I thought it up at home. People's lives were first inspired. A vein of ancient Indian culture

The first little guy

Today it is simply impossible to see the lives of people without troubles and disputes. No one can live without a life. No matter what level of cultural development, no matter what level of cultural development, she would have a different life - from luxurious apartments to a heavenly basement. Tsikavo, who was the first to come up with these little booths, and who was the first one?

Pechera for people

Who is smart enough to think that the first home for people, let alone the first one, was the stove.

Not quite like that. The dark and gray ovens were unsuitable for life. As people climbed there, in some special emergencies - attacks by some primal creatures and severe cold, wind and rain. Of course, these were far from the most beautiful little houses in the world. Ovens were also used for religious rituals.

Lived through misfortune

Also, the biggest budins were not even baked. To this day, these ancient everyday life, of course, have not been preserved, but it is possible to “reconstruct” their appearance by getting to know the everyday life of current tribes, whose lives are as close as possible to their originality.

Also, surviving in a warm climate, people lived not in their houses, but in what were called wind barriers. The materials used for everyday life were gilts, tree bark, and grass. Such a butt is only possible when it comes to mischief, but not at all because of insecurity.

Change in way of living

And only then, when people changed the nomadic way of life for asses, the newest everyday life appeared. They were kurens and khatins, woven from thin needles. And those who did not sit in a place, but, as before, had to wander, learned to use portable huts of plans. The axis of how they were: they jugged the “frame” from the meat and great brushes of creatures, for example, mammoths. This “frame” was hung with the skins of killed animals in cold weather and with tree bark in warm weather. This “budinochok” is, as they called it, portable, or portable.

Like all living things that suffer from over-drying, people require a temporary and permanent shelter to sleep in order to protect themselves from weather and attacks from animals and other people. That's why turbos about life, along with turbos about life and clothes, are to blame, first for everything, to praise the mind of the first person. In the drawings of the primary culture, we were told that among the stone people, people carved like pechers, tree hollows, rock crevices, etc. natural analogues, and by cultivating different types of life, which can be found in the current peoples of all areas of culture. From these hours, when people gave up the ability to mine metals, their everyday activity quickly moved forward, subsiding and securing other cultural achievements.

“If you think about birds’ nests, about beavers paddling, about platforms in trees for mowing mawpi, then it is unlikely that you can assume that people would never be able to control their own butts of this or that kind” (E. B. Taylor, “ Anthropology"). If you haven’t been in control for a long time, then the one who, moving from place to place, may find a stove, a hollow or another natural socket. The Afro-African Bushmen live in mountain stoves and smoke their own smoke. In place of creatures that are made up of only one species, people create, at the same time from local minds, disputes of different types and step by step improve them.

Since the forefathers of people were in the tropical region, the first human species appeared there. This is not a chicken, but a canopy with a screen made of two stakes built to the ground with a transverse crossbar, until the branches of wood and the majestic leaves of tropical palms were draped from the windward side. From the ventilated side there is a lot of food burning, which is used to cook hedgehogs, and to keep the family warm in cold weather. This is how the Tubilians of central Brazil lived, who walk completely naked, and the Australians, and sometimes the daily mislives in the forest forests. The next crop of the wet life is a round chicken with shoots growing near the ground with thick leaves, knitted or intertwined with tops, which are placed above the head near the ground. Our round garden gazebos, covered with pebbles, bear a great resemblance to such a smoking of wild birds.

People from the Brazilian Indians put even more effort into the work, collecting the fragments from the young trees tied with the tops or the poles of the bushes erected in the ground, which are then covered with large palm leaves. The same smokers and Australians hang out at every dry stop, covering the bones and legs with bark, leaves, grass, and sometimes apply turf or coat the chicken with clay.

Thus, the winemaking and development of the round smoking is on the right simple and accessible to most advanced peoples. As soon as the wandering minds carry the poles and the cover of the smoker with them, it turns into a tent that cultured peoples cover with skins, either completely or with canvas.

The round chicken is so tight that you can only lie or sit on your back in it. An important improvement was the placement of the smoking area on a platform or a wall made of intertwined gilts and earth, so that the formation of round huts, which were once in Europe, are growing and are now growing in Africa and other parts of the world. To increase the capacity of the round hut, a hole was dug in the middle. This excavation of the interior reminded us of the damp walls of the smoke from the ground, and it turned into a dugout with a final flat entrance from the villages of trunks, khmiza, turf and stone, which was applied to the beast for protection from fires wind.

The great goal of the future was the replacement of round huts with narrow wooden huts, the walls of which were more valuable than earthen walls, which could easily be washed away with planks. Already, solid wooden walls with horizontally placed logs appeared immediately and not immediately; Their collaboration only became possible when metal juice was prepared and they drank. For a long time, their walls were built from vertical pillars, the spaces between them were covered with turf or intertwined wicker, sometimes coated with clay. With a meta zahista nyd people, Zviriv il Rosliviv Richk, they got to know the Know-to-Knoyami in the readers of the spit on the valves of Chi Palya, Yaki, now itching on the hinges of the Malaysky Archipelga I in the Baghahi Msziy.

Now, doors and windows have appeared for the improvement of human life. The doors will long be deprived of the single opening of the primary vein; Later, light-colored openings or windows appear, in which and now in many places there is a mixture of glass wool, mica, ice, etc. bad weather. Even more important, it was necessary to add a cavity and bake the oven in the middle of the house, since the cavity not only allows you to maintain the temperature in the room, but also dry and ventilate it, making the room more hygienic.

Types of inhabitants of cultural nations: 1) the old Germanic booths; 2) the vein of the Franks; 3) Japanese booth; 4) Egyptian booth; 5) Etrusian budinok; 6) ancient Greek budinok; 7) ancient Roman booth; 8) an old French booth; 9) Arabic booth; 10) English mansion.

The types of wood from different times and peoples are extremely different. Clay and stone are cut with no less diversity and even greater diversity. A wooden house or hut will be easier than a fireplace, and, of course, the fireplace architecture will be more simple than wood. The rocks, beams and columns of stone beads are undoubtedly copied from similar wooden forms, but, obviously, on this basis it is not possible to capture the independent development of stone architecture and explain everything in it inheritance.

The first people lived on natural stoves for a living, and then began to power their own artificial stoves where the meat of the Georgian rocks lay. In present-day Palestine, entire ancient cave sites, hanging on the same rocks, have been preserved.

Piece-shaped liver veins still serve as a culvert for people in China, ancient Africa and other places. However, such life may be surrounded by a wider area and appear there, where people are no longer able to cope with high technology.

It is certain that the life of the first Kamyans was the same as that found in the Australians and in many other places. Australians will build the walls of their huts from stones selected from the ground, not connected to each other in any way. Since it is impossible to find the same material from uncut stones in the form of slabs of shaggy rocks, people began to grind the stones with clay. Round huts made of uncut stone, cemented with clay, are now growing in pristine Syria. Such huts are made from unbroken stone, as well as molded from clay, river mule and brood, both in shape and being the cob of dry stone spores.

Over time, the stones began to be cut so that they could be adjusted one by one. With great importance and great care, the daily task was to trim the stone in the form of straight stone slabs, which were laid in regular rows. Such precision in trimming stone shavers was achieved in ancient Egypt. The cement for holding the stone slabs together had not been used for a long time, and was not needed, the floors of the slabs fit together one by one. Cement, however, has long become known to the ancient world. The Romans used the primary cement from water and sand, and water-drying cement, which was added to volcanic mud.

In the countries where there was little stone, and there was a dry climate, there was much more clay or brood mixed with straw, the scraps smelled cheaper and were worth more than wood. Sun-dried loam from fatty clay mixed with straw has been produced since ancient times. The spread of such targets is now widespread in the dry regions of the Old World and in Mexico. The whole tiles were scorched, necessary for regions with a prehistoric climate, which were later used, improved by the ancient Romans.

The stones were once covered with outline, straw, wood, the frame of the tree and are now made of wood; wooden beams have now begun to be replaced with metal ones. A long time ago, people came up with the idea of ​​first destroying the crypts, and then the right crypts. In the crypt crypts, stone slabs were placed in front of the two convergences, until the tops of these convergences met the floors so that they could to cover with one whole; It’s such a wonderful thing to make children from wooden cubes. The similarity of the crypts can be seen in the Egyptian pyramids, the ruins of Central America and the temples of India. The hour and place of the true crypt is unknown; the ancient Greeks did not experience this. It was brought into practice and brought to perfection by the Romans: from Roman bridges, domes and halls with crypts, all the later centuries of this kind appeared. People lived to serve additionally until their clothes and so, as well as clothes, lie under the climate and geographical middle ground. Therefore, in the different galuzes of the earth’s cool, we find the importance of different types of life.

In areas with a hot and dry climate, inhabited by naked, sleepy or lightly dressed people, life is not considered so for warmth, but plays a role in protecting against tropical storms. That's why the living here is light kuren or hutini, covered with straw, bamboo, ocher and palm leaves. In the sandy and dry areas, deserts and deserted assholes, the population lives in clay huts with a flat earthen hut, which is well protected from the sleepy sand, and the nomads in Africa and Arabia live in tents and tents.

There are less wet areas due to the average river temperature of 10° to + 20°C. In Europe and America, thin walled stone booths, covered with straw, tiles, and tiles, are preferred; in Korea, China and Japan, thin-walled wooden booths, covered with bamboo, are preferred. The remaining areas feature a variety of Japanese huts with rustic internal partitions and external walls with mats and frames that can be hung, allowing access to the air and light. And giving the opportunity to the locals to be thrown into the streets by an earthquake. Thin-walled booths of the European-American type have single frames, daily stoves or fireplaces, and at the Chinese-Japanese gathering - hot plates and braziers. In the dry localities of this region, the population rests in the same stone houses with flat holes as in dry tropical regions. The smokehouses here stagnate in the spring, in the spring and in the spring. Nomads live here for the winter in dugouts, and live in permanent tents or yurts, which are made of wood.

In areas with average river temperatures of 0° to +10° C, maintaining warmth in the living area plays a major role; So look at the solid-walled wooden buildings here, on the foundation, with stoves and hanging frames, with the stele covered with a beastly ball of sand and clay and with a hanging base. The dakhs are covered with straw, planks and shingles (shingles), roofing felt, tiles and roofing. The area of ​​heavy-duty booths with slimy dust is also the area of ​​American rich surface booths, most notably the American “gloomy cats” with dozens of surfaces. It’s a waste of nomads to live here in dugouts and permanent yurts, and the wandering myslivts of the forest forests in kurens lined with deer skins and birch bark.

Smuga with low river temperatures is characterized by warm winter wooden huts made of wood, and above all, in the tundra region, among polar nomads and fishermen - portable tents and plagues, hard deer, fish and seal skins. Active polar peoples, for example, the Koryaks, have to live in dug-out pits near the ground and lined pits in the middle with logs, over which there is a gate, which serves as an exit for the entrance and exit to the living quarters at regular and permanent gatherings.

In the past, people create a variety of spores to save supplies, to house domestic animals, for their labor activity, for various collections, etc. The types of these disputes are extremely diverse, depending on geographical, lordly and everyday minds.

The wanderings of nomads and wandering myslians are not fenced off in any way, but after the transition to settlement, there are fenced-off gardens, plots occupied by cultivated vegetation, or designated for corralling and herding thinness.

These types of fences should be stored during the preparation of this or other materials. There are stinks of earthlings (valleys, ditches and ditches), wickerwork, poles, boards, stones, from thorny tea-gardens and, arbors, from thorny drows. In mountainous areas, for example, in Crimea and the Caucasus, stone walls are preferred, in forest-steppe smoothies – mud; in wooded areas with small open spaces, fences are covered with poles and stakes, and in places with boulders. Before the fence, one can see not only gardens and village parks, but also the wooden and stone walls of ancient places, as well as long fortifications that were fought over in ancient times to protect entire powers. Such were the Russian “guard rices” (with a total length of 3600 km), which were built in the 16th-17th centuries to protect against Tatar raids, and the famous Chinese Wall (completed in the 5th century of the New Era), heritage 330 0 km, what China captured from the side of Mongolia .

The choice of place for human life is determined, on the one hand, by natural minds, by the relief, the power of the soil and the proximity to a sufficient amount of fresh water, and on the other hand, by the possibility of living in a healthy There are ways to sleep.

Populated areas (around buildings and groups of buildings) grow not in lowlands or valleys, but on the surfaces that lie on the horizontal surface. So, for example, in Girsky villages and places around the streets, if possible, they will be spread out in one area in order to eliminate the steep uphills and downhills; Therefore, the lines of the booths have an arc-like shape and correspond to isogypses, so that the lines are of equal height. In the same valley there are many more settlements in the area that is better illuminated by the sun, which is less intense. On the steepest schila (above 45°), human veins, except Pecherny ones, do not swell. For human life, the best soil is soup or light loamy soil. When draining the veins, the soil will be swampy, clayey or too powdery (husky sand, black soil). In richly populated settlements, there is not enough soil to overcome the dryness, they have to take care of additional areas, sidewalks, and various pavements.

The main reason for the destruction and division of human settlements is fresh water. River valleys and lake shores have the largest population, and in the inter-river spaces, life appears where groundwater may be slightly contaminated, and draining wells and water does not present insurmountable difficulties. The waterless expanses are deserted, but are quickly populated by the creation of piecemeal crops. Among the other reasons why human settlements are attracted, an important role is played by the birthplaces of brown copalins and roads, especially wet ones. Whether there is a shortage of human inhabitants, a village or a place, it is only there that a burden of human expenses is tied up, where roads converge and there is a possibility of re-transfer of goods and transfers.

In human settlements, the booths either appear scattered without any order, as in Ukrainian villages, or stand in rows, forming streets, as we often see in Russian villages and villages. With the increase in the number of residents, the village or place grows either in width, with more than the number of booths, or in height, so that the one-surface booths are converted onto more surfaces; However, more often than not, growth occurs simultaneously in both directions.

Project "Budinok 1" television company TNT started on 1 linden tree and ended on 1 leaf fall in 2003. The program format was added by the English television company Zeal.

The project released 90 prime-time episodes, 14 special weekend episodes.

Behind the brains of the project, 12 friendly couples from all regions of Russia worked at the booths, and only one of them picked up the keys. Since the fifth year, the bets, one by one, were deprived of the live-in Maidan for the sake of shady “family” decisions, and the two pairs of survivors who were deprived were robbed by the spies.

Possibilities for pairs of participants: young people who have already submitted an application to the Civil Registry Office and are preparing to have fun for a month, or a member of the squad, who are not holding their breath. The particular area of ​​their activity is extremely diverse: from a housewife to a business woman, from a military officer to an accountant; as well as everyone who is eligible to take a 3-month leave and win a super prize - a booth in Moscow, doing it with your own hands and behind a beautiful design.

The couples were assisted by relevant professionals – architects, interior designers, victorians, building contractors, landscape designers.

According to the TNS Gallup TV Index data provided by the TNT press service, the primary audience of “House-2” in 2008 was close to 15 million people throughout Russia. "Mainly - these are women (65% of the part are from the ears, who are surprised by "Dom-2").

The program earns the respect of people of all ages, and the larger world of “House-2” appeals to young people aged 16 to 34 years old, who are in the middle and looking for light.

Show rules:

1. In the middle, the participants pick their pair.
2. Voting will take place on Thursday, at which time the participants will decide which of the same candidates may be deprived of the show.
3. In the place of the vibulogo, a new grave comes: in the place of the girl - yunak, in the place of yunak - the girl.
4. Seek the right to choose to move to another article.
5. Three bets will reach the final, and during the live broadcast of the final show, viewers will use SMS voting to determine who will win the Dim.

Numerous participants of the show have repeatedly become heroes of crime chronicles. Oleksia Avdieva was caught up in the 2005 sickle right on the job. This was revealed by a TV viewer from Smolensk, where she worked as a realtor and stole 2 thousand dollars. Avdieva was sentenced by the court to four years of imprisonment by the harsh regime for cheating.

In the spring of 2006, Kiril Komarovsky was arrested in Moscow for suspicion of swindling. Having spent a year on the project, he was assigned as a realtor's assistant to a Moscow company. And the very next day the robots came in, having taken the deposit for the apartment.

Until 6.5 years of the colony, the harsh regime condemned Vyacheslav Popov, a huge participant in the reality show “Dom-2”. A student of the Siktivkar State University was caught up in the mischief of drug control agents in Lipnya 2006 around the time of the launch of a batch of hashish.

Two great participants in the show died. Oksana Aplekaeva was found strangled on the Moscow-Riga highway in the spring of 2008. And fatefully earlier, in 2007, Kristina Kalina died. The participants in the show were poorly staged before her, and she deprived her family of fragments for the sake of fame. Vaughn canceled the project based on the voting results. She died as a result of narcotic and heart failure, and apparently as a result of stress after leaving the reality show.

The reality show "Dom-2" is often an object of criticism of the hugeness.

In early 2005, deputies of the commission for the protection of health and the protection of public health of the Moscow Duma, together with Lyudmila Stebenkova, prepared an appeal to the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation Volodimir Ustinov, in which they wanted to close the television project and pull this program Ksenia Sobchak to a criminal record for pimping. According to the beasts, the program “has been in love and systematically exploits the interest in sex: it has repeatedly shown scenes of petting and acts of masturbation.”

At the beginning of the year 2005, Ksenia Sobchak was brought to trial for reasons of integrity and integrity. At Lipnya, the Presnensky District Court of Moscow received praise for the attention paid to the call of the TV presenter to the deputies of the Moscow Municipal Duma. The court praised that the deputies emphasized morality to the electorate and denied the right to write such brutality.

The show attracted harsh criticism from Hromadska for the sake of feeding morality on TV, which includes authoritative people from among writers, artists, politicians, and religious figures. In 2008, members of Radi raised awareness of the need to close the television project “Dom-2” or to fine the TNT channel a large sum for broadcasting obscene phrases and erotic scenes.

Є claims to the organizers of the TV project and Rosprirodnaglyad. In the summer of 2004, Rosprirodnaglyad inspectors revealed a number of gross violations of environmental legislation committed by the organizers of the Dom-2 program. In Zokrema, there was a dumping of untreated sewage and government sewage near the Istra River, illegal cutting of trees and the muddying of the Strumka riverbed.

Rich apartment cabins have appeared in Ancient Rome. The place that grew could accommodate more and more people to fill the territory, so the living things began to grow uphill. As a rule, one such booth takes up an entire block, creating a closed shape and an internal courtyard. The stinks were called insuls (islands) and reached a height of up to five surfaces. Leather on top of the divisions around the apartment, which were rented out. Chim vyschy buv on top, tim menshoy was paying for the apartment.

Another arrival of rich surfaces began in Europe in the 17th century. The development of industry required more hands as a result of the availability of cheap living.

In Russia, this trend came just two centuries later. In Moscow, the first profit-making budins appeared between 1785 and 1790. The first such three-surface budinok was created by the project of M.F. Kozakova on Illintsi. No less familiar to the architect who was in the apartment building at that time in Moscow was Osip Bove. In 1816, on Mikylska Street, Beauvais had a great three-top curlicue. This activity was intended to capture income, and the bookseller I.P. became his deputy. Glazunov. On the lower surface of the building there were well-built shops with adjacent entrances, and on the upper surfaces there were small apartments. On the side of the courtyard there were galleries and a small apartment with a small entrance.

Capitalism, which was clearly developing in Russia, was the main destructive force in the development of the city. That is why, until the end of the nineteenth century, there was a real boom in profit-making budins, which lasted until 1914. This trend continues to shape the historical center of most great places. The leaders of everyday life were all the companies: middle Lankan merchants, merchants, great industrialists, initial mortgages, partnerships, shareholder partnerships, churches and monasteries. Such a life of profitable houses was due to the fact that it was necessary to live for people of high professions, engineers, students, workers, scientists. On the other hand, capital appeared that needed to be invested. Thus, during the 1911 influx, approximately 3,000 profitable units of 5-7 surfaces were generated. The Moscow government began preparing the plots, laying electrical cables, sewerage, and water supply. Afterwards, they began landscaping the territory and tidying up the streets. Further, the lease of land made it possible to recoup the expenses on the overinsurance of the property. Pributkov's booths were already visible to the rulers and tenants, the fragments were satisfied with the drink on their lives on the side of the population and repeated the mish-treasury for the rakhunt of taxes from the government's income booths. So it was in 1913 that from 47,600,000 rubles, the taxes paid to the municipal income by the rulers of the income budins and other special indestructible lanes amounted to 7,000,000 rubles. From now on, the profitable budinki fully justified their definition. In Russia, until 1917, there were over 600 profitable budinki. In Moscow during this period, there were approximately 40 hundred residential buildings represented by sub-butkovo buildings. Moreover, the more apartments there are, the fewer apartments there are for new people.
At this time, you could rent the cheapest room at night for 20 kopecks, and a bed - only 5 kopecks. The rent of a room, insured for a middle-income official, cost 10 - 15 rubles per month. People with income could afford to rent an apartment in a sub-butkovo booth in Moscow for 30 rubles, most of whom were interested in Afremov's sub-butkovo booth, which was located at the address: Sadova Spaska Street, booth 19. The booth has curls hanging on top. I was born in 1904, and I can bulo vvazati khmarochosom. We are no less familiar with the merchant Solodovnikov’s little house, which was located on Gilyarovsky Street. You can rent rooms in this cabin for 10 karbovants per month. If there is a problem with renting luxury apartments in suburban apartment buildings, then it could cost over 100 rubles. For example, at the most luxurious apartment building on Stritensky Boulevard, which was owned by an insurance company, the rent for a room was 500 rubles per month.

The settlement of a few families in one living space looked like a disturbance and a temporary exit. However, at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the low revolution, the country completely changed its political and economic course. The Great War, the Troubles, the rise of active industrialization and the deterioration of the situation in the village led to a more intensive growth of the local population. In fact, the very principle of the apartment building has evolved in communal apartments. The strengthening of representatives of the most privileged classes was accompanied by the re-creation of their great apartments in communal areas. At the beginning of the first five years, the need to save communal apartments was overridden by ideological considerations. The idea of ​​a socialist reform was actively promoted in the RRFSR. The program of its collectivization was widely discussed, i.e., to consider the family dominion as the main form of organizing the private life of people. In connection with this, it was conveyed that the individual life of the family, as the decline of capitalism may be replaced by units of collective living, in which more dormitory living will be organized and the collective will be allowed.

The entrance doors to the communal apartment are difficult to recognize. A large number of pieces, chaotically scattered in the finest traditions of the avant-garde, are signed with the names of the philistines and a large number of pressures. And God forbid you call three, because under your nickname it says call two. They will, of course, open the door for you, otherwise they will be completely dissatisfied. So, you enter the apartment, and first of all, you see a long corridor with a great number of electrical units on the walls, a hidden telephone and a list of trellises written off next to it, bicycles, sleds, a drawing schedule and a miscellaneous excuse. . Let's go further and enter the kitchen, there are a lot of sections with tables, stoves, shawls and other kitchen utensils. The kitchen is the central building of the communal apartment. There are global problems here, the air is humming and the smoke is going out. Put the evil cats on the saucepan and the crusts will become tightly bound.

However, after heated discussions and adopted on May 16, 1930 Decree of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, which condemned the Leftists to the overwork, the main type of misfortune still became the original rich apartment buildings. In the minds of the acute shortage of financial and other resources, they were, for all intents and purposes, closed, even though low cabinets and cramped kitchens had become fashionable. Such cabins were usually occupied on a communal basis: 1 family, 1 room. Around the apartments in the 1920s and 30s. a little more than a quarter of the family's families. I lived in cramped and uncomfortable apartments. After criticism of such projects was forgotten at the 17th century of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) in 1934, the situation improved a little: there began to be open spaces, with high-rise apartments, which were whispered to the working class about the wonderful life for socialism Izmu.

However, in practice, the shortage of life was aggravated by the government’s desire to move a number of families into new apartments, converting them back to communal services. Thus, the utopian projects for the creation of a new housing and Budinka communes, which were officially formalized in 1919 by the 2nd Program of the RCP (b), in practice were implemented in the same communal apartments.

Nomenclature booths became a special category of living quarters. The stinks of a small garne plan with halls and two apartments - with apartments of great size on the surface. Many of the apartments had offices and children's rooms, libraries and rooms for servants, a spacious kitchen, adjacent bathrooms, first large rooms - from 15 to 25, and in some places up to 30 m², utility rooms located near the buildings (Verkhnya Maslivka, bld. 1, d .3) - workshops for sculptors and artists.
The tradition of inhabiting one apartment with several families was preserved during the war and the first decades of war. Less than the other half of the 1950s pp. In connection with the increased scale of living space, there is a clear new approach to the division of living space. In a number of Ural, Siberian and distant enterprises, new residents began to be given apartments. In the spring of 1959 in Novosibirsk, only 38.8% of the soldiers and servicemen lived in state-owned huts. Another 61.2% of workers and service workers lived in communal apartments, each with an average of 3 families, which included 8 individuals. They had 4.9 square meters per bag. m of living area.

The great programs of living life, in the 1960s and 1970s, brought about an increase in the prosperity of the vast majority of the local population. Great social achievements were not only the massive resettlement of city dwellers from the old and disorderly life, but also the resettlement of families who lingered in communal apartments. On the cob of the 1980s rocks. Outside the apartments in orderly single-panel booths there are almost 80% of the people from the Urals, Siberia and far-flung places. During the period of "perebudovo" the task was set to give up to 2000 skins to the apartment, which, as a result, was extinguished, less than a real prospect. Following the resolution of the “Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union “On the development of living standards in the USSR”, a course was taken on the family occupancy of ordered apartments, which was supported by such ideological and scientific points, as they said, that the communal apartment was not a project of the Radyan government, but with a deliberate approach to save money under the hour of industrialization.
A comprehensive production base and infrastructure were created: household goods plants and wastewater treatment plants. This made it possible to quickly transport millions of square meters of life. The first household complexes were created in the Golovleningradbud system, and in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and in other places. Zokrema, during the 1970s near Leningrad, 942 thousand people took over living space, of which 809 thousand moved into new huts and 133 thousand took over space in old huts. For the occupancy of new apartments, the principle of “settlement” (one room per family) is often used. Until the middle, the number of communal apartments in the central districts of Leningrad reached 40% of their total number. In addition, until the mid-1980s, there was a system of service (house) space, which complicated the distribution of communal apartments.

With the beginnings of mass everyday life, architecture has lost much of its uniqueness. Standard boxes were erected everywhere, especially five and nine high altitudes. As a living material, white parts and concrete panels were used.
At the end of the last century, a new coup d'état began. Socialism has been replaced by a market economy, which has radically changed the status of rich apartment buildings, now sacred square meters have become private power.
At the moment, the rules in the market are determined by the economy, the policy of mortgage lending and the policy of foreclosure firms.

New technologies and materials make it possible to create boxes with a higher surface area, although in essence the stench will be lost to the same faceless boxes, in which, like a goosebump, most of the day-to-day sustenance lives. I can’t say that this trend is bad, the mass character and the decline in productivity, of course, lead to the forgiveness of this or that other object or process. If an old mansion is demolished in the area to create a crappy, faceless, rich apartment building, it seems to be crazy.

Insula (lat. Insula - literally translated like an island) - in ancient Roman architecture - a richly surface living building with rooms and apartments intended for rental buildings. Appeared before the 3rd century BC. e. Mali call for three to five surfaces, and riddles about eight surfaces. became a mass oblivion of ancient Roman places. In the insulas lived both the poor and the possible faiths of the Roman population.

Insuli were the traditional method of rubble masonry for Ancient Rome. During the hours of the Republic, small tuff blocks of irregular shape, held together with cement, were mined as a living material. Later, the immigrants began to leave the city. The Dakhs were timid about the tiles.

The first on top of the insul zazvichai occupied galleries with small shops. From the entrance you will reach a bright courtyard, around which the premises were arranged. Call to each apartment and room around the room and go: having taken it, the ruler can block the scumbag in his room until he can’t pay the apartment board. The first surfaces of the insul were widely accepted by the townspeople: such apartments had high steles (up to 3.5 m) and wide windows, protected by thick windows: mica and vitcory were rarely found through this road. The apartments, starting from the third from the top, were especially reserved for the richest tenants: the windows in them were small, and the stools were so low that the gentry had to walk bent over. The wooden mezzanines were often lashed.

There was no central burning: heat in the rooms was provided by individual water boilers. In Insulia, sewerage was not carried out: in Rome, sewage was carried into pus or simply thrown out of the window; water was taken from nearby water fountains and fountains. In other places, at first, there was a collection chamber, as, for example, excavations in Ostia showed.

As expected, the rent in insular terms remained high. Already in the hours of the Republic, the rent for an apartment in the fifth century amounted to nearly 2,000 sestertiyas. Apartments on 2 and 3 floors cost 3000 or more sisters. For such pennies you could buy an entire cabin in Italy. On the upper surfaces, two or three families often lived in one room.

Gospodar insuli could at any moment hang his bastards. There was often speculation, from which our tenants suffered. For order at the booth and for paying the rent, call for the steps of a trusted slave - insularius.

The first riddle about the richly surfaced buildings in Rome is from Titus Livius: before the other Punic War, the bik, flowing from the market, climbed onto the third surface, which was respected with a nasty sign. It should be noted that the supplies that were in accordance with the current norms of everyday life were reliably stolen from collapses, and from the rapid expansion of the fire once again. Rima itself, including the “Marmur Plan”, had 46 thousand insul (for the village, mansions - 1,790), Rima had very little protese income: the active settlement of the city depleted the old ruins. Their devices can be judged from archaeological excavations in Ostia. Insuli is the butt of the local mysticism of Ancient Rome. In Europe, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, rich apartment buildings began to move back to the era of the late Middle Ages.