for saving the warehouse of the front office I. L. Goremykina.
At the meeting of Prime Minister Stolipin, he acted even more energetically. He is remembered as a brilliant orator, a lot of phrases from whose promotions became popular, people who ran into the revolution, a reformer, a fearless person, on whom a bunch of moves were made. At the landing of Prime Minister Stolipin, he died right up to his death, which was the result of the fate of the spring of 1911.
Stolipin's struggles with the Second State Duma were even more intense. Before the legislative body of the government, there were more than a hundred representatives of parties that strongly advocated the collapse of the Lada that was founded - the RSDLP (later divided into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks) and the Socialist Revolutionaries, whose representatives were more than one The moves and killings of the highest townspeople of the Russian Empire were once in control. Polish deputies supported the vision of Poland from the Russian Empire to a consolidated state. The two largest factions, the Cadets and the Trudoviks, advocated for the acquisition of land from the landlords rather than further transfer to the villagers.
Members of the parties who advocated for a change in the sovereign system, having reached the State Duma, continued to engage in revolutionary activities, which soon became known to the police, the leader of which was Stolipin. On March 7, 1907, the fate of the Duma was publicized by the “Ordinary Information about the Change”, revealed in the capital and which involved the commission of terrorist acts against the Emperor, Grand Duke Mikoli Mikolayovich and against himself.
The order has presented an ultimatum to the Duma to remove parliamentary inadequacy from the delegated participants of the debate, giving the Duma the shortest term of the issue. After the Duma had fallen out of favor in the minds of the people and moved on to the negotiation procedure, the Tsar, not counting on the residual evidence, dismissed the Duma for three cherubs. Act 3 of the Heart formally destroyed the “Manifesto of the 17th Century” and the Basic Laws of 1906, which was called the “Third Revolution of the Heart” by its opponents.
So, as information about the fate of deputies in the so-called “soldier’s order” - a revolutionary bestiality, bestialized in the name of soldiers to the social democratic faction of the Duma - was seized as an informant to the Police Department, Shornikova herself took part in the written document, the essence is that got tired, lost all the ambiguities. Historians of the Radyan period, following the left side of the Duma, were convinced that the whole history from the beginning to the end was a police provocation, created by the initiative of Stolipin. At the same time, the activities of the revolutionary parties did not require provocation to carry out anti-routine activities, which is a completely alternative option for which a police agent would simply function as an informant. Every time, even after the death of Stolipin, the authorities tried their best to trace the participation of a police informant in the incident.
One of Stolipin’s important leaders, who was directly involved in the work of lawmaking, was the creation of the right-wing state government, created back in 1904 with the initiative of the Minister of Internal Affairs Plehve. During the course of four sessions (1908-1910) at the Radya, called in the voice “Foreshadowings”, representatives of the community, zemstvos and towns together with officials discussed a wide range of bills that they were preparing to submit to the Duma. Stolipin himself was in charge of the most important discussions.
The law on military courts was considered to be the minds of the revolutionary terror of the Russian Empire. Between 1901 and 1907, tens of thousands of terrorist attacks were carried out, resulting in the death of over 9 thousand people. Among them were both the most powerful people of the state and simple towns. People who fell ill often became victims.
Under the hour of the revolutionary period of 1905-1907, Stolipin was particularly concerned with acts of revolutionary terrorism. They shot at him, threw a bomb, and stuck a revolver in his chest. At this hour, the revolutionaries condemned to death the only son of Stolipin, who was only two years old.
Among those who perished in the revolutionary terror were friends and closest acquaintances of Stolipin (before the rest of the story, let us first mention V. Pleve and V. Sakharov). And in this and that other series of murderers, they lost the death penalty of the court's claims, lawyer's tricks and the humanity of marriage.
Vibukh on Aptekarsky Island on September 12, 1906, taking the lives of several dozen people who suddenly stumbled into Stolipin’s mansion. Two of Stolipin’s children, Natalya and Arkady, were also injured. At the moment of the stench, both the nanny and the nanny were on the balcony and were thrown by the vibukha vine onto the brook. Natalya had crushed ankles and many of her legs were unable to walk, the injured Arkady suffered lung injuries, and the children’s nanny died.
September 19, 1906, as “the end of the last protection of the sovereign order”, was adopted “The Law on Military-Polish Courts”, which in the provinces that were transferred to a military camp and became the place of super-duty security, immediately introduced special trials from officers who acted only on the right, where the evils were obvious (killing, robbery, robbery, attacks by military, police and law enforcement officers osib). The transfer to the court was intended to be done after committing the crime. The analysis can be completed no more than two times, ending at 24 years. The introduction of military-field courts was prompted by the fact that military courts (permanently active), which at that time were hearing cases about revolutionary terrorism and grave atrocities in the provinces that were deprived of guilt in the regime, revealed, in the mind of row, supernatural softness and distracted the gaze reference At that time, as in the military courts, the accused were examined, who could be corrupted by the servants of the guards and present their witnesses, in the military courts, the accused were relieved of all rights.
At his speech on March 13, 1907, before the deputies of the Second Duma, the Prime Minister emphasized the need for this law: “A power can, a power is obliged to, if it is in trouble, adopt bad laws, guilty laws, in order to protect itself from disintegration. There are, sir, fatal moments in the life of a state, if the state needs to stand above all for the right and if one must choose between a whole theory and the whole of Fatherlandism.”.
The suppression of the revolution was accompanied by strata of its participants accused of riots, terrorism and the burning of landowners' gardens. For all the months of its existence (the law on military courts was not introduced in order to be approved by the Third Duma and automatically expired on the 20th quarter of 1907; they issued a review of certificates about grave crimes being transferred to the military -district courts, in which procedural rules of the law were established) Military-Polish courts imposed 1,102 deaths, and 683 individuals were killed.
In total, between 1906 and 1910, the military-police and military-district courts imposed 5,735 deaths, including 3,741 deaths, for so-called “political crimes.” 66 thousand were sentenced to hard labor. Basically, the strata were made through the increase.
The scale of repression became unprecedented for Russian history - even over the last 80 years - from 1825 to 1905 - the power caused 625 deaths from political crimes, of which 191 were ousted. Over the years, Stolipin was sharply condemned for such cruel approaches. The death penalty was unacceptable to the rich, and their stagnation began to be associated with the policy carried out by Stolipin. The terms “Swedish-shooting justice” and “Stolipin’s reaction” have become obsolete. Zokrema, one of the famous cadets of F.I. Rodichiv, in the heat of the moment, allowed the expression “Stolipin’s crib” to emerge, as an analogy with Purishkevich’s word “Murav’s world” (suffocating the 1863 uprising of the Polish uprising of M. N. Muravyov-Vino of the configured part of the Russian Whom we call “Ant-hanger”) . The Prime Minister, who at that hour was in a meeting, sought “satisfaction” from Rodichev, then challenged him to a duel. The criticism of the deputies of the relatives was publicly expressed, as they were accepted. Unrespectfully at the same time, the “Stolipinska cravatka” viraz became a crylatim. Under these words, a loop of shibenitsa is small on the surface.
U statti "I can't talk!" speaking out against the military courts and submitting to the political order: “The most greedy of all are those who inflict even more inhuman violence and massacres, in addition to the direct evil that they inflict on the victims of violence and their families, inflict even more, the greatest evil on all people, spreading violence everywhere It is like burning dry straw, disenchantment of all camps of the Russian people. This disenchantment is spreading, especially among the simple, timid people, because all the evils that have happened a hundred times over, all those who tried to become simple villains and robbers and all revolutionaries at once, are becoming In the sight of what is necessary, good, necessary, not only justified, but also inspired by distinct, inseparable in the understanding of the people of justice and holiness by the institutions: the Senate, the Synod, the Duma, the Church, the Tsar”.
L.N. Tolstoy was supported by a lot of familiar people at that hour, from behind, Leonid Andreev, . The magazine “News of Europe” included a sensitive song “Leo Tolstoy and “I Can’t Move”.”
As a result of the past approaches, the revolutionary terror has become oppressive, ceasing to be of a mass character, and appearing only as isolated sporadic acts of violence. The sovereign order in the country was preserved.
During the reign of Stolipin, the Grand Duchy of Finland became a special region of the Russian Empire.
Until 1906, its special status was confirmed by the “constitution” - Swedish laws during the reign of Gustav III (“Form of Government” dated 21 September 1772 and the “Act of Union and Security” dated 21 July and 3rd quarter 1789), what happened in Finland before the entry to the warehouse of the Russian Empire. The Grand Duchy of Finland has little power and a legislative body - the Sejm, with broad autonomy from the central government.
7 (20) linya 1906 rock, the day before the dissolution of the First State Duma and the recognition of Stolipin as Prime Minister, Mikola II confirmed the adoption by the Sejm of a new Sejm statute (in fact, a constitution), then transferred the conscription of the old Sejm Sejm and introduction to the Grand Duchess for by tradition, called the Sejm - nini Eduskunta), which is elected on the basis of the legal equal right to vote for all citizens over 24 years old.
Petro Stolipin, during the hour of his premiership, spoke 4 times from promotions for the Grand Duchy. They pointed out the unpleasantness of certain peculiarities of the government of Finland. Zokrema, having said that the inconvenience and lack of control of the rich Finnish institutions of the supreme power can lead to results that are unpleasant for the United Kingdom: “The respectable revolutionaries who crossed the cordon found themselves in Finland, on the territory of the Russian Empire, the most reliable corner, the most reliable, among the neighboring powers, like the great We are required to come within the limits of the convention and the law to the aid of our Russian police.”(May 5, 1908).
In 1908, the Russians achieved that Finnish decisions that were in line with Russian interests were considered in the Council of Ministers.
On June 17, 1910, Mikola II confirmed the disintegration of Stolipin’s order into the law “On the procedure for the adoption of laws and regulations of sovereign significance that Finland faces”, which significantly reduced Finnish autonomy and strengthened the role of the central government in Finland ї.
Behind the hardeners of the FINSKY ISTOKA TIMO VIKHAVYANEN, the remaining words of the capital Buli “Golovna ... Scho Finland ...” - Mabut, vin Mav on the Necodnosty of the Gnischita Revolutionary Bila Finland.
Jewish nutrition in the Russian Empire under Stolipin was a problem of sovereign importance. For the Jews there was a very low regard. Zokrema, the posture of the so-called interstitium, protected their permanent living. Such inequality of rights for part of the population of the empire on the basis of religion led to the fact that many young people, whose rights were infringed upon, rose to the level of revolutionary parties.
On the other hand, among the conservatively inclined population and a large part of the representatives of the government, anti-Semitic sentiments were rampant. At the hour of the revolutionary times of 1905-1907. the stench appeared, visibly, in mass Jewish pogroms and the appearance of such things. “Black Hundred” organizations, such as the “Union of the Russian People” (URN), the Russian People’s Union named after Michael the Archangel and others. The Black Hundreds expressed extreme anti-Semitism and advocated for even greater denial of the rights of Jews. With this in mind there was a great influx in the marriage, and among their members at various times there were visible political figures and representatives of the clergy. Stolipin’s government, in turn, had a confrontation with the “Union of the Russian People” (URN), which both supported and sharply criticized Stolipin’s policies. At the same time, there is information about the distribution of money from the ten-million dollar fund of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to its prominent figures by the Russian People's Republic, which is designated for the recruitment of informants and other activities that do not promote publicity. About Stolipin’s policy for show, there is a letter to the Odessa mayor and a prominent representative of the RRN I. M. Tolmachov, in which the most acceptable assessment of this organization is given, and Tolmachov’s testimony to the 1912 fate, when the RRN collapsed into a number of opposing organizations.
During the service of the Grodno governor, with the initiative of Stolipin, there was an openly Jewish two-class public school.
If Stolipin took over more lands from the Russian Empire, then at one of the meetings, for the sake of the ministers, he destroyed the Jewish diet.
Petro Arkadiyovich asked to “clearly speak out about those who are ready to put food on the binding in the legislative order of any and all restrictions on the Jews, who especially fight the Jewish population of Russia and without making any real cost for the Russian population, just to live. revolutionary mood of the Jewish masses.” According to the rumors of the Minister of Finance and the defender Stolipin at the seat of Prime Minister Kokovtsov, none of the members were identified for the sake of principle. Even Schwanebach noted that “you need to be very careful when choosing the moment to destroy the Jewish diet, as history shows that trying this food only led to the destruction of the ancient smells, the remains of the stench ended soon after. regular circulars."
Apparently to the words of V. I. Gurk, after his (V. I. Gurk’s) sharp speech against the bill, a debate began, which marked two proximate points of view. “Stolipin initially stole the project, but then might know and say that he would transfer the main meal to another meeting.” At the upcoming meeting on Stolipin’s proposal, the Rada voted to vote on a controversial idea regarding the bill, which was presented to the Emperor as a monophonic idea to the order. At this point, the Council of Ministers took all the blame for the highest nutrition on itself, without shifting it to the head of the state.
A journal was sent to Nicholas II for the sake of ministers, who had an idea and drafted a bill on the restriction of borders for Jews.
On July 10, 1906, Mikola II raised this bill with the motivation “The inner voice is increasingly telling Me, so that I don’t take this decision on myself.” In his opinion, Stolipin, who was not in favor of the emperor’s decisions, wrote about those who had already lost money on this bill in the press, and Mikoli’s decision in response to the litigation in the marriage: “Now, for the sake of marriage, food for Jews stands like this: The Rada unanimously agreed on the removal of these restrictions, and the Sovereign ordered to save them.”. That list indicated: “Coming from the beginnings of communal equality granted by the Manifesto of the 17th of July, Jews have a legal right to claim full equality.”.
In connection with this, the Prime Minister for the sake of Mikola will send the bill to the Duma for further discussion. Tsar, inheriting the joy of Stolipin, transferring the food for review to the State Duma.
The share of Stolipin’s bill is attributable to the selfishness of the people’s representation: neither the II, nor the III, nor the IV Duma “did not know the time” to discuss it. For the opposition parties, it turned out to be “coarser” than this “removal”, and the “right” parties did not support such weakening from the beginning.
From the other half of 1907 until the end of Stolipin's reign, there were no Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire. Stolipin also made his contribution to Mikoli II in order to prevent the government propaganda of the Protocols of the Elders of Zion - a fake published at the beginning of the 20th century, which had never led to the rise of Jewish thought and the rise of widespread popularity hundred of the right Russian forces.
At this time, Stolipin’s order again determined the hundreds of norms of Jewish students among the highest and average initial deposits. Although the stench became much stronger during the era of the same decree of 1889, during the revolutionary period of 1905-1907. the previous decree de facto was not implemented, and the new one was due to the injustice that was at its core - the accumulation of the middle initial deposits on the basis not of knowledge, but of national affiliation.
The discovery of murdered lad Andriy Yushchinsky in Kiev on 20 February 1911 became the main point of Baylis’s appeal and triggered a significant rise in anti-Semitic sentiment in the region. The Kiev security department rejected Stolipin’s order to “collect reports from the authorities about the murder of the boy Yushchinsky and report back to him about the reasons for his murder and about the culprits.” Stolipin did not believe in ritual killing and therefore wanted the true culprits to be found. This order became the remaining act of Stolipin’s “Jewish policy.”
The facts show that Stolipin is an anti-Semite, and he wants to stick this label on many publications without giving his own evidence. Every day there will be any evidence of his anti-Semitic views.
Agrarian reform of Stolipin.
The economic development of the Russian village after the rural reform of 1861 lost everything important. The agricultural population of 50 provinces of European Russia, which in the 1860s amounted to approximately 50 million people, grew to 1900 to 86 million, as a result of which land grants to the villagers became in the 60s in the middle 4.8 dessiatines per capita of the human population, shortened to the end of the century the average size was 2.8 dessiatines. At the same time, the productivity of many villagers in the Russian Empire was extremely low.
The reason for the low productivity of the rural people was the system of rural domination. In advance, there were old tripillas and overmuch, in which a third of the earth “walked” under the pair, and the peasant, having acquired narrow smudges of the earth, which were on the same side. In addition, the land did not belong to the villagers as rulers. It was administered by the community (“light”), which distributed them over “souls”, over “foods”, over “principals” and in some other way (out of 138 million dessiatines of allotment lands, about 115 million were communal). Only in the western regions did the peasant lands belong to their rulers. In these provinces, the abundance of crops was an asset, as there were episodes of famine during periods of bad weather. This situation was well known to Stolipin, who spent 10 years in the western provinces.
The beginning of the reform was the decree dated November 9, 1906, “On the addition of existing regulations to the law regarding rural land acquisition and land ownership.” The decree announced a wide range of proposals for the restoration of the collective land ownership of the rural council and the creation of a class of villagers - the rightful rulers of the land. The decree stipulated that “any householder who owns land in the community as a community may in the future claim for himself the special authority of the portion of the assigned land.”
The reform was sparked by a number of people directly:
The transfer of rights to the power of the villagers on the land, which lay ahead of the replacement of the collective and limited power on the land of rural partnerships with full-fledged private power of the neighboring villagers-households. Whose entry directly has little administrative and legal character;
The elimination of outdated civil and legal boundaries that have outdated the effective government activities of the villagers;
improvement of the effectiveness of the rural dominion; the district authorities wanted to see the villagers-lords of plots “up to one place” (farms, farmsteads), which meant that the great power would carry out complex and expensive land-based work from the disgorgement of over-married communal lands;
There was a desire to purchase privately owned (in advance, landowner) lands by villagers through the Selyansky Land Bank. Plgova crediting was approved. Stolipin respected that in this manner the entire state takes upon itself the burden of shortening the lives of the villagers, and does not shift them onto the shoulders of a small class of landowners;
There is a desire to increase the working capital of rural dominions through lending in various forms (bank lending for land acquisition, benefits for members of cooperatives and partnerships);
Expansion of direct subsidies for so-called “agronomic assistance” (agronomic consultation, lighting inputs, replacement of previous and cultural dominions, trade in current possessions and goods);
Support for cooperatives and peasant associations.
Before the reform is completed, these facts must be secured. Claims about the consolidation of land and private power were filed by members of more than 6 million households out of 13.5 million that were founded. They were seen in large numbers and took away the land (a total of 25.2 million dessiatines - 21.2% of the total land area) to a total volume of approximately 1.5 million (10.6% of the total land area). Such significant changes in rural life became possible not only for the Village Land Bank, but also for the provision of loans in the amount of 1 billion 40 million rubles. Of the 3 million villagers who moved to private land in Siberia, 18% turned back and apparently 82% moved to new places. The landowner states have wasted an enormous role as rulers. The villagers in 1916 sowed (on owned and leased land) 89.3% of the land and planted 94% of the agricultural products.
The assessment of Stolipin’s reforms is complicated by the fact that the reforms were largely a result of the tragic death of Stolipin, the First Light War, the Lute and Zhovtnevo revolutions, and the former Huge War . Stolipin himself assumed that all reforms planned by him would be carried out comprehensively (and not just in agrarian reform) and would give the maximum effect in the long-term perspective (in the words of Stolipin, it would take “twenty years of calm internal and external Yesh").
Stolipin is of particular importance in the other part of the Russian Empire. In his promo dated 31 March 1908 in the State Duma, dedicated to the importance of life in the Amur Salad, he said: “Our eagle, the fall of Byzantium, is a double-headed eagle. “Of course, strong and powerful eagles are one-headed, but our Russian eagle has only one head, brutalized for the sake of it, you won’t turn it into a one-headed eagle, you’ll only let it drain its blood.”.
In 1910, Stolipin's family, together with the heads of agriculture and land management Krivoshein, made an inspection trip to Western Siberia and the Volga region.
Stolipin's policy towards Siberia aimed at the desired resettlement and unpopulation of the vast expanses of villagers from the European part of Russia. This resettlement was part of the agrarian reform. Nearly 3 million people moved to Siberia. In the Altai Territory, during the hour of reforms, 3,415 settlements were founded, in which over 600 thousand villagers from the European part of Russia settled, accounting for 22% of the district’s residents. They brought into use 3.4 million acres of empty land.
In 1910, special transport wagons were built for immigrants. The stench was so intense that one part of it along the entire width of the car was assigned to rural equipment and equipment. Later, under the rule of the Russians, these cars had gratings, and the cars themselves began to be used for the Primus hanging of Kurkuls and other “counter-revolutionary elements” to Siberia and Central Asia. Over the years, the stench has been completely re-recognized for the transportation of diseases.
The connection with this type of carriages has gained filthy glory. In this case, the carriage itself, which I call official wagon train (wagon for road transport), taking away the name “Stolipinskiy”.
In "The Gulag Archipelasis" the history of the coined term is described as follows: “Vagon-zak” - it’s so damn short! ...I’d like to say that this is a carriage for the worse. Nowhere, except for prison papers, this word was not impressed. The arrestants began to call such a carriage “Stolipinsky” or simply “Stolipinsky”. ...The history of the carriage is like this. Vіn effektivno pіshov slats first under Stolipіn: vіn buv designs in 1908 rotі, aka - for settlers in the other part of the country, if a strong resettlement movement had developed and there was no dry warehouse left. This type of carriages is lower for the primary passenger, but more for the goods, and there are storage facilities for poultry or poultry (lower “half” compartments, punishment cells) - but not, obviously, not in the middle. And, not on the windows. Gratey had a sad thought, and I’m smiling that it’s Bolshovitska. And the carriage got the name - Stolipinsky... The minister, who called out the duel of the deputy for the “Stolipinskaya bed”, - whose posthumous deception could no longer be ignored.”.
Stolipin made it a rule not to get involved in foreign politics. However, the hour Bosnian crisis of 1909 there was a need for a direct hand-over from the Prime Minister. The crisis threatened to escalate into a war involving the Balkan powers, the Austro-Ugric, German and Russian Empires. The position of the Prime Minister was that the country was not ready before the war and the military conflict would not end by any means. Zrestha, the crisis ended with the moral defeat of Russia. After this, Stolipin turned to the newly appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs, Izvolsky.
There is interest in setting up the site before Kaiser Wilhelm II's Stolipina. On the 4th of 1909, Wilhelm II fought with Mikola II at the Finnish skerries. Towards the hour of the meeting on the imperial yacht “Standart”, the Russian prime minister was the right-hand man of the distinguished guest, and a casual conversation took place between them. Years ago, while in exile, William II spoke about how Stolipin had conquered the army, when he told him about the unacceptability of a war between Russia and Germany, stressing that the war had ended to the point that the enemies of the monarchical order will make every effort to achieve revolution. . Immediately after the sniffing, the German Kaiser said to Adjutant General I. L. Tatishchev, that “if there were such a Minister as Stolipin, then Nimechina would rise to its greatest heights.”
Negotiated praise for the law on zemstvos in the western provinces cried out to the “ministerial crisis” and became Stolipin’s remaining challenge (which can be called a pyrrhic crisis).
The cause of the upcoming conflict was the introduction of a bill introducing zemstvos in the provinces of Pivdenno-Zakhidny and Pivnichno-Zakhidny territories. The bill significantly changed the influx of great landowners (represented mainly by the Poles) and increased the rights of others (represented by Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians). According to doctors, the share of Poles in these provinces became from 1 to 3.4%, the bill was democratic.
During this period, Stolipin’s activity progressed through the influx of opposition, while the protracted forces gathered against the Prime Minister - the left, whose reforms added historical perspectives, and the right, which added to the same reforms, the emphasis was on their privileges and zealously until the present day exit from .
The leader of the right, who supported this bill, P. M. Durnovo, wrote to the Tsar from the one who “the project destroys the imperial principle of jealousy, separates the rights of the Polish conservative nobility from the profit of the Russian “intelligence”, creates a precedent for lowering the main qualification for other provinces”.
Stolipin asked the Tsar to go over the head of the State for the sake of rights and recommended supporting the bill. One of the members of the Rad, V.F. Trepov, having achieved a reception with the emperor, determined the position of the right and put the question: “How can we understand the royal duty, as a mandate, how can we vote according to our conscience?” Mikola II Vidpovi, which, understandably, requires voting “for your conscience.” Trepov and Badly took such a confirmation of the Emperor’s position with their position, about which they secretly informed other right-wing members of the State for the sake of it. As a result, on January 4, 1911, the bill was defeated by 68 out of 92 votes.
The lie of the coming day, Stolipin destroyed all the way to Tsarskoye Selo, where he filed a complaint about the introduction, explaining that we could not tolerate distrust in the minds of the emperor. Mikola II said that he did not want to waste Stolipin, and urged him to find a way out of the camp. Stolipin delivered an ultimatum to the Tsar - to send the intriguers Trepov and Durnovo to Trival and pass the law on zemstvo for the 87th article. The 87th Article of the Fundamental Laws stated that the Tsar can specifically implement these and other laws during the period when the State Duma does not act. The article was intended to make difficult decisions during elections and public holidays.
People close to Stolipin tried to convince him of his harsh ultimatum to the Tsar himself. On this page: “Don’t let those who value their position joke around, but I think it’s better and better to just go away completely. It’s better to cut the knot at once, than to suffer for months over the work of unwinding a tangle of intrigue and at the same time to fight every day and every day with so much insecurity.”.
Stolipin's share hung in the balance, and the handing over of the Empress Maria Feodorovna, who was widowed, ordered her son to support the position of the prime minister, was hanging on his right hand. The Minister of Finance V.N. Kokovtsov has these words in his mind, which testify to the empress’s deep loyalty to Stolipin: “My poor son, how little luck he has in people. I know a man who has not known anyone here, but who turned out to be reasonable, and energetic, and savvy, to put things in order after the thirst that we experienced just 6 years ago, and this is the people who are hanging around at the break, and who? They seem to love the Sovereign and Russia, but in reality they are destroying his father’s land. It's just greedy".
The Emperor received Stolipin's mind 5 days after the audience with Mikoli II. The Duma was dissolved for 3 days, the law was passed under Article 87, and Trepov and Durnova were dismissed.
The Duma, which had previously voted for the legislation, took the form of accepting it as if it were once again ill-natured. Leader of the “Octobrists” A. I. Guchkov, as a sign of bad luck, deposed the head of the State Duma. Yearly on the addition of the Supervisory Investigation Commission of the Timchasovsky District 2 sickles 1917 r. Stolipin’s policy was characterized by Guchkov as “a policy of compromise, a policy of achieving something worthwhile through mutual actions.” He also noted that “the people who were considered to be a reactionary in the community stakes, seemed to be a most insecure revolutionary in the eyes of the reactionary stakes.” The reports from the legislative body of the Russian Empire were sealed with Stolipin.
In a short period of time from 1905 to 1911, 11 attacks on Stolipina were planned and executed, the remaining ones have reached their marks.
During the revolutionary period of 1905, during the reign of Stolipin as governor of Sarativ, his swings were of a disorganized nature, coupled with a surge of hatred towards the representatives of the government. After Pyotr Arkadiyovich became the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire for the first time, and then the Prime Minister, groups of revolutionaries began to more actively organize their plans for his life. The worst hit was on Aptekarsky Island, during which dozens of people died. Stolipin was not harmed. A lot of swings that were being prepared were suddenly revealed, and the actions exploded through a happy fall. Bogrov's swing just before Stolipin's visit to Kiev became fatal. Within a few days after the new one, he died from his wounds.
Stolipin Petro Arkadiyovich. Biography
Stolipin Petro Arkadiyovich (1862 - 1911) Stolipin Petro Arkadiyovich.
Biography
Russian sovereign leader, minister of internal affairs and head for the sake of the ministers of the Russian Empire. Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin was born on the 15th quarter (according to the old style - 2nd quarter) in 1862 in Dresden (Nimechtina). Coming from an old noble family, the roots date back to the beginning of the 16th century. Pradidami P.A. Stolipin was Arkady Oleksiyovich Stolipin (1778-1825; senator, friend of the greatest sovereign leader of the 19th century, M.M. Speransky) and his brother - Mikola Oleksiyovich Stolipin (1781-1830; lieutenant general, killed near Sevastopol during the riot), great-grandmother - Elizaveta Oleksiyevna Stolipina (behind Arsenyev; grandmother M.Yu. Lermontov). Batko P.A. Stolipina - Arkady Dmitrovich - adjutant general, participant in the Crimean War, who became a Sevastopol hero, friend of L.M. Tolstoy; at one time he was the punitive ottaman of the Ural Cossack army of a similar Russian outpost, which is located adjacent to the Saratov province, where Stolipin has his headquarters; Through the efforts of Stolipin the Elder, the town of Yaitske (Ural) significantly changed its appearance: it was replenished with bruised streets and was forgotten by stone buildings, for which the town’s population dubbed Arkady Dmitrovich “Peter the Great of the Urals” Cossacks." Mother – Natalia Mikhailovna – was born Princess Gorchakova. Brother - Oleksandr Arkadiyovich Stolipin (born in 1863) - journalist, one of the leading figures of the "Union on the 17th of June".
The Stolipin family lived in two houses in the Kovno province, and in the Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, Penza and Saratov provinces. The family of Petro Arkadiyovich lived in the town of Serednikovo near Moscow (in some villages the town of Kolnoberg, near Kovno) is indicated. The first 6 classes were completed at the Vilensk Gymnasium. I will further explore the Oryol Gymnasium, because In 1879, the homeland of the Stolipins moved to Orel - for the sake of the father’s service, who served as commander of the army corps. Peter Stolipin was particularly interested in learning foreign languages and exact sciences. In early 1881, Peter Arkadiyovich Stolipin received a certificate of maturity. In 1881, he entered the natural sciences department of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of St. Petersburg University, including physics and mathematics, and studied chemistry, geology, botany, zoology, and agronomy. Sered vikladachiv buv D.I. Mendelev.
In 1884, after graduating from university, he entered the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Two years later, he transferred to the Department of Agriculture and Rural Industry of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Mines, where he took over the position of assistant chief, which gave him the modest rank of wheel secretary. Through the river, they transferred to the service of the Ministry of Internal Affairs by the Kovno povitovy troop of nobility and the head of the Kovno congress of social intermediaries. In 1899 he was appointed to the Kovno provincial gang of nobility; never before P.A. Stolipin was elected to honor the justice of the peace for the Insar and Kovno judicial districts. In 1902 he was appointed governor of Grodno. From 1903 to 1906 he was governor of the Saratov province. At the time of Stolipin’s recognition, approximately 150,000 locals lived in Saratov, there were 150 factories and factories, there were over 100 initial deposits, 11 libraries, 9 periodicals. All this gave the place the glory of the “capital of the Volga region”, and Stolipin sought to achieve this glory: the foundation stone of the Mariinskaya Women’s Gymnasium, which belongs to the town, was laid, new foundation stones were laid and, doctors, the asphalting of Sarativ Street, the construction of a water supply system, the installation of gas lighting, and the modernization of telephone lines have begun. The peaceful transition was interrupted by the outbreak of the Russian-Japanese war. At the seat of the governor of Saratov, Stolipin was caught by the revolution (born 1905-1907). The Saratov province, which was one of the centers of the Russian revolutionary underground, found itself in the center of revolutionary forces, and the young governor had to stand against two elements: revolutionary, oppositional to an order, and "right" ii", "reactionary" part of the marriage, what stands on the monarchical and Orthodox positions. Already, a number of attacks have been made on Stolipin: they shot at him, threw bombs, terrorists in an anonymous list threatened to destroy the young child of Stolipin - the territorial son of Arkady. To fight against the rebel villagers, a rich arsenal was put in place, from negotiations to the standstill of the army. For the strangulation of the rural movement in the Saratov province, Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin - chamberlain to the court of His Imperial Majesty and the youngest governor of Russia - having removed the throne from Emperor Mikoli II.
26 April 1906 r. P.A. Stolipin was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs in the cabinet of I.L. Goromikina. On June 8, 1906, after the dissolution of the First State Duma, the resignation of Goremikin and his replacement by Stolipin, who became the head of the ministers, was declared. The portfolio of the Minister of Internal Affairs was taken away from him. Stretched out the line Stolipin in negotiations with Prince G.E. Lvivsky, Count Heyden, Prince E. Trubetskoy and other world-liberal public figures, trying to get them into his office. The negotiations did not lead to anything and the cabinet was left unchanged, losing the name “cabinet of dispersal of the Duma”. Having left the cabinet of ministers, P.A. Stolipin voted for the course of social and political reforms. The implementation of the agrarian (“Stolipinsky”) reform began (the idea of the agrarian “Stolipinsky” reform lay behind S.Yu. Witte), under Stolipin’s leadership, a number of great bills were broken down, including the current reform self-growing, propagation of cob illumination, state insurance of workers, about tolerance.
The revolutionary parties could not reconcile with the values of the converted nationalist and the supporter of strong state power at the time of the landing of the Prime Minister on September 12, 1906. Tekar Island in St. Petersburg was hit by bombs. At that time, at the dacha, the heads of the order were those who had arrived earlier for the reception. As a result, 23 people were killed and 35 were wounded; Among the wounded, Stolipin's children appeared - his three-year-old son Arkady and his sixteen-year-old daughter Natalia (Natalia lost her legs and was once again disabled); Stolipin himself was not harmed. As luck would have it, the move was stopped by a group of Socialist-Maximalists who were part of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party; This party itself has not taken the plunge. At the sovereign's request, the Stolipin family moves to a safe place - to the Winter Palace. In response to the suppression of terrorist activities, the followers of which most often made payments through court litigation and lawyer's tricks, and for carrying out reforms in life, there was a low level of progress, among which was the introduction of "high-speed" military courts. ів ("shvidkostrelna justice"), types of It was difficult to confirm the commanders of the military districts: transfer to the court was expected no more than after the act of murder or robbery. The analysis can be completed no more than two times, ending at 24 years. Stolipin was the initiator of the creation of military-field courts and the establishment of the death penalty (the motuzka for promotion began to be called among the people “Stolipin’s crab”), firmly, one can only marvel at the repression of the world , necessary for the beginning of peace in Russia, so that the military courts - a momentary approach that may “smear the evil evil and pass into eternity.” In 1907, Stolipin achieved the dissolution of the 2nd State Duma and passed a new election law, which significantly strengthened the position of the right parties in the Duma.
In a short hour, Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin became the leader of an entire royal city. Cream of several newest rescripts with a variety of characteristics, in 1906. Stolipin issued instructions to the chamberlain, 1st September 1907. appointments as a member of the State for the sake of, in 1908. - Secretary of State.
Having fallen ill in the spring of 1909. large-scale fires fell ill, thanks to the doctors, Stolipin left Petersburg and at the same time spent nearly a month with his family in Crimea, in Livadia. A talented politician, economist, lawyer, administrator, orator, Stolipin may have been inspired by a special life, all his efforts contributed to the Russian state: the leadership in the Council of Ministers, which called at least twice on Today, there is no middle fate among the people for exact references and for the nourishment of legislation ( meetings often dragged on until morning); evidence, receive, careful review of Russian and foreign newspapers, publication of new books, especially dedicated to the subjects of sovereign law. U Chernі 1909 r. P.A. Stolipin was a present member of the sovereign Emperor Mikoli II with Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany. Zustrich was collected from Finnish skerries. On the yacht "Standard" there was a conversation between Prime Minister Stolipin and William II, who repeatedly said: "If I had such a minister, to what height we would raise Germany!"
“The Tsar was a weak-willed person and so we were pressed in. Mikola II did not tolerate people with a strong character, nor those who would overturn him with their intelligence and broad outlook. He was concerned that such individuals would “usurp” his power, “ wipe" autocracy to another plane, to “violate” his will. Having not yet reached the court of S. Yu. Witte, and now the next step was coming after Witte, the sovereign leader of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century - P. A. Stolipin. did not threaten the foundations of autocracy, But the revolution was defeated, and, as Nicholas II respected and his supporters for the sake of the united nobility, it was defeated again, and no reforms were imposed on the head of the ranks. It was decided to create the Naval General Staff from two dozen individuals. Since it screamed Having spent additional money, Stolipin wanted to push his state through the Duma, which approved the budget. The bill on the staff of the MDS Mikola II was pointedly not approved through the Duma and the State Rada. At this hour, the “holy elder” R. Rasputin, a number of fates swirling around the court, added a significant influx to the exalted queen. The scandalous benefits of the “old man” prompted Stolipin to ask the Tsar to remove Rasputin from the capital. At the end of the speech, Mikola II Vidpov said, gravely speaking: “I’m good enough for you, Peter Arkadiyovich, unless there are more than ten Rasputins, one hysteria of the empress.” Alexandra Fedorivna, who knew about her Rosmova, hated Stolipin and, due to the order crisis with the confirmed staff of the Naval General Staff, pushed for his resignation."
"In the spring of 1911, a new and this time serious crisis for Stolipin arose. The war was about to fall asleep in the zemstvos in the outlying provinces, having introduced national curates during the elections. The rights hastened to date for Stolipin's The sovereign council, having rejected the tsar’s unspoken permission, voted against the national curias. The vote was a complete disappointment for Stolipin, not because he did not know the position of Durnovo, Trepov and their cronies, but because they could not help but listen to the will of the Tsar. At the next audience with the Tsar, Stolipin submitted presentation, declaring That legitimist leaders “will lead the country to death”, so they say: “There is no need to legislate, but only to servitude,” in order to be convinced. In the event of any modernization of the political order, it is necessary to maintain the situation that has changed." Stolipin is a leader who takes away the position, but this did not happen behind two circumstances. First, the tsar did not recognize the ministers of law as go to the stand to get some rich fruits, Respecting the principle of a constitutional monarchy, the autocrat is obliged to leave the ministers of their posts only for the authorities to decide. And Maria Fedorovna, who appreciated that Stolipin is still deprived of a single person, to quote Russia until the "Bright May Day". In such a manner, Mikola did not accept the resignation of Stolipin, who, having believed in his power, showed himself to the Tsar with low, cruel minds. days and the bill will be carried out under a special 87th article, which transferred the right to the government to pass laws during a break to occupy the legislative chambers. Durnovo and V.F. Trepova - Stolipin was elected to leave the State for the sake of, and from 1st June 1912 to add 30 new members there on his election. The tsar, without saying so, nor nor, but in the evening he was again attacked by the Grand Duke’s family, forcedly gave up. Stolipin showed a piece of paper to one of the members of the Duma, in which all the decisions of his mind were written down by the hand of the king. It was necessary to know your sovereign well, who never forgave anyone or anyone for such “forceful methods” inflicted on those who were betrothed to him. [...] We got a bit excited about the Swedish Prime Minister's presentation. Stolipin's health began to decline and his angina became worse. [...] Despite the illness and disgrace of the Tsar, who has clearly grown, the Prime Minister continues to work on reform projects - she plans to organize all new ministries (price, local self-government, nationalities , social security, confession, investigation exploitation of natural resources, health protection, resettlement), reducing their search for inputs for a three-fold increase in the budget (introducing direct taxes, turnover taxes, increasing the price of the burner), plans to reduce the land census to allow to the local self-government of power farms and workers, as little lack of unruliness. [...] In 1911, Stolipin was working on his project in Konobrezh. Both the release and the work had to be interrupted for a trip to Kiev, where, in the presence of the Tsar, the monument to Alexander II would be unveiled in honor of the anniversary of the Great Reform. The Prime Minister's re-examination in Kiev began in earnest - they clearly made it clear to him that they were being aggressive here and were not counting on anyone. Stolipin had no place in cars, which were used by the king and his extremity. They didn’t let him tell the government crew. The head for the sake of the ministers had a chance to joke with the leader." ("P.A. Stolipin, We need a great Russia...". Article by K.F. Shatsillo. Moscow, "Young Guard" 1991) I will continue my huge speech at the State Duma P.A. Stolipin spoke on the 27th quarter of 1911.
According to various data on the life of Pyotr Arkadiyovich Stolipin, there were 10 to 18 swings. Petro Arkadiyovych Stolipin died on the 18th Veresen (according to the old style – on the 5th Versebnya) 1911 in Kiev. These are the words of the governor of Kiev: “1st Spring 1911 was the fourth day of Emperor Mikoli II’s stay in Kiev. [...] On the eighth anniversary, I went to the palace, so that I could be there when the Sovereign left for maneuvers. After seeing off the Sovereign, before me The head of the Kiev Funeral Branch, Colonel Kulyabko, responded with the following words: “Today is an important day; At night a woman arrived in Kiev, as if the fighting squad was supposed to carry out a terrorist act in Kiev; the intended victim, perhaps, is the Head for the Sake of the Ministers, otherwise the attempt at reigning [...] General Trepov, going to P.A. Stolipin and asking him to be careful." I asked Kulyabko that he intends to work so that the terrorist will not be identified and arrested. agent-informant who knows the terrorist in person [...] Up to 9 years (evening) Having departed from the requested tickets to the theater. On the theater square and the surrounding streets there were heavily guarded police, and outside the doors there were police officials who were issuing instructions about the careful verification of receipts. Even then, all the basement spaces and passages were carefully looked at. Around the hall, which shone with the fires and rich prosperity, a camaraderie gathered. I especially took a moment to request a place from the theatre. The names of everyone who was sitting at the theater were especially visible, and only the 36th part of the stalls, starting from the 12th row, was assigned to the head of the General Kurlov’s bodyguard, for the funeral service, in accordance with his letter. . About the 9th anniversary of the arrival of the Emperor with his Daughters. To your seat, to the first left aisle, right-handed, pass Stolipin and sit in the first row. [...] “The Tale about Tsar Saltan” was released in a new, miraculous production. It seemed to me that it was possible to be calm here: even everyone who was sitting at the theater was out of sight, but even everyone defended themselves well and could not get out of the street. [...] On the beginning of another act, if the Sovereign with Sem'єyu advances the corners of the advance, and P.A. Stolipin stood up and, turning his back to the stage, spoke with Count Frederiks and Count Josip Pototsky, I went to the village of Viyshov to get in order. [...] Turning around, I completely walked along the left aisle to my chair, marveling at P.A. Stolipina. I was on line 6 or 7, when I was ahead of a tall man in a civilian tailcoat. On the line of the other row of wines, there was a rapt-like hunch. At the same hour, a revolver flashed from his outstretched hand, and I felt two short dry shots that followed one after another. The Browning bag has small cuts to intersect, and acts like a tear. “At the time of Mitt’s death, the cross of St. Volodymyr was turned into which the stump was buried and, having crushed it, changed straight to the heart. With this stump, the chest, pleura, thoracoventral junction and liver were broken. The left hand is completely pierced with a bullet." ("P.A. Stolipin, We need a great Russia...". Moscow, "Young Guard" 1991) “At the theater they were talking loudly and shooting a few people, but when there were screams in the hall, all eyes rushed to P.A. Stolipin, and for a few seconds everything came to a close. P.A. didn’t realize what was happening. And looking at his white frock coat, which on the right side, under the chest, was already filled with blood, with long and singing hands, he placed his chest and mittens on the bar, unraveling his frock coat and shaking his vest, the blood seeped thickly. yu, waving his hand, he desperately said: “It’s all over,” Then he sank heavily into the chair and clearly and clearly, in a voice that was clear to everyone who was not far from him, saying: “Happy to die for the Tsar.” i standing in front, raising his hands and making signs, so that the Sovereign of Vidiyshov, aka the Sovereign, would not collapse and continue to stand in the same place, and Petro Arkadiyovich, in front of everyone, blessed him with a wide cross. not only young people, and people of old age, and began to beat him with sabers, swords and fists. The linen beds tend to jump out and fall in white. Colonel Spiridovich, at the end of the intermission of his service, went out into the street and ran to the theater, avoiding lynching, which he did not stand up for: he took out his saber and, having announced that the evildoer had been arrested, was afraid to leave. I still followed the driver to the place where they took him. - How did you get to the theater? I slept yoga. At the end of the day, a bullet was removed from the vest. There was one seat in the 18th row. I took the plan of the theater and the list and against the seat number I knew the entry: “sent from the order of General Kurlov for the funeral service.” [...] When the audience rose, I went to the room, on the sofa, with a bandaged wound, and in a clean shirt, with flattened eyes, lying P.A. Stolipin. The professors, who left him, and the Kiev doctors, learned that they had ordered to take the wounded man to the doctor Makovsky’s hospital, in Mal. Volodymyrsky, and there is already a Swedish rescue carriage just outside the theater. When P.A., deathly pale, was carried on burdens into the carriage, his eyes were flattened and he marveled at the absent ones with a mournful, suffering look. [...] On the coming day, the Emperor traveled to Ovruch. After leaving the palace, Yogo Majesty voiced that he wanted Stolipin to be brought out. [...] On the same day, with the initiative of a group of members of the State Duma from the Party of Nationalists and Zemstvo Voices of the Region, on the 2nd anniversary of the day, at the Volodymyr Cathedral a local prayer service was served for the vestment of Stolipin. The Cathedral of Resurrections, Those who gathered prayed and cried a lot. The two previous days passed in the carriage, the doctors had not yet given up hope, but from the power of the operation and the training of the knees, the consultation, with the participation of Professor Zeidler, who, having arrived from St. Petersburg, arrived at a negative decision. 4th Versun, good health P.A. I immediately became depressed, my strength began to fall, my heart weakened and it was almost 10 years. On the evening of the 5th of April, he died quietly. (A. Girs, “The Death of Stolipin. These are the words of the great Kiev Governor.” 18 June 1927 r. Paris) Stolipin’s revealed commandment, written long before his death, was punished in the first rows: “I want to be buried there, but they will kill me.” 6th spring Emperor Mikola II turned from Chernigov and arrived at the doctor's office. For the blessings of Pyotr Arkadiyovich's daughter Maria Bok (Stolipina), the sovereign "knelt before the body of his faithful servant, prayed for a long time, and the attendants felt, repeating the word many times. "Probach." it was collected in the middle of the night Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. [...] On the 9th spring of France, in the Refectory Church, filled with wreaths with national stitches, the Order gathered, representatives of the army and navy and all civil departments, many members of the Power Party, the center and all rights of the Powers noi Dumi, and also more hundreds of villagers who arrived from nearby villages gave the remaining borg to the dead. Kiev Governor-General Adjutant General Trepov, by order of the Sovereign, left on the 7th spring, representing Yogo Person. After the funeral, the trumpet was carried out and lowered down from the church, entrusting the historical grave of another Russian patriot Kochubey. Immediately after the death of Stolipin, the same group of zemstvo vocalists and members of the State Duma from the Nationalist Party came up with the idea of erecting a monument to him in Kiev. There was a re-election in Kiev of the Sovereign Emperor and the Protector of the Head for the Sake of Ministers Kokovtsev and for the All-Russian collection of victims already on the 7th spring of the High Hope. Donations flowed in so quickly that in three days in Kiev alone, enough money was collected to cover the cost of the monument. The place where the monument was erected was chosen in the square of the city Duma, on Khreshchatyk, and its deconstruction was entrusted to the Italian sculptor Ximenes, who was in Kiev. In 1912, across the river after the death of P.A., the monument was unveiled in the locality, in the middle of the dry end of Russia, its shanavalniks. Stolipin was depicted as speaking from the Duma pulpit, on the stone hanging the words that became prophetic: “You need a great upheaval - we need a Great Russia.” The Bolshovites could not stand the sight of the monument and they became poor.” (A. Girs, “The Death of Stolipin. These are the words of the great Kiev Governor.” 18 June 1927 r. Paris) The murder of Pyotr Arkadiyovich Stolipin revealed the assistant to the juror Dmitro Bogrov - the son of a rich Kiev housekeeper. For the materials of the investigation of the evildoer - Mordko Gershovich Bogrov, of Jewish origin. This situation became the cause of awakening sentiments that arose in Kiev both among the right and nationalists, and among the Jews who were expecting pogroms. During the course of the investigation, it became clear that the thief was the same agent of the Kiev security department, who knew about the moves that were being prepared during the period of the Kiev localities. Even as a student, Bogrov was involved in revolutionary activities, several times being arrested, and then soon having his parole revoked. The revolutionary heists in Kiev broke up as a member of the revolutionary movement for student representatives and, at the same time, as an agent. According to the testimony of the head of the security department, Lieutenant Colonel Kulyabka, Bogrov has seen a lot of political villains, ahead of terrorist acts and thereby earning trust. This became the official reason that, in violation of the original instructions, he was given a ticket for the ceremonial performance in order to advance his possible swing. The history of this extremely complex story is still full of ambiguities. Each political party took responsibility for this killing, although most of the followers disappeared to the point where Bogrov acted as proxies of the socialist revolutionaries. The broadest version is this: after being defeated by the revolutionaries, the suppression agent will go to kill the head of the order. One of the versions of the murder was given by the Masonic trace. Bogrov buv strascheniy. The haste of his trial and his Swedish punishment gave rise to a lot of natural suspicions, both of which were not cleared up. Tsikavo, that the cousin of Dmitr Bogrov, who hides behind a number of pseudonyms, is Sergei (Veniamin) Yevseevich Bogrov, better known as Mikola Valentinov, who knew Lenin. S. Bogrov - N. Valentinov, who is generous in his literary lives, will not utter a single word about such a notable connection, although from different sources it is clear that his influx on Dmitry Bogrov under the hour of his dormant residence on the Petrograd River The Terburz apartment will be great. It’s important that Lenin, who came to power in 1918, especially encourages Dmitr Bogrov’s relatives, Valentina Lvivna Bogrova, and Bogrov’s brother, Volodymyr, to leave Russia until Germany, and then endure to his order in the diplomatic service of Bogrova-Valentinov, unimportant there is a lot of fuss with him, about how he remained, having written in his “Zustricha with Lenin”, widely known in Russia. (based on materials from the Saratov Cultural Center named after P.A. Stolipin) Stolipin is trying to achieve a healthy life. He didn’t smoke, he drank alcohol only in his outbursts, he didn’t like playing cards, he respectfully occupied himself with idle things and was generous, which often made him worse off than his fellow employees and associates. "Tall, dignified, miraculously waving, universally illuminating; speaking loudly, loudly. Great nobility emanated from his words and spirits, which brought him to his political opponents. Yeshuche... He was born in the same family. , friendly, cheerful and warm, if there are no disturbances, being an eye on all human honesty. (Prince A.V. Obolensky, “My Lords and Think”)"As a person, P.A. Stolipin admired his straightforwardness, generosity and self-devotion to the Sovereign and Russia. He was far from being proud and caring, including the rare berries of his time Of an important nature. Always putting yourself in respect and understanding of other people's thoughts. A gateway of great ambiguities, suspicion and suspicion of hypotheses, amid intrigues and intrigues. For his political views, P. A. Stolipin was not subject to any party pressures or pressures. Firmness, perseverance, guilt. and high patriotism was the power of his honest, open nature. And having re-examined them mercilessly, in which case he became an ardent recipient of senatorial revisions." (P.A. Stolipin. Obituary, published in the newspaper “Novy Chas”, June 6, 1911)“There are no empty words behind his words” (A.F. Kerensky) The assessment of the activity of Pyotr Arkadiyovich Stolipin, which was given by both his companions and historians, was by no means unambiguous: according to the words of some, Stolipin was a talented sovereign Why, which is not only unique for the time being, a reform program, and thus, who have thwarted their implementation by the most “soft means”, in the words of other Stolipins - “strangler and hanger”, “the guide of the policy that has gone down in history under the Stolipins’ reaction ii". Petro Arkadiyovich Stolipin was friends with the daughter of his honorary guardian, Olga Borisivna Neidgart (the nickname Neigardt is assigned to some of the families; great-granddaughter of A.V. Suvorov). Mav five daughters ta sina. Maria Petrivna- eldest daughter; was born in 1885 near St. Petersburg (the majority of children were born from the family mother of the Stolipins Kolnoberg near Kovno); married a naval officer from the Baltics, Boris Bok; After many moves to Germany, Japan, Poland, Austria, and finally in the 1940s, the Bok family moved to America, where Maria Petrivna died in San Francisco in the century. Natalia Petrivna was born in 1889; On September 12, 1906, at the time of his attack, my father, who was then Prime Minister, was in his residence; as a result of the terrorist attack, Natalia lost her legs and became permanently disabled; became a maid of honor to the empress; in 1915, together with her sister Olga, she went to the front, but they were arrested and turned back to her father’s house; married Prince Yuri Volkonsky, who was born after recent financial troubles in 1921; moved to France, and died of cancer in the fall of 1949. Olena Petrivna; married Prince Volodymyr Shcherbatov; at the hour of the revolution, I went with my children, mother, brother Arkady and sisters Olga and Oleksandra to the Shcherbatov family in Ukraine; in 1920 the cards were occupied by chervony, Olenya decided to board the last train of Chervony Khrest, going to Warsaw; 1923 married Prince Vadim Volkonsky; she lived at the luxurious palace of the Stroganovs near Rome, which had been renovated by the Shcherbatovs, and was engaged in the grooming of her young brother Arkady; the risky allocation of Volkonsky's capital led to the collapse of the family; Olena Petrivna died in 1985 in France. Olga Petrivna born 1897 (?); In 1915, her sister Natalia flowed to the front, but the flowers were arrested and turned back to her father’s house; lived together with her mother, brother Arkady and sisters Olena and Oleksandra in the same family as the Shcherbatovs in Ukraine; In 1920, the chervona that planted the cards beat the 23-river Olga to death. Oleksandra Petrivna born 1898 (?); In 1920, at the hour of the execution of the red coins over the Shcherbatovs, I was in the same place in Ukraine and saw my dying sister Olga; in 1921 Berlin married Count Keiselring; the young family moved to Latvia, and after the confiscation of everything from the Keiselring, they emigrated to France, then to Switzerland; Oleksandra Petrivna died in 1987. Arkady Petrovich born 2nd sickle 1903; On September 12, 1906, at the moment I swung at my father, who was the prime minister, staying at his residence; as a result of the terrorist attack there were injuries; In 1920, diligence helped my and my mother to rush in the hour of a Chekist raid at the Shcherbatovs’ house (the stinks hid all night near the ditch and the unique drain); He lives every hour with his sister Olenya in Italy, then in France, where he spends most of his life; in 1924, having entered the military school of Saint-Cyr, he was forced to leave the army; engaging in self-illumination; in 1930 he became friends with the daughter of the great ambassador of France in St. Petersburg; at 1935 Having joined the solidarist movement of the NTS, the method was to replace the communist idea of class struggle with the idea of solidarity and moral integrity of people; 1937 Rock became a member of the Vykonovsky Bureau of the NTS; 1941 election as head of the NTS in France; in 1944 he was arrested by the Germans and then released; in 1949 he became a sportsman at France-Pres; actively supporting dissidents, losing the monarchist; without accepting French enormity; Arkady Petrovich died in Paris in 1990. (Katerina Ribas, “Children of leaders bear their own burden”)
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Dzherela information: Website dedicated to Pyotr Arkadiyovich Stolipin. Materials provided by the Saratov Cultural Center named after P.A. Stolipina A. Stolipin, "P.A. Stolipin, 1862-1911". Paris, 1927.A. Girs, "The Death of Stolipin. These are the words of the great Kiev Governor." 18th of today 1927 r. Paris.P.A. Stolipin, “We need a great Russia...”. Outside the collection of proposals from the State Duma and the State Council. 1906–1911. Moscow, "Young Guard" 1991. "P.A. Stolipin. Obituary." Published in the newspaper "New Hour" on June 6, 1911. Katerina Ribas, "Children of leaders bear their chrest. Children of Pyotr Arkadiyovich Stolipin" Encyclopedic resource www.rubricon.com Russian biographical dictionary
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