Old Russian principalities. Kiev during the period of feudal fragmentation Kiev princedom during the period of feudal fragmentation

KIEV princedom - ancient Russian princedom in the 2nd third of the 12th century - 1470.

The capital is Kiev. Initially, the Principality of Kiev, in addition to its main territory, included Pogorina (Pogorinye; lands along the Gorin River) and Beresteyska volost (the center is the town of Berestye, Nine Brest). The Kievan princedom had about 90 seats, and many of them had their seats around the princely tables at various times: at Bilgorod of Kiev, Berestia, Vasilevo (nine Vasylkiv), Vishgorod, Dor Ogobuzhi, Dorohychyn (nine Drohichin), Ovruch, Gorodets-Ostersky (nine) , Peresopnytsia, Torchesku, Trepoli and in. A number of fortress places captured Kiev from the Polovtsian raids along the right birch of the Dnieper river and from Pivdena - along the rivers Stugna and Ros; Vishgorod and Bilgorod of Kiev defended the capital of the Kiev princedom from midnight to sunset. On the ancient cordons of the Kiev princedom, in Porossia, nomads who served the Kiev princes settled - black hoods.

Eko-no-mi-no.

The basis of the economic development of the Kievan Principality was agricultural farming (the main rank in the form of double and triple), with which the population of the area was closely connected with the agricultural dominion. The main grain crops that grew on the territory of the Kiev princedom were wheat, wheat, barley, oats, millet and buckwheat; from legumes - peas, vetch, sochevitsa and beans; from industrial crops - flax, hemp and rudik. Animal husbandry and poultry also developed: cows, sheep, cattle and pigs were bred in the Kiev princedom; chickens, geese and jocks. Urbanism and gardening have become increasingly widespread. The largest industry in the Kievan Principality was fishing. Through constant inter-prince conflicts and frequent Polovtsian raids from the middle (and especially from the remaining third) of the 12th century, an influx of rural population from the Kievan Principality began (for example , from Porosya), first for everything, to Pivnichno-Skhidnaya Rus, the Ryazan and Murom principalities.

Most of the places in the Kievan Principality were great centers of crafts until the end of the 1230s; On this territory practically the entire spectrum of ancient Russian ciliary viruses was found. Pottery, distillery (production of copper crosses-encolpions, icons, etc.), enameling, bone carving, woodworking and stone-making, black mysticism have reached a high level of development. Until the mid-13th century, Kiev was the only center of corruption in Russia (dishes, mistakes, decorations, headwear and bracelets). In some places of the Kievan Principality, the production was based on the selected local brown copalins: for example, in the town of Ovruch - a kind of butt and cutting of natural red (horn) slate, the preparation of slate whorls; near the town of Gorodes’k – the growth of the forest, etc.

The territory of the Kiev princedom passed through the largest trade routes that connected them with other Russian princedoms and with foreign powers, including the Dnieper village route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”, overland no roads Kiev - Galich - Krakiv - Prague - Regensburg; Kiev – Lutsk – Volodymyr-Volinsky – Lublin; Solyany and Zalizny Way.

The struggle of ancient Russian princes for dynastic eldership. The main feature of the political development of the Kievan princedom in the 12th – 1st third of the 13th century is the existence of its own powerful princely dynasty, which was subordinated to other ancient Russian princedoms. . Regardless of the collapse of the ancient Russian state, the Russian princes, right up to 1169, continued to view Kiev as a kind of “old” place, and Volodinia as the creation of a dynastic eldership, which led to the intensification of the inter-princely struggle bi for the Kievan princedom. Often, the closest relatives and allies of the Kiev princes settled on the territory of the Kiev Principality near the towns and volosts. During the 1130-1150s, the initial role in this struggle was played by two groupings of the Monomakhovichs (Volodimirovichs - children of Prince Volodymyr Vsevolodovich Monomakh; Mstislavichs - children of Prince Mstislav Volodimirovich the Great) and Svyatoslavichs ( Chernigovsky and Kievsky land plots). After the death of the Kiev prince Mstislav Volodimirovich (1132), the Kiev throne was occupied by his younger brother Yaropolk Volodimirovich without any difficulties. However, when Yaropolk tried to implement the provisions of the commandment of Volodymyr Monomakh (the transfer of Mstislav the Great’s blues to the princely tables closest to Kiev, so that after the death of Yaropolk the stench would subside the Kiev table) they cried out I'm worried about the young Volodimirovichs, the death of Prince Yuri Volodimirovich. The weakening of the internal unity of the Monomakhovichs was accelerated by the Chernigov Svyatoslavichs, who were actively involved in the inter-prince struggle in the 1130s. As a result of these indiscriminate attacks, Yaropolk’s attacker on the Kiev throne, Vyacheslav Volodymyrovich, lived in Kiev for less than two years (22.2-4.3.1139), after which he was expelled from the Kiev Principality of Chernihiv kim prince Vsevolod Olgovich, who destroyed Lyubechsky’s homeownership - So 1097 , which granted the Chernihiv princes the right to abolish the Kiev rule, not only to occupy the minds and end the Kiev rule right up to their death (1146), but also to finish their lives before it was closed Drink the decline of the Kiev princedom for the Chernigov Olgovichi. In 1142 and 1146-57, before the warehouse of the Kiev princedom, the Turiv princedom was included.

In the mid-1140s - beginning of the 1170s, the role of the Kiev Council increased, as it discussed almost all the key issues of the political life of the Kiev Principality and often determined the share of the Kiev princes and claimants Yivskyi stil. After the death of Vsevolod Olgovich, his brother Igor Olgovich (2-13.8.1146) unexpectedly sneaked into the Kiev princedom, whom the Pereyaslavl prince Izyaslav Mstislavich defeated in a battle near Kiev. 2nd half of the 1140s - mid-1150s - the hour of open conflict between Izyaslav Mstislavich and Yuri Dolgoruky in the fight for the Principality of Kiev. It was accompanied by various innovations that supported the political life of the Kiev princedom. So, in essence, from the beginning, the resentful princes (especially Yuri Dolgoruky) practiced the creation of numerous princely tables in the middle of the Kiev princedom (for Yuri Dolgoruky they were occupied by his sons). Izyaslav Mstislavich at 1151 r. he asked for the recognition of the eldership of his uncle - Vyacheslav Volodimirovich, with the aim of creating a “duumvirate” with him for the legitimation of powerful rule in the Kiev princedom. Victory of Izyaslav Mstislavich in the Battle of Ruth 1151 r. actually meant that I would win the fight for the Kievan princedom. The new intensified struggle for the Kiev princedom fell at the very hour after the death of Izyaslav Mstislavich (from 13 to 11/14/1154) and Vyacheslav Volodymyrovich (born 1154) and ended with the conquest of the Kiev Yura I Dolgoruky (1155-57). The death of the remaining one changed the balance of power during the struggle for the Kiev throne among the Monomakhovichs. All the Volodimirovichs died, the Mstislavichs lost all two (the Smolensk prince Rostislav Mstislavich and his younger half-brother Volodymyr Mstislavich, who did not play a significant political role), the Pivnichno-Skhidnaya Rus' position was strengthened and Prince Andrey Yuriyovich Bogolyubsky, coalitions of blues gradually formed (in later generations) Izyaslav Mstislavich - Volyn Izyaslavichs and blues (later - nashchadki in the next generations) Rostislav Mstislavich - Smolensk Rostislavichs.

During the short reign of the Chernigiv prince Izyaslav Davidovich (1157-1158), from the Kiev princedom the Turiv princedom was assigned, to which Prince Yuri Yaroslavovich, who had previously been in service, was buried. and from Yuri Dolgoruky (onuk of the Volodymyr-Volinsky prince). It is clear that at this very moment, from the warehouse of the Kiev princedom to the Volodymyr-Volinsky princedom, the Beresteyska volost remnant passed. Already in 1158, the Monomakhovichs reclaimed the princedom of Kiev. Rostislav Mstislavich, Kievskiy Prince Z 12.4.1159 to 8.2.1161 T 6.3.1161 to 14.3.1167, cutting off the worship of the number of fictions to the Vladimir Kyiva prince I Bagato in the reach of his gear. Under his rule and the rule of his Sins in 1161-67 there were, around the Kiev Principality, the Smolensk Principality and the Novgorod Republic; Rostislav's allies and vassals were the princes of Volodymyr-Volinsky, Lutsk, Galich, Pereyaslavl; The suzerainty of the Rostislavichs expanded in Polotsk and the Vitebsk principality. The eldership of Rostislav Mstislavich was also recognized by the Volodymyr Prince Andriy Yuriyovich Bogolyubsky. The closest relatives and allies of Rostislav Mstislavich captured new tribes on the territory of the Kiev Principality.

With the death of Rostislav Mstislavich, among the contenders for the Kiev princedom, the prince was not lost, who would have such authority among his relatives and vassals. In connection with this, the status of the Kiev prince changed: from 1167 to 1174, he was constantly acting as a guarantor in the fight against these and other princely groupings and other princes who were spiraling in support ku meshkans of Kiev and the population of the active lands of the Kiev princedom (for example, Porosya Pogorinnya). At the same time, the death of Rostislav Mstislavich upset the oldest among Volodymyr Monomakh, Prince Andriy Bogolyubsky of Volodymyr (the younger son of Mstislav the Great - Prince Volodymyr Mstislavich - not being a serious political figure and being young for his cousin brother). The campaign against the Principality of Kiev in 1169 was the result of the military coalition created by Andriy Bogolyubsky, ending with the three-day defeat of Kiev (12-15.3.1169). Kiyva, the forces of Andriya Bogolyubsky, that fact, the VIN himself, without taking the Kyivsky Stil, but transferring Yogo to the young brother Glіbu Yuriovich (1169-70, 1170-71), dubbing the serpent of the Kyivsky princes half the status. First of all, now the eldership, accepted for the Volodymyr princes, was no longer connected with the activities of the Kiev table (starting from the autumn of 1173, only one of Yuri Dolgoruky’s rulers took the Kiev table - Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich 1236-38). In another way, since the beginning of the 1170s, the role of the Kiev Council in making key political decisions, including the selection of candidates for the Kiev Council, has seriously changed. Afterwards 1170 rub. The main part of Pogorinya gradually increased to the sphere of the influx of the Volodymyr-Volinsky principality. The suzerainty of Andriy Bogolyubsky over the Kiev princedom was preserved until 1173, when after the conflict between the Rostislavichs and Andriy Bogolyubsky, the military prince David Rostislavich and the Belgorod prince Mstislav Rostisl HIV. Stislavich and Prince Vsevolod Yuriyovich Great Nest - and transferred the Kiev throne to their brother - Prince of Ovrut Rurik Rostislavich. Spring blight RUR 1,173 The whole new coalition, sent to Kiev by Andriy Bogolyubsky, meant the remnant of the Kiev princedom from its influx.

The Ki-ev-ske-prince-st-vo is the sphere of the southern-Russian princes.

For the princes of Pivdennaya Rus, the employment of the Kiev table continued to associate with their elders right up to the mid-1230s (the inclusion was made possible by the installation of the Galician-Volinsky prince Roman Mstislavich in 1201-05 and over the Principality of Kiev, control is similar to that of Andriy 73). The history of the Kiev princedom in 1174-1240 is essentially a struggle for the new (then subsides, then flares up again) two princely coalitions - the Rostislavichs and the Chernigov Olgovichi period 1201-05). For many years, the key figure in this struggle was Rurik Rostislavich (Kiev prince at Bereznya - Veresny 1173, 1180–81, 1194–1201, 1203–04, 1205–06, 1206–07, 12 07–10). In 1181-94, the Kievan Principality had a “duumvirate” of Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich and Rurik Rostislavich: Svyatoslav took away Kiev and the nominal eldership, but with which the entire territory of the Kievan Principality fell asleep under the rule of Rurik. The sudden increase in the political influx of the Volodymyr prince Vsevolod the Great Nest made the pristine Russian princes officially recognize their eldership (equivalently, 1194 on the birth of the Kiev prince Rurik Rostislavich and Smolensk Prince David Rostislavich), but this did not change the independence of the rulers. At the same time, the problem of “communion” arose - recognition by the elders, Vsevolod the Great Nizdo at 1195 r. Having seized for themselves a “part” in the territory of the Kiev princedom, which led to the conflict, fragments of the place that they wanted to recapture (Torchesk, Korsun, Boguslavl, Trepol, Kaniv)), the Kiev prince Rurik Rostislavich wounded having already handed over from Volodin to his son-in-law - Volodymyr-Volinsky Prince Roman Mstislavich. The Kiev prince took the necessary places from Roman Mstislavich, which led to a conflict between them, which they overpowered (in 1196, the Volodymyr-Volinsky prince actually deprived his first squad - the daughter of Rurik R Ostislavich Predslav) and in what way signified the political nature of the princedom between 12-13 centuries. Conflict of interests of Roman Mstislavich (who united the Volodymyr-Volinsky and Galician principalities in 1199) and Rurik Rostislavich summoned until the death of the rest and the appearance on the Kiev table of Roman Mstislavich’s protégé - the Lutsk prince Ingvarya102 Yaroslav2.

1-2.1.1203 the capture of the military Rurik Rostislavich, the Chernigov Olgovichs and the Polovtsians subjected Kiev to a new defeat. For a cob 1204 rub. Roman Mstislavich married Rurik Rostislavich, his squad and daughter Predslava (his huge squad) to take black tonsure, and Rurik’s sons - Rostislav Rurikovich and Volodimir Rurikovich were buried in the villages of Galich. However, after a diplomatic handover from the situation of Rostislav Rurikovich’s father-in-law, the Volodymyr prince Vsevolod the Great Nest, Roman Mstislavich had the opportunity to transfer the Kievan princedom to Rostislav (1204–05). The death of Roman Mstislavich in Poland (19.6.1205) gave Rurik Rostislavich the opportunity to restart the fight for the Kiev throne, now with the Chernigov prince Vsevolod Svyatoslavich Chermny (Kiev prince in 1206, 1207, 1 210-12). From 1212-36 the Principality of Kiev was ruled only by the Rostislavichs (Mstislav Romanovich the Stary from 1212-23, Volodymyr Rurikovich from 1223-35 and 1235-36, Izyaslav Mstislavich from 1235). In the first third of the 13th century, the “Bolokhov Land” became practically independent from the Kievan Principality, which turned into a buffer zone between the Kievan Principality, Galician and Volodymyr-Volinsky principalities. At 1236 rub. Volodimir Rurikovich renounced the Kiev princedom to the Novgorod prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, most likely, in exchange for support when taking the Smolensk table.

After the death of the Kiev prince Yaroslav the Wise in 1054, the process of disintegration of a single power began in Russia. Similar ideas were obtained from Europe. This was the hidden trend of the feudal Middle East. Step by step, Rus' was divided into a number of de facto independent principalities with ancient traditions, culture and the Rurik dynasty. It became the most important year for the region in 1132, when Mstislav the Great died. Historians honor this very date with the beginning of political fragmentation that has remained in place. In this country, Rus' arose until the middle of the 13th century, when it survived the invasion of the Mongol-Tatar armies.

Kiev land

Throughout the rich fates of the princedoms of ancient Russia, they divided, merged, and changed the rulers of the Rurik dynasty. bud. Prote, despite the confusion of these parts, we can name a few key lobes that played the most important role in the life of the region. However, after the actual disintegration of the de jure, the Kiev prince himself was respected by his elders.

Control over the “motherland of the Russians” was sought to be established by different rulers. Therefore, as the appanage principalities of ancient Russia lost their declining dynasties, Kiev most often passed from hand to hand. After the death of Mstislav Volodimirovich in 1132, the place of misfortune became the power of the Chernihiv Rurikovichs. This did not control other representatives of the dynasty. Through the coming wars, Kiev immediately ceased to control the Pereyaslavl, Turivsky and Volodymyr-Volinsky principalities, and then (1169) and was completely plundered by the army of Andrey Bogolyubsky and the rest of its political significance was lost Nya.

Chernihiv

Ancient Rus' on the Chernigiv land lay on the land of Svyatoslav Yaroslavovich. The stench of the conflict with Kiev has been around for a troubling hour. For several decades, the Chernigov dynasty was divided into two groups: Olgovichi and Davidovich. With each generation, more and more new pet princedoms emerged, which sprang up around Chernigov (Novgorod-Siversk, Bryansk, Kursk, etc.).

Historians regard Svyatoslav Olgovich as the most beautiful ruler of this region. Having been an ally of Sama, the history of the capital of Russia, confirmed by chronicles, began at the allied banquet in Moscow in 1147. If the principalities of ancient Russia united in the fight against the Mongols, who showed up at the gathering, then the rulers of the Chernigov land came out at once from the Rurikovich’s decision and recognized defeats in the bulk of stepoviki torus Not all of the princedom collapsed, but only a part of it. Protean recognized himself as a vassal of the Golden Horde (after the painful death of Mikhail Vsevolodovich). In the 14th century, Chernihiv at once had a lot of neighboring places and was connected to Lithuania.

Polotsk region

Polotsk was ruled by the Izyaslavichs (the land of Izyaslav Volodimirovich). This little girl of the Rurikovichs was previously seen as others. In addition, Polotsk was the first to start a fierce struggle for independence from Kiev. This kind of war lasted until the beginning of the 11th century.

Like other principalities of ancient Russia during the period of fragmentation, Polotsk was subsequently split into a number of smaller divisions (Vitebsk, Minsk, Drutsk etc.). As a result of the wars and dynastic whores, part of these places passed to the Smolensk Rurikovichs. But the worst opponents of Polotsk, without question, were the Lithuanians. From the beginning, these Baltic tribes controlled predatory raids on the land. Then the stench went on to conquer. In 1307, Polotsk remained a part of the Lithuanian state, which was gaining strength.

Wolin

In Volina (latest day of modern Ukraine) there were two great political centers - Volodymyr-Volinsky and Galich. Having become independent from Kiev, these principalities began to compete one after another for leadership in the region. At the end of the 12th century, Roman Mstislavovich united two places. His princedom took away the name of Galicia-Volinsky. The influx of the monarch was so great that it gave an end to the Byzantine Emperor Alexius III, who was driven from Constantinople by the Crusaders.

Roman Danilo's son, with his glory, overshadowed his father's successes. He successfully fought against the Poles, Ugricians and Mongols, periodically forming alliances with his neighbors. In 1254, Danilo received the title of King of Russia from the Pope and relied on the assistance of Western Europe in the fight against the Stepovians. After his death, the Galician-Volinsky principality fell into ruins. At first it fell apart into a bunch of pieces, and then it was buried by Poland. The fragmentation of Old Russia, whose principalities were constantly at war with each other, encouraged her to fight against external threats.

Smolensk region

The Principality of Smolensk was located near the geographical center of Russia. Vono became independent for the son of Mstislav the Great Rostislav. At the end of the 12th century, the principality of Ancient Russia again began the fight for Kiev. The main contenders for power in the old capital were the Smolensk and Chernigov rulers.

The peaks of power of Rostislav's land reached Mstislav Romanovich. At 1214-1223 pp. He ruled not only Smolensk, but also Kiev. This prince himself was the initiator of the first anti-Mongol coalition, which recognized the defeats in Kaltsia. Over the years, Smolensk suffered the least amount of damage and fell under pressure. His rulers paid tribute to the Golden Horde. The princely state appeared squeezed between Lithuania and Moscow, which was gaining influx. Independence in such minds could not last long. As a result of this 1404 fate, the Lithuanian prince Vitovt naturally annexed Smolensk to his volodyas.

Outpost on Otsi

The Ryazan princedom occupied lands on the Middle Otsia. This was seen from the Volodya of the Chernihiv rulers. In the 1160s, rocks near Ryazan became the subject of Murom. The Mongolian invasion hit this region hard. Residents, princes, principalities of ancient Russia did not understand the threat that resembled similar conquerors. At 1237 rub. Ryazan was first destroyed by the steppes from the Russian lands. In the future, the princedom fought with Moscow and gained strength. For example, the Ryazan Emperor Oleg Ivanovich was Dmitry Donsky’s opponent for a long time. Postuvo Ryazan gave positions. The vessel was brought to Moscow in 1521 years.

Novgorod Republic

The historical characteristics of the principalities of Old Russia can be repeated without the riddle about the Novgorod Republic. This power lived consistently until its special political and suspenseful dispensation. Here an aristocratic republic was established due to the strong influx of popular war. The princes were elected military leaders (they were asked from other Russian lands).

Such a political system developed in Pskov, which was called “the younger brother of Novgorod.” These two places were centers of international trade. Aligned with other Russian political centers, they have the least contacts with Western Europe. After the Baltics were invaded by the Catholic armies, serious friction began between the leaders and Novgorod. This struggle reached its apogee in the 1240s. Both the Swedes and the Germans were split by Prince Alexander Nevsky. Once the historical march from Ancient Russia to the Great Republic was completed, the Republic lost its life with Ivan III. He conquered Novgorod in 1478.

Pivnichno-Skhidna Rus

The first political centers of Pivnichno-Skhidna Rus in the 11th-12th centuries. Buli Rostov, Suzdal and Volodymyr. Here the rulers of Monomakh and his young son Yuri Dolgoruky ruled. The attackers of Father Andriy Bogolyubsky and Vsevolod the Great Nest crushed the authority of the Volodymyr princedom, making it the strongest and most powerful in the fragmentation of Russia.

Under the children of Vsevolod the Great Nest, great things began and the first separate princedoms began to appear. These great hardships came from Pivnichno-Skhidna Rus' simultaneously with the Mongols. The nomads ravaged this region and burned a lot of places. At the hour of the Ordina panunah, the khans were recognized as elders throughout Russia. The edits were placed there by those who removed the special label.

The fight for Volodymyr saw two new opponents: Tver and Moscow. The peak of the current period fell on the beginning of the 14th century. Moscow turned out to be a successor to this supernatural power. Step by step, these princes united Pivnichno-Skhidna Rus', broke the Mongol-Tatar yoke and created a single Russian state (Ivan the Terrible became its first king in 1547).

Before the Principality of Kiev, then step by step its role as the political center of Russia changed, the importance of Kiev as the center of Russian lands was lost. This, however, did not allow the rich princes to enter into the struggle for the Kiev throne.

After the death in 1132 of Volodymyr Monomakh's eldest son, Prince Mstislav the Great, the Kiev throne passed to Monomakh's successor son Yaropolk (1132-1138), and then to his younger brother Vyacheslav of Turov (attendant to Ale Monomakh) Shichiv consider Kiev as their own The "primordial" Volodynia fought against the side of the Chernigiv Olgovichi. In 1139, the eldest of them, Vsevolod Olegovich, buried the Kiev throne, and before his death in 1146, he entrusted it to his brother Igor. fell after the rebellion of the Kiev, the leader of Monomakh - Izyaslav Mstislavich His uncle, the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Volodimirovich Dolgoruky, began to feel his rule. The European coalition in Galich only after the death of Izyaslav in 1154 Rotsi Yuri Zavolodiv place.

In 1160, the Kiev throne was occupied by the Chernigov and Smolensk prince Rostislav Mstislavich, who ruled until his death in 1167. In the next decade, the princes on the Kiev throne changed 12 times. In 1180, Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky began to rule in Kiev (until 1194).

In the XIII century. The principality falls, the population begins to leave for the day. Danilo Romanovich Galitsky, who reached the hands of the ruler of Kiev shortly before the capture of him by Batiy, had already identified his mayor with the boyars.

During this period, the boyars played a special role in socio-political life, and their role is most clearly revealed by the aspects of mutual relations with the princely dominion and the cross-border communities. In addition, during this same historical period in Galician-Volinsky Russia, the formation of the boyar duma was taking place, and its activity began. This place in the system of state institutions was even more noticeable.

The foreign political ties of Western Russia also played a great role, let us first talk about the wars with the Ugorshchina and Poland. In general, the role of foreign political officials in the development of the region was even greater.

As for the political practice of the community, there has been a great influx of norms of traditional knowledge, religious-mythological stereotypes, mentality and behavior.

An analysis of the socio-political history of Galician-Volynsky Rus shows that the main part of the history of Galician-Volynsky Rus is the process of formation and development of internal communal drainages - the fundamental basis of the a strong and sovereign order for all ancient Russian lands-volosts in the period before the Mongol invasion and the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

Community life and the sovereign order at that time were in the shadows of the territorial community, and class divisions were no longer beginning to take shape and could not yet destroy communal unity, change the democratic nature of the ruling and sovereign institutions.

The Kievan princedom was seen with the beginnings of feudal fragmentation from the Old Russian state in the 30s. 12 tbsp. The territory of the Kiev princedom cultivated the lands of the glades and Drevlyans along the Dnieper and its tributaries - Pripyat, Teterev, Irpen and Ross and part of the left bank opposite Kiev. The strengthening of other feudal principalities and the intense struggle between the princes led to the burial of Kiev by the armies of Andriy Bogolyubsky and the transfer of the Grand Duke's throne to Volodymyr. K. was seriously injured before. under the hour of the Mongol-Tatar invasion (1240). The other half has 13 tbsp. The Kiev princely throne became unoccupied. U 1362 Do. before. was included in the warehouse of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Although the political center of Russian lands lost its significance, Kiev retained its historical glory as the “mother of Russian cities.” Having lost the church center of Russian lands. Here were the greatest number of great Volodar patrimonial dominions and the greatest number of origian lands. In Kiev itself and in the places of the Kiev land - Vishgorod, Bilgorod, Vasilyev, Turov, Vitichev and others, as before, thousands of craftsmen practiced, whose crafts were famous not only in Russia , and far beyond these boundaries.

The death of Mstislav the Great in 1132 and the subsequent struggle for the Kiev throne between the Monomakhovichs and Olgovichs became a turning point in the history of Kiev. Same in the 30-40s of the 12th century. Having irrevocably lost control over the Rostov-Suzdal land, ruled by the energetic and power-hungry Yuri Dolgoruky, over Novgorod and Smolensk, the boyars themselves began to select their own princes. After the death of Monomakh's son Mstislav the Great (1132), Kiev became the apple of brotherhood between the princes and the arena of numerous strife until 1169. The place was burned and plundered by Bogolyubsky’s warriors. Some of the kiyans blamed him, and some of them took him to captivity. The importance of Kiev as the political center of Russian lands began to decline. After the Chergovaya struggle, the Kiev throne passed to Prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, son of Oleg Chernigovsky. The author of the Lay describes him as a powerful and powerful prince, who was the authority for all Russian lands. He himself, having reasoned with his cousin, the young prince Igor, the hero of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” to plan a campaign against the Polovtsians and to prepare for the collection of the Russian forces. However, Igor Svyatoslavich did not listen to the voice of the protective princes and, without preparation, destroyed the steppes, which condemned him to defeat. For the Kiev land, the great European politics of the past, long campaigns in the heart of Europe, in the Balkans, Byzantium and Skhid, were lost. Now Kiev’s foreign policy is divided into two directions: the extremely desperate struggle against the Polovtsians is causing trouble. In addition, the Volodymyr-Suzdal princedom is becoming a new strong enemy, as with the death of Yuri Dolgoruky Pereyaslavl sank and now threatened Kiev. After the death of Yuri Dolgoruky, the throne of Volodymyr-Suzdal passed to his son Andrey Bogolyubsky, who at the age of 60 had already claimed the rights of the senior prince to Kiev. The Volodymyr-Suzdal prince approached Kiev in 1169 with his allies, other princes. After the Triday, the warriors of the princes, who surrounded Kiev, escaped into the city. For the first time in its history, Kiev was taken “on the shield” and not by foreign enemies, not by the Pechenigs, Torks and Polovtsians, but by the Russians themselves. However, the storm passed and Kiev, unfazed by this cruel defeat, continued to live the life of the capital of the Grand Duchy. Andrey Bogolyubsky, who subjugated Kiev and officially relinquished the title of Grand Duke of Kiev without moving there; He gave the princedom of Kiev to his brother Glib, and after his death to the Smolensk prince Roman Rostislavich (1172). Due to the stability and prosperity of the Kiev princedom, the princedom of Kiev fell for the already known Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich (1180-1194), who shared the power of the princedom with his joint ruler Rurik Rostislavich. Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich launched a powerful campaign against the Polovtsian Khan Kobyak in 1183. So the Kiev boyars sometimes united on the throne representatives of the warring princely clans and created unique feuds. If Svyatoslav died, then Rurik Rostislavich on the cob of the XIII century. sharing power with Roman Mstislavich Volinsky, who laid claim to the Kiev throne, the great-great-grandson of Monomakh. Then a struggle began between the rulers. And once again, the Volodymyr-Suzdal prince, the once famous Vsevolod the Great Nest, the brother of Andriy Bogolyubsky, who was killed at that time, intruded before the Kiev documents. During the struggle between the opposing sides, Kiev passed from hand to hand several times. By the way, Rurik moved, burned Podil, plundered the St. Sophia Cathedral and the Church of the Tithes - Russian shrines. His allies, the Polovtsians, plundered the Kiev land, led people away from the villages, cut down the old Chens at the monasteries, and “the young monks, squads and daughters of the Kiyans were taken from their camps.” This is how his recent ruler plundered his place. Then Roman buried Rurik in full and tonsured him and his entire homeland among the Chents. And suddenly he died and a new victory: he was killed by the Poles at the hour of watering, because he had gone far before the hour of recuperation at his last Volodynia. Tse bulo 1205 roku. In the fire of internecine struggle, one by one, Russian princes perished, Russian places burned.

Preventive war - self-destruction through fear of death

Otto von Bismarck

The Galician-Volinsky principality was dissolved from the western part of Russia. With the beginnings of feudal fragmentation, the princedom strengthened under the Kiev rule and really laid claim to a major role in Russia. This princedom was marked by the presence of native soils, forests, trade routes and a specific management system.

Princes

Princes of the Galician-Volinsky principality:

• Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153-1187). Ruled in Galicia.
• Roman Mstislavich. In 1170 he ruled Volina, and in 1199 he reorganized Galich, creating a unified princedom. Ruled until 1205 roku.
• Danilo Romanovich. 1205-1219 – reigned under the guardianship of the mother. Dali is independent government.

During the hours of fragmentation, the boyars fell in a great influx. It must be said that both Roman Mstislavich and Danilo Romanovich waged their main struggle not with the judicial princes and kingdoms, but with the powerful boyars. The results were not the best. In 1205, after the death of Roman, his young children were expelled from the principality. A leapfrog began with the requests of the rulers. It got to the point that for a very long time the boyar Volodislav Kormilichich became the prince of the Galicia-Volinsky principality. This will indeed be a unique episode of the local interruption of the Rurik dynasty in the neighboring principality.

In 1254 Danilo voted himself king, and the princedom became a kingdom. After the death of the prince-king in 1264, the principality split into a number of separate regions, which continued until 1352, when Galicia passed to Poland, Wolin to Lithuania.

Rozvitok

The Galician-Volinsky principality, which developed in the 12-13th century, can be traced back to the current main dates:

• 1199 – united into a single principality. To this point there are 2 centers - Volin and Galich.
• 1214 - Silk Treaty between the Ugric Region and Poland. The Ugrians planned to take Skhidna Galicia, and the Poles planned to take Zakhidna.
• 1234 – Mikhailo Vsevolodovich Chernigovsky occupied Galich.
• 1236 – Danilo Romanovich starts choking Galich.
• 1240 – Kiev will burst into flames.
• 1264 - the principality was divided into countless others.
• 1352 – Poland conquered Galicia, and Lithuania conquered Volin.

The distant geographical location of the princedom led to constant attempts by the Susids to occupy this territory. There is no less talk about the fight against other pet principalities, but also about the struggle against Lithuania, the Ugrian region and Poland. All these lands repeatedly fought military campaigns against the princedom.

Geographical position of the earth

The Galician-Volinsky principality grew out of the western part of Russia between the Dniester and the Prut, as well as from the exit to the Carpathians. The main characteristic of the geographical position of the principality is the presence of a mild climate and native lands. Here were black lands, great forests and deposits of rock salt, which was always rich in wealth for the princedom. The chronicles indicate that people traded with Byzantium, Poland, the Czech Republic and other countries.

Susidi of the Galicia-Volinsky principality:

• Ugric Kingdom
• Kingdom of Poland
• Duchy of Lithuania
• Princedom of Polotsk
• Turovo-Pinsk Principality
• Kievan Principality
• Polovtsian steppes

Today, undeveloped lands were being reclaimed, including not only the Galician-Volyn princes, but also the Polovtsians and the Ugrian peoples.

Great places: Galich, Volodymyr-Volinsky, Berestye, Lutsk, Lviv, Dorogobuzh, Terebovl.

Map

Map of the Galician-Volinsky principality with geographical distributions along the borders of Pitomaya Rus.

Economic development

The peculiarities of the economic development of the Galicia-Volinsky principality depend on the geographical location. The native lands contributed little to the wealth of the region, but what was more important was the availability of salt bottles, the trade of which brought enormous sums of money to the treasury. Another important economic feature of the region is that international trade routes passed through the princedom.

Culture

The Galician-Volinsky principality achieved the development of chronicle writing. At the end of this process, the reign of Danil Romanovich fell. Whose prince is called in the chronicles an ideal ruler, and also a miraculous warrior: we praise him for being fearless and wise. If you look at the chronicles of these lands, then the stench is more likely to tell you the truth. Just as in other chronicles there is an overexposure of facts and ideas, in this case the situation is different - the whole story is in the form of evidence.

The architecture of Galich and Volina is unique. It was influenced by European culture, as well as the proximity of Kiev to its traditions. As a result, a marvelous coloring was achieved, and the places began to marvel with their beauty and sophistication. Architects in everyday life chose barvy glass that allows light to pass through, embellishment in the middle and light, relief images, gilding and much more. There were many places that contributed to the culture.

Features

The political features of the Galicia-Volinsky principality depend on the management system. Schematically, it can be shown as a horizontal straight line.

Vlada, however, was divided between the prince, the prince and the boyars. That is why the position of the boyars was so strong, and that is why the struggle for power between rich people and the prince was raging. Even in other great principalities, the knitted fabrics of government were worn out, sometimes standing at the top and taking on a major role. No princedom had this.

The hidden features of the development of the princedom during the hour of feudal fragmentation (11-13 centuries):

• The fight against Kiev for supremacy in Russia
• The production of salt is active.
• There is a great number of rills and forests.
• Foreign trade is active and space for this market is growing.