Of the skin historical era, the main form of the light gaze. Historically, the first form of light-gazing is mythology. It occurs at an early stage in suspinal development. So is humanity in the form of myths, so is the meaning of Plato’s philosophy

The theme of the XXII All-World Philosophical Congress is “Rethinking the philosophy of today” to talk about those who have come to look at philosophy differently. In what direction should this re-interpretation go? How should we reconsider a situation that affirms: “there is not one philosophy, there are many of them”? On the other hand, philosophy has suffered greatly, it immediately began to be rethought, and in such a state it continues to do so. In the other third of the 19th century. In the wake of the neo-Kantian judgments on the subject of philosophy, provoked by Windelband, a truly serious situation arose for a radical re-examination of philosophy. The Neo-Kantians took the epistemological essence out of philosophy and elevated it to a concept of value. The order of neo-Kantianism in the 19th century. a different theory was formed. It was connected with the manifestations of the materialistic understanding of history (or, at the same time, materialistic dialectics), which allowed people in earthly minds to transform the world and realize their social essence. F. Engels came up with the idea of ​​​​rethinking all history from the position of a materialistic understanding of history. Nowadays we will not forget about the old philosophy, which will end with Hegelian philosophy. In these miscellaneous thoughts, the voice of F. Engels is not felt. We can immediately say that such a job can only be achieved in the best social minds together with natural ones. humanities on a dialectical-materialistic basis. During the period of Radyan rule, much progress was made in the development of Marxist theory. In the process of the transition of social life in Russia, the resuscitation of bourgeois theory began, the development of materialist dialectics began, and the theory of the country went backward.

Common theories, formed from the security of private power at the cost of production, contain tens of hundreds of rocks. Materialistic dialectics has been around for more than one hundred and fifty years, many of which have existed in extreme minds. And during this hour, she has crushed a lot.

The basic image of Western European philosophy was formed in ancient Greece Zavdyak to Aristotle. Apparently, this period of connection with the slave-haired method of generation and the completion of the third historical suspense subsection of the work - branches of the rosum and physical work. Professional types of activity were formed. The panorama of the situation that has developed in the suspenseful form of life allows one to see large areas of suspenseful activity, which were the manifestations of the suspense bubble. Among them you can see political, legal, religious and low others. Before them comes philosophy as a form of voluntary knowledge. This is a professional type of activity. This “task” is a general statement about Svetobudova in general, which is the search for the cob of all cobs. This is an intellectual form of activity. She is in the sphere of thought and strengthened by practical life. All of this “practice” results in neurodynamic changes in the human cerebral cortex. The mind must be brought to order in the world of the people who lie behind the boundaries of their heads; there will be a future, including one’s own life. This is the essence of a specialized form of brain activity.

In relation to professional activity, the mind (also referred to as physical and intellectual activity) as a related area in a person has a natural knack for common thoughts and activities that suggest thought ci. This manifests the hidden butt of people without any indication of the concrete form of life, as is its natural essence. In the system of the historical sector, the uniformity of thought does not deprive the people, but does not characterize them as fakhivtsa.

Two visions of specific trends human life It appears that, existing in the minds of the historical family, people are, from the very beginning, socially inferior, divided into their own lives. On the one hand, the completeness of the social life is due to the presence of a biological part that requires the process of language exchange that satisfies the biopsychophysiological components. On the other hand, being included in the fabric of society, people in these settings are hesitant to compose songs social functions, which is understood not by the internal need of a moist natural bottle as a strong universal-solid creative essence, but as a necessary external one, extinguishing its biophysiological basis.

In the minds there are forms of common knowledge, among which philosophy takes place. Two settings show the philosophy of other forms of suspense. Our first goal is to create a single picture of light in holographic form. This is done as a professional form of activity. From this point of view (always on its semantic side) the supreme power of human nature is love to wisdom. This side is not the same as the people. These two situations show a philosophy from other forms of suspenseful knowledge: a person who is in the limited form of a butt, never realizes his potential, but who is in a limited form, always in a certain way. There is a clear result that can steadily lead people beyond the borders of power circumference.

Before philosophy, people have different priorities. Some know it through science, others learn it from others. Regardless of which side on the right, the mustache denotes its bright-eyed character.

The article provides an analysis to understand the “light gazer”, “the historical form of the light gazer” and their essential signs are seen.

In our opinion, there are three historical forms of light-gazing: mythical, religious and philosophical. Connected with this is the importance of nutrition in place of light-gazing, which plays a role in developmental development and, finally, in philosophy.

1. Semantic and metaphysical sides of the world viewer

The popular term “svetoglyad” can be found in literature of any rank in a wide and narrow sense. The view of the world comes from the totality of all views on the world. In a narrow sense, the light gaze conveys more metaphysical views, expressions of the totality of images and the manifestation or system to understand the categories that are ordered by the “basic nutrition of the light gaze, which means the place of people in “nature, its historical significance and significance.” In this case, the main nutrition of the light view is defined as the nutrition of the concept of thought before the butt, which is the main nutrition of philosophy. Sometimes the light is perceived as “the peculiarities of the transformation of the surrounding thinker, like the system.” In the everyday life of people and from the position of a healthy mind, the word “svetoglyad” is interpreted as a systemic view of people on the world and the place of people in this world. Such a hidden contour is the understanding of the world view in pre-modern and encyclopedic literature.

If you marvel at the current state of the word and the term “light gazer” and how it is used both in artistic, scientific, and metaphysical literature, then you can see a number of approaches to its understanding. In the encyclopedic dictionary, “light gazer” is presented as “a system of systematic views on the objective world and the place of people in this world, on directing people to their own activities and to themselves, as well as the formation of these views Their transformation, ideals, principles of knowledge and activity.” In the philosophical encyclopedia, which was published under the rule of the Radians, the “light viewer” is defined as “a system of people’s views on the world as a whole, in place of other phenomena in the world and in their own right” The case is in a different way, a reasonable and emotional assessment of the human sense of its activity and share humanity, the totality of scientific, philosophical, political, legal, moral, religious, aesthetic transformations and ideals of people.” “The New Philosophical Encyclopedia”, published in recent times, means that the light-gazer is “a system of human knowledge about the world and about the place of people in the world, expressed in the axiological attitudes of the particularity of a social group, in horses based on the essence of the natural and social world.” It is important to remember that the academic approach to interpreting the light view sees it as a result in a theoretical-cognitive structure, but not in a practical-practical way, connected with a specific “normative-regulatory” sphere. the life of all people in the marriage. It is not the fault of the assessment of other signs that appear human: “the sense of his activity and the share of humanity,” as they also do not deprive the conceptual apparatus of humanity.

Introducing the ongoing and initial place of the theoretical-cognitive process in a common light-view, we also interchange the significance and infusion of light-look into the objective system of conjugal life people. It turns out that the light gaze, flowing into the structure of people’s veins to the light, along with other forms of interaction between people and their activities, is just one more plan within the framework of the theoretical and epistemological understanding of the light. And it does not represent the same peculiarity for substitution from other forms of putting people before the world (scientific, aesthetic). But this is not so, because the light-gazer is a complete, and not a partial form of putting people before the world.

It is wrong to reduce thought to its epistemological side. It would be possible to accept, if only to admit, that in the structure of light as wholeness, apart from epistemology, there is nothing else. But, apparently, in addition to the theoretical-gnoseological side, it is also practical to place people in the light, which is to enter the structure of the light-gazing. Theoretically, the understanding of natural and natural phenomena is of great importance in people’s lives, but it cannot be exhausted by this form of relationship. Married life must have an epistemological aspect as well as parts of its powerful butt. It has its own skills and practical development of areas hospital wards Although it is of paramount importance in people’s lives, however, independent support does not exhaust the rest, so a happy life must also include the epistemological (theoretical) aspect as one of the parts of its powerful butt.

In times of private power, the existence of two sides, the warehouse essence of people as a single social entity, exists at different poles of life. Stinks appear as specialized forms of activity that reduce people to a creature level. But behind his essence, a person is a strong universally creative creative essence, whose everyday life may flow like a strong universally creative creative process. Intermittently in professional activities the people reveal themselves as a partial, one-sided truth. Vin is an appendage to the process of vibrancy.

Svetoglyad historically stands as the remaining form of bringing the human race to the light of objective reality. In its place, it takes away all the wealth of both active and illusory contributions of individuals to the world.

We do not set ourselves the task of seeing and classifying all the diversity of people’s contributions to the world (we don’t need to work here), but we have the utmost respect for the indiscriminate, sensitively rational ones that lie in charge: St. This present, light-gazing, light-understanding. In this order, you can see another row of people’s connections to the world: light sensitivity and light reception. It is clear that these named phenomena determine the direct relationship of people to the world, and the nature of the relationship lies in the family and specific forms of interaction between individuals and the outside world. Nowadays, everyone understands that they are seeing private and private moments before people go out into the world. The dirty stench is there, showing the people’s commitment to the world. The importance of them is revealed by the fact that they record the songs of people from the side of their specific way of interacting with light. Without delving into the private importance of the skin and forms of the veins of people and their success to the world, which is abundant, it is once again significant to understand the “light gaze” for people who live on the Earth, those who exist and those who remain.

We see that this is the position of people before the world, as it expresses the mutual interaction of people with the world and the world with people, which leads to a fundamental change, both the first and the other. The rest is not only through those who do not have such a concept, which would reverse this change, which represents an uninterrupted arrangement to bring about a mutual exchange between the light of man and the light of man in earthly minds (then do not follow it -what else does it mean? I understand), and through those that take away all the lower Mother's Day going beyond their boundaries.

Going beyond the bounds of commonality is due to the emergence of a new element - a specific way of doing things for a person, which is understood earlier by the understanding of the world that has developed. It is clear that the main focus of the light-gazing approach is not only in the interpreted world in its entirety (that is, light-mindedness), but also in the specific transformative interactions of people (sustainable practice) and so on. Life in the world and in the world on people and marriage as the ultimate goal of activity.

Svetoglyad, which can only be understood in the theoretical-cognitive aspect, actually does not meet the highest demands of people before action. There is light understanding, which surrounds itself with one side - the mystical. It is logical and semantically, within the framework of a healthy mind, that the use of the word “svetoglyad” is true and fair. But in the context of metaphysics, as a zagalal butya, such a vistava does not exhaust all the active wealth of human life and the world.

At this point, let’s try to explain what was said. It appears that the remaining form of empathetic cognition (manifestation), which is found in the context of the zagal theory of cognition (logical-epistemological act), absolutely appears in its general form in the first intention formalization (expressed in a “rational” form). Subject to the structure of human cognition, it is necessary to emphasize the removal of information in order to perceive and “vibrate” the image of an object that is directly in front of the sensory organs. The data on the psychophysiological level has a complex structure. On the one hand, there is no need to avoid any practical matter of mind-boggling thoughts. On the other hand, it is a latent form of spying, expressed in the form of the original sign of the object, which is removed as a result of the collision. The manifestations arise from “practical...paths”, above them, looking at “with a clear look...internal and external life.”

Nowadays, the daily occurrence of practical action does not prevent the perception of action as such. Here he reveals in sensitively intelligent procedures that they are accompanied by neurodynamic processes that occur in the cerebral cortex. The physiological process of observation begins with the direct connection of the investigator with the recognized object through additional direct contact, the gaze, which is manifested in the fact that the line runs through, marks the contour of the object (A.L. Yarbus), which, through the reticle of the eye, comes to the right brain, especially for the healthy analyzer. As a result of such a revolution, the most hidden signs of the subject are “embellished”. These are what Kant calls “empirical observations.” Empirical observation involves specific contact of an individual with a fragment of real activity (subject). The individual, in an “intellectual”, “reasonable” way, with the “inner eye”, observes what is seen from the side of the occult sign of the object will then give rise to a manifestation. As a result, (and in addition to the perceived appearance, there are presences and impressions) the individual (with the additional reflection of the subject) recognizes concrete-sensual images of the world as an integrated, external official, as image This “image” appears in the inner light of “I”. If an individual connects with an object in appearance (direct connection) and depicts it in its entirety (reversal connection), there is no such observation; Here is an empirical observation that a fragment (its outer form) emerges from reality. On the basis of empirical observation, a phenomenon is formed. This perception begins to fail when, in the process of direct connection, an ideal model (image, scheme) appears in a person, which, on the basis of the connection (reflex), is accepted by the inner “I”. This model (image, scheme) is formed in the individual’s head. Vaughn “grows out” from the inner “I”. This model (image, diagram) reflects the reality that exists and exists in a person’s head in such a way that it “reflects” one’s inner self. A “gap” is created between the inner “I” and the model. This “space” strengthens them one by one. The inner “I” directly affects the model that has been created (image, scheme) in the cerebral cortex. If the inner “I” makes a direct connection with the model (image, scheme), then there is a place for looking like this. Well, the simple observation, the observation as such, is a direct connection of the inner “I” with the model (image, scheme), and with the real object, which is created as a result of perception, perception and manifestation. Sighting is an intermediary between the remaining form of sensitive knowledge (manifestations) and the first form of rational knowledge (concepts), so it takes place both in feelings and in thoughts. Following Kant, following is “a way of knowing how to directly approach them (subjects. – V.A.) and what a special purpose for all my thoughts.” Kant appreciates that sensitivity “generates”, “generates” perceptions (not empirical perceptions). But I don’t limit myself to the sensitive side of observation, because the essence of observation may lead to the end of my life. The complexity of the significant place of observation in the structure of knowledge is characterized in a contradictory way: obviously, “as it appears before any act of thought”, it occurs in the sphere of non-intermediate intelligence.

The mind, in its greatest development, appears to be both rational and practical. Tse theoretically interpreted Kant in the Critics. Rozumova and practical actions are substitutes, so practicality is the main side of the light.

Instead of the mind, the light gaze has an abstract reflection of light (only in the sphere of reflection). Light understanding will “occupy” the understanding of processes and objects. It commends that specific expanse in which the people who live in this place live, for the sake of which they “live” and at the same time gives it all darkness. And the look “increases respect” not so much at the worldly misery (I want to mean this), in which people are constantly experiencing, as much as at that “dark height” (at a single cob), to which light understanding (not on the right) one cannot reach implements practical activities in the world.

As a rule, thinkers who talk about light-gazing often pay attention to this very aspect and skimp on something else. However, the light gaze does not lose its theoretical (thoughtful) motive, which comprehends the wholeness of the world, but rather achieves its practical implementation on the basis of light understanding. Svetoglyad now looks not just lying in front of a person (on the right is Svitorozuminnya), but rather invisible to people the beginning of the world, which lies “far” beyond the boundaries of its relationship, and creates a specific relationship with it. It opens up the framework of the everyday world and encourages people to practice mastering new objects in their living space. It is clear that only those on the formal side are reluctant to understand that in this situation we have the opportunity to give precedence to the term “svetoglyad” as a person who respects both light and light. smart. Because light-sense (at the borderline) is only true for light-sightedness: as if there were no light-sightedness, there would not have been a thought-swallowed expanse of the world that light-sightedness masters. The base of such an act is to serve as a formation that is located in the word “light” as the prefix “vis” as a pragmatic look at the top, the beginning. Moreover, in the word “light gazer” there is an independent word “see”. Vono means not only “to marvel”, “to marvel”, “to learn”, but also to “understand”, “to touch what is visible in action”. Well, here the wisdom (light-consciousness) appears as a storehouse of the light-gazer, which allows us to speak of the light-gazer as something important in relation to the light-gazer, as it “learns” from the light-gazer.

Nowadays, metaphysical (philosophical), scientific and artistic literature cannot understand the distinction between analyzes. Their replacement and withdrawal are often expected. For example, instead of the concept “light gazer,” the concept “light gazer” is substituted. Thus, in the article “Svetoglyad”, contained in the “New Philosophical Encyclopedia”, the term “Svetoglyad” is used as a synonym for the term “Svetoglyad”. The author of the article, referring to Hegel’s misunderstood concept of “light gazer” in “Lectures on Aesthetics,” writes that “Hegel uses the concept of “theoretical light gazer” to characterize the ideological position of the artist.” This quotation is taken from the 14th volume of Hegel’s works, in which “Lectures on Aesthetics” was published, to which the author of the article “Svetoglyad” refers. This is also the side of Hegel’s work “Lectures on Aesthetics” in the Russian translation the concept of “theoretical light-viewer”, and not light-viewer, comes to life. Judging from each subject, the translation of this part of the lecture does not use the term “light-gazer”, but goes up to the term “light-gazer”. There is a quotation that may sound like this: “Hegel uses the concept of “theoretical viewer” to characterize the ideological position of the artist.” This is exactly what this phrase suggests in the 14th volume of Hegel’s works “Lectures on Aesthetics,” published in 1958. As a result, one and the same German term is translated in different ways, which makes it possible to change the concept. This situation is due to the technical side of the translation of the word “svetoglyad” from German language into Russian, which provides a simple framework for distinguishing the terms “svetoglyad” and “svetoglyad”, which are words of sprite huddle together as identical. And there is nothing special about it: this is the specificity of the term “light gazer”. It’s bad that, by focusing on a specific dzherel (“Lectures on Aesthetics”) and quoting him, the author of the article “Svetoglyad” assumes the validity of the dzherel’s quotation. This means that due respect is not given to their dignity. About those who no longer have any respect for the rigor of living analysis, we can speak about the fact that Hegel’s “Lectures on Aesthetics”, which were published during the period 1968–1973. In the publication “Mysticism” under the title “Aesthetics” in 4 volumes, this term is used differently. Here the subject indicator (as an independent heading) has the concept of “svetoglyad”. At the same time, this indicator also has the term “light gazer”, which is characterized as “the last stages of the singing light gazers and their artistic molding.” This is the situation to note about those that the authors of the translation of “Aesthetics” by the Russian language are losing sight of the importance of our people for us to understand. Our words are confirmed by those analyzed in the third book of “Lectures on Aesthetics”, where the concept of “light gazer” is introduced, in “Aesthetics” the concept “light gazer” is conveyed. He is the author of the article “Svetoglyad”, published in the “New Philosophical Encyclopedia” (with the term “Svetoglyad” coined by Hegel), but he would not have gone to “Lectures on Aesthetics”, published in 1958. in the Russian translation, and in “Aesthetics” or in the original, then there would be no confusion in the vikoristan terms “svetoglyad” and “svetoglyad” in Hegel’s “lectures on aesthetics”. At the same time, we would like to have a more reasonable analysis of the terms in Hegel’s significant works.

The human being is always the center of all ideas that arise in marriage, and shows itself not only as a theoretical subject, but also as a practical reality. In order to carry out a specific practical action, people need knowledge (more precisely, understanding) of this action. Transformative changes are required in the world so that people understand the basic principles, methods and final results of their actions. This means that from the very beginning a person reveals his creation to the world from the understanding of the hidden picture to the world, and then, apparently, all his transformations begin before it.

The light view, which is understood as the totality of views on the world, then in the epistemological aspect, includes people from the world and puts them above the light from the view of the observer, the methodologist. In such a situation, a person is alienated from the real world and acts as a transcendental, intellectual statistician who records the ideas that are encountered in the world. This stems from the position of “a totality of looking at the world,” which includes the concrete practical action of a person.

In reality, people are not like that. However, if he acts as a methodologist (although the rest of the world is right, strictly speaking, we cannot be considered in the power of people, and perhaps only in the structure of a biosocial society), his actions develop suspenseful forms of behavior and characterize This is how active it is. It is evident that the understanding of the world as a high-ranking person in the world, in the aggregate of the world's views, does not reach the full extent of its effectiveness, leaving only the most intense intellectual, rose Let's settle it with an act.

2. The concept of “historical form of light-gazing”

Every day, knowledge reacts to the concept of “the historical form of the light-gazer” without a doubt. It is possible to get out of the literary, semantic, literal meaning of words presented in dictionaries and guides. The main word of this concept is the term “svetogalyad”, the rest of the interpretation of this concept comes down to the fact that under the “historical form” there is a svetogalyad, which changes according to the songs historical and epochal periods, periods and trends in chronological order.

For the metaphysical sense, it seems, on the right it is much different. The order of the literal use of movable forms and semantic meanings of words, which are a necessary side of the communicative function in marriage, takes place and substitution, the concept of the origin of terms in scientific theory ethical galuzahs. The stench is drawn into the form of these very symbols and words, which are in the broadening language. However, when replacing a word, the term is given another substitution. And in this case, it’s hard to go to the dictionaries. In fact, as it comes from the literal meaning of the word “svetoglyad”, spilling over, for example, into the Russian vocabulary, it may be accepted by us as “a system of views, views on nature and marriage.” Having accepted this meaning, we are guilty of talking about light-gazing in the aspect of people’s views and views on nature and marriage, which confirms its semantics of the word, but does not correspond to the replacement of the term that lives exist in the context of theoretical knowledge. Find out that people are “ripening” the light, so that they can direct their gaze or direct their gaze on the world that may be “burning”, and at the same time form a complete picture of the world (light gaze) within the framework of rational acts iv. However, the way people look at the world is such a connection with the light, which transforms a person not only and not so much by looking, but by looking at the world (as a turned, crossed-over sign of looking at the world). People, as an active social individual, do not exclude themselves from the active world; The miraculous woman stood above the light and stared, directing her gaze to the new one through the transformation of the light, and on whose stage the process would end. This situation is essential for all scientific and theoretical activity. Aletzim does not limit the placement of people to the world. It has already been said that a direct connection between a person and the world at the level of observation allows one to depict and record in mental forms the guarding light and systematize it by the inner intellectual “I”. This melts the molded light. The people in this country can see their place in the light that is previously visible. When people (liudina) do not go beyond the boundaries of the sexual act, stinks are present among them. How can such a camp of people (people) be called the highest form of His advance to the world? Yes, it’s impossible. The significance of this development lies in the fact that light-gazing and light-understanding, however, like other, simpler putting people (people) before the world, and the unknown part of mastering the light like their knowledge, then then being imbued with thought is his essence. The marriage discovers the world through the method of grasping its place, and not in order to respect itself and marvel at the world (although, beyond the boundaries of the husbandhood, one can mother the place). People, to their core, live their lives in such a way that they change the world to suit their needs, the laws of nature, the laws of the powerful and suspenseful world. With such a wealth of knowledge, no small person knows, it is so foolish that he does not deny his concrete realization. Only by indirect and mediated action (practice), organized on knowledge, people can live.

The Svetoglyad consists of two parts: understanding of the worldі real life practices, This corresponds to the formed reasonable light that is present in the ligament system of individuals.

The light gaze accompanies the life of every person. The pose with the light gaze cannot be human. Only people have light eyes; a creature that has no regard for those who hurt the soul (Aristotle), it is spared. The historical form of the light gaze is based on the dark light generated by the entire society of the world, which is reflected in the everyday life of both the individual and the spouse (in one’s family) by the light. Well, if we are talking about the historical forms of light-gazing, then under the “historical form” we mean such a situation, if the majority (mainly the mass) of people of a particular congregation, surviving in a particular hour period, in a particular spatial coordinate, are preserved in their actions and work on the basis singing united light of understanding. All practical activities of people are carried out carefully due to the increased awareness of the majority of individuals.

In the adult life of people there are only three historical forms of light-gazing: mythical, religious and philosophical. There are no other historical forms in the world. There are plenty of types and types in the light. The concept “type of light-gazer” can be given an impersonal meaning. Under the concept of "type of light-gazer" they suffer from respect around the world people who act on the basis of a specific understanding of any aspect of reality. “Kind of light” for me means a structural subdivision of individual and enormous activity, the determinant of which is the appearance of light. “The form of the light-gazer” conveys the complete organization of the aggregate actions of people who live on the basis of the light-consciousness generated by them. It is important for everyone to understand the “historical form of the light-gazer” that “form of the light-gazer” lies in something that is understood on a smaller scale, even more so: it manifests itself in the minds of many communities. The historical form extends to the activity of all (an important number) of people who live on earth, whose daily life is characterized by a single picture of the world created by them. The form of the light-mind is divided between regional common minds, in which there are people based on their light-mind.

The first historical form of the light gaze was mythical (there is no need to confuse it with mythological as the stylization of a mythical form), the role of which was reduced to the possibility of survival of humanity as a species-specific multiplicity. It will begin immediately with the appearance of ancient humans (possibly Australopithecus) and will end (likely) between the extinct Neanderthal man (Homo habilis) and the appearance of the Cro-Magnon man ( Homo sapiens). The descendants who studied the savings of the first tribes (Wundt, Taylor, Lévi-Bruhl, Lévi-Strauss, Fraser and many others) indicated the presence of a mythical form of light-gazing in these tribes. Homer and Hesiod introduced a stylized form of mythical light-gazing - mythology.

Religion, as a historical form of the light-gazer, is the “recognized form” of the mythical light-gazer. Its main “importance” is related to the problem of preserving the human race. Її great rhubarb development - the sharing of people with God. Ale self-thrusts are out of reach. This “ordained” philosophy is believed to be a historical form of the world view, which is the “recognized form” of religion. This position stems from Aristotle’s respect that the first philosophy is theology. This means that philosophy, a kind of extended religion, is in line with the implementation of the underlying development trend, which is reflected in the fact that the mineral of the soil is the life of the creature, the creature is the life of the human being, and the people - to the Divine life (Aristotle). What does it mean that the journey to Divine life begins with religion, and will not end with it. Relying on the theological understanding of God, philosophy, as a historical form of light, guides people to a divine life. Philosophies, as a form of conscientious knowledge, cannot be given power. This influx is becoming even more widespread in a fragmented, one-sided (abstract) life. It is tied to the comprehension of fragments of life, but does not pretend to express the whole world. The difference is that some people value human greatness from it, others are treated like an empty phenomenon that does not provide any utilitarian value, and the connection with this represents marginal knowledge for people neither. Such extremes cannot be taken to mean the real significance of philosophy as a professional profession. In my opinion, modern philosophy is a preparatory step to the formation of philosophy as a historical form of light-gazing.

In modern minds, philosophy is perceived not as a historical form of light-gazing, but as a form of suspenseful knowledge that emerged during the suspenseful historical form of the field. The historical genus has formed professional types of both material and spiritual community production. One of the numerous types of spiritual development is philosophy. This is the lower level.

This is a strategic trend towards the unity of the practical and the theoretical in the context of married life. However, as far as I can see, the marriage has a basic ideology. Ideology plays the tactical role of a theoretical state structure with the method of implementing the task that faces a specific method of creation. A situation such as this is entirely permissible in which an ideology and a world view can unite in such a way that it would be impossible to draw a cordon between them. But there is no shortage of these huge structures, which are full of antagonism. In such partnerships, the place of ideology begins to take over the light.

Stosovno to I'll be there any minute The specific role of the human “ideology” is defined by religion as a historical form of light vision. And in this connection I respect, first of all, in this hour and for a long time to come there will be such a formation that on the basis of classism the human ideological function in the kingdom (but not in the power) is being eliminated by religion. And, in other words, the spiritual development of people proceeds in such a way that the social-class structure and scientific progress for the vast majority of people today are of a different importance. This is not due to the social-class approach and scientific progress suspinal development. It is said that the majority of people in the world have not yet matured to understand the role of both the social-class structure and science in the life of a marriage. Partially, the sovereign body understands. What matters is not only the countries that are developing, but those that are industrially deteriorating. In connection with this, we talk about the formation of a single picture of the world and the same way does not work for all people. The success that will emerge on Earth, the strengthening sovereign systems, and people stay with each other in the middle of their sleep, and sleep among themselves.

The creation of a unified picture of the world (light-intelligence) is not individual, but a global one on the right. Light-gazing manifests itself through a specific way of acting of people (in Aristotle, Kant and in behavior). It operates on the basis of the previously developed and “recognized form” of the enlightened reality of people and people’s reality as a single whole. Schematically, this idea can be expressed in another way: light-glancing is the essence of action, and light-glancing is action that reflects the understanding of this world. The light view is not just the totality of views on the world and the place of people in this world, but is a specific interaction between people and the world, as a result of which, on the basis of the song light understanding, a specific There is mutual interchange between both people and the world, apparently to a previously acquired understanding. A thought is formed on the unity of all positive decline of the human race. Historically, it seems that its entire contour is manifested in the importance of placing before the varieties of production, of which, in essence, there are two: the custodial one and the private one. The first shapes the life of people under the great power of the people to the peculiarities of production as their natural, tribal bourgeoisie. The other “unites” people privately to the individual differences as a private basis that separates people. Vin is a time-worn sign of the “sleeping” life of buyers, it sleeps only until such time as the private power of the production process is preserved. These two ways of living mean both the material and spiritual life of every person. Today, the world suffers from the fragmented, worthless (which lacks integrity) lives of people. And although the human individual is intellectually apologetic, his mental processes are associated with a similar way of living. This confirms the dialectical-materialistic view, which is based on a materialistic understanding of history. The materialistic understanding of history is scientific. This is the algebra of the understanding of human nature and marriage. In this case, private power (arithmetic level) will often manifest itself, indicating as a tendency the formation of a socially homogeneous marriage, and specific actions that lead to the natural life of our marriage and people. Its full implementation is a distant prospect, associated with the elimination of internal social antagonism.

Until then, as long as people in their everyday life come out of the satisfaction of their psychophysiological needs as the primary needs of life, the spiritual determinant of the unified understanding of the world will be religion as the historical form of its I see that this kind of change is reflected in the saving of humanity.

With the development of the dialectical-materialistic approach to the place of religion, philosophy took over as a historical form of light-gazing. Until that happens, philosophy is a form of conscience.

Well, with the essential signs of the historical form of the light gazer: 1) one picture of the world(light understanding), which is shared by an important majority (the main part of the marriage) of people who live on the Earth, on the basis of which the species is based 2) specific form of activity, a specific way of affirming one’s life: “it is necessary to turn around, reintroduce the wisdom of philosophy as a way of living”

Peredmova

True version, written in accordance with the sovereign lighting standards from philosophy for any school, make it its main task to familiarize students, postgraduate students, as well as a wide range of readers who are interested in philosophy, with current philosophical problems and research They are up to the development of a powerful philosophical position. The authors tried to show different approaches to the most important philosophical problems and set tasks to help students, based on knowledge of historical and philosophical material, be able to think independently and independently judge the complexity And those vitally important speeches, spiraling towards achievements modern science and philosophy.

Philosophical problems lie down to the “eternal” ones. The smells were part of the entire history of this subject, and every thought introduced new meanings to the current understanding. Therefore, the development of philosophy conveys both the mastery of certain ready-made results, and the clarification of how the thinkers of the past came up with their solutions. ; What people experienced during this period of life, what their way of thinking was, the destruction of ideals, what little knowledge they had - everything was reflected in philosophical problems, in the types of philosophizing themselves. However, the change in philosophical approaches never made it possible to achieve the achieved development. Alternative concepts of the past and today, mutually reinforcing one another, will enrich the spiritual, moral and intellectual potential of humanity. Therefore, the development of philosophy is inevitably connected with the beasts of history, with the concept of the past.

At the same time, the study of philosophical topics conveys knowledge of the types of them to understand and categories, which represent a song of complexity. The authors tried to summarize the richness of the text, as well as the short vocabulary of the book. Try to master philosophical concepts and understand that intelligence is necessary, but not sufficient. In order to destroy philosophical culture, it is necessary to learn the mystery of operating with its categories. And this, in its own way, is inspired by the ancient culture of the people, their erudition, and knowledge of the history of secular culture.

Philosophy has always played a special role in the emerging and shaped world view of people. Therefore, the problem has been one of the most important since ancient times. It would be incredibly important to note that this extremely broad abstract concept has no connection with the world of everyday life, with the anxieties and turmoil of our skin. In fact, the problem of buttya is a whole world of food about human struggle, about the sense of one’s life. The main function of philosophy is the orientation of people in the light of nature, marriage. At every moment in his life, every person faces the need to make a choice and thereby exercises his freedom. Philosophy can help you make the right choice. To achieve this goal, philosophy expands into the world of values, creating theories of values. It provides a scale for evaluating objects, establishes a hierarchy of values ​​and highlights their revaluation in the light of what is changing.

Another fundamental problem of philosophy is the path to the development of civilization, the directness of cultural historical process. The urgency of this today is associated with the unsafe global environmental crisis, the persistence of violent conflicts on the planet, the catastrophe of totalitarian ideologies, as well as the processes of integration of cultures. The search for alternative paths in the future is one of the most important tasks of philosophy.

The authors are aware of the complexity of the task that stands before them, and do not claim absolute correctness or the insane truth of the decisions made there, where they express the position of power. Putting their glances at the manifestations of these and other foods, they decided to place them at other points of view, remembering those in modern science that have accumulated a great body of knowledge, and especially in philosophy, initial helper Next, select the most fatigue-tested material. In addition to the teachings, philosophers in high-ranking professions claim vikory evidence and the achievements of other descendants, usually following the old theories. This is due to the authors of the reference book, who, formulating the authorities on various topics, relied on authorities and widely visible positions, wanting to admit that not all of them may be subject to reconsideration for an hour. What the hell have they thrown away - to encourage those who embrace philosophy to reflect on that which has already degenerated into the treasury of philosophical thought, to fade away from that which is now deprived of its relevance and is gaining its relevance shenya and, having broken it through her knowledge, put it in the basis of a powerful light. There is no doubt that such an orientation of information is an unknown part of the illuminating position of any illustrious person, as we have already completed the most important initial deposit. Chapters 1,2,4,5,9 were written by Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor O.M. Chumakov, chapters 3, 6, 7, 8 – Doctor of Philosophical Sciences, Professor N.F. It was loud.

Finally, the book contains a Glossary of Philosophical Terms.

Philosophy: its subject and role in marriage

Philosophy from the first close

A practical skinned person who is just beginning to learn philosophy, so who already knows otherwise, but would like to know about it, as a reminder in everyday life, people often come across these famous, adding concepts. There are few who, because of the school curriculum and their own ingenuity, were able to get to know their teachers with other literature from philosophy, and even with the works of great philosophers, the influx of which has been deprived of deep trace cultural decline practically whatever the people.

It’s not so easy on your own, without special skills, to make a clear statement about what philosophy is, what it does, and what kind of mission it is? Among those who work professionally in the field of philosophy, there is no consistency in the supply of food. Some respect philosophy as a science, others - as a matter of reason, while others, in disagreement with this, give other importance, emphasizing respect on different forms of people's light-gaze, the state of their soul, intellect, special qualities. I mean that. I would like to learn from her a method, a way of rational, irrational, or even intuitive understanding of a person’s self and, above all, the world.

Why does the skin derive its logic of annihilation depending on the fact that it indicates a low-quality diet: why and why does philosophy fail? What is the nature of philosophical knowledge and how is it possible, based only on the human mind, to know the world? Here there is often an answer to the question why, for two and a half thousand years of its founding, philosophy has not given unambiguous, irrefutable evidence for the richness of life. important food, I have not found any residual, incomparable solutions to the so-called “eternal philosophical problems”, such as, for example: what is a human being? Who is God? What is matter, information? How does the smell smell among each other? How to understand the truth and what are its criteria? What is a soul? What does it mean: freedom, jealousy, justice, hatred, love?

And yet, regardless of the existence of a tired, obscurely accepted philosophy, as well as the great diversity of points of view and approaches to the understanding of the subject, essence, goals and mission, at that invariably - in all hours and in all countries - it is and is deprived of one from the most fundamental subjects, which are compulsory for study at all universities and other major basic courses. Why? Where is the logic here? And before that, it is also worth mentioning that philosophy does not have a single universally accepted language, a consistent establishment of laws and a single set of categories that are universally significant for any philosophical beginnings. Moreover, in principle, it is not intended to be a unified system of knowledge and, therefore, is not directly aimed at obtaining precise results, as, for example, the power of science.

So why does philosophy maintain such unflagging respect throughout our rich history? You may think that we are dealing with an unfathomable paradox. All the supernaturalness that is created is achieved in the world of delving into the essence of this subject, delving into its specifics and beginning to understand the role that philosophy plays in making people aware of themselves, and in the wider world. . Much can be clarified already in this introductory chapter, except for the whole philosophy of philosophy, more profound and beyond the understanding of nutritional disorders that will come only in the world of familiarity with the price of the book and is limited I am not concerned with philosophical issues, in the mysterious and consuming light of philosophy - wisdom.

What is philosophy?

Instead of some unknown word, it’s better to start with its etymology, then. explaining why, if, how and why it happened. The concept of “philosophy” is similar to the Greek. “рһііо” - love and “§о£з” - wisdom, so the initial substitution of this term can be interpreted as love to wisdom, wisdom. First this word lived in the VI century. to sound e. the famous ancient Greek philosopher Pythagoras, it is necessary to draw a principle of distinction between this knowledge, which in its finished form (with the help of myths, retellings, traditions) was passed on from generation to generation, and thus, how it could be rejected and himself, spiraling into his overbearing mind along the path of Mirkuvan and critical interpretation of the truth.

І Pythagoras, and other philosophers of old, initially put into the concept of “philosophy” a much different substitution, to the extent that they stuck with it in later hours and essentially reduced it to Philosophy is “the queen of all sciences.” They did not respect themselves as sages and did not pretend to be the wisdom of Volodin, because the correct wisdom, as they were usually supposed to think, lay in myths, religions, stories that go back to ancient times, from ancestors, from centuries. And with the noses of wisdom, hundreds of verified knowledge, truths in the remaining authority, the prophets, the priests, the elders were respected - the recognized and uncontested authorities, the “true sages”, the words of which did not allow doubt and madly took hold of iru. The philosopher should have been nothing more than a joker, a lover of wisdom, to step up to them, relying not so on authority, but on the powerful mind, vikory knowledge and evidence, obtaining, and other creative paths.

Philosophy - its subject and role in marriage

Such an arrangement was not immediately realized to the world and to the people themselves. Humanity has gone through a long and complex journey, first of all it has evolved and grown from the presence of nature, created and multiplied the ways of life, as a result of which sufficient evidence and knowledge have accumulated, and the minds of people today Or, having become self-sufficient in order to find types of food in numbers y at your place.

The essence of nutrition. In order to understand the essence of philosophy, as well as the reasons for its appearance, Rosmov begins with the world view of people. Why? Because, as will be shown below, philosophy is one of the main forms of the worldview and the very form that is based on a rational ear. To talk about philosophy means to talk about the world view of people, and, therefore, about its essence and history that appeared on Earth. And here we are faced with complex, still poorly understood problems, because the human behavior is one of the greatest mysteries that people have always tried to unravel. But today, in this galaxy, knowledge is deprived of many unresolved problems, as there is still no unambiguous, secretly accepted type of power supply: why, obviously, through what reasons, we can say so - for what purposes - for did the human appear?

Prehistory. Scientific, as well as other approaches to understanding the value of the problem, we will review later - in the main sections of this book. Now, respectfully, from the looks of current scientific discoveries, human history is still of low nutrition, but some scientists and fachists are clearly clear. Based on the rich historical material, factual data obtained by archaeology, and also based on the results obtained by the methods of other sciences (for example, the age of pores, copalin, etc.), with great frequency it is possible to Juvat, that humans are the result of the evolutionary development on our planets. Obvious knowledge allows for the emergence of an unpretentious conclusion that the ancient settlements of human-like creatures prepared elementary materials for the purpose (which people have realized), approximately 3-5 million have appeared.

The age of Homo erectus, according to archaeological and scientific data, is approximately 1.5 million years old. I less than 40-60 thousand. Unfortunately, this is the type of people who took away from the name “shto zarie”, which means - the human being is reasonable. From the moment when people discovered reason and remained formed as a social essence, they respected the Fahians, in their basic characteristics, no longer recognizing the essential changes, then. Doesn't make fun of people today.

It appears to the mind that current scientific discoveries can be traced back to this period of historical development of man, since his brain is constantly growing labor activity and verbal (mental) learning has developed to the present day. Since collapsible abstractions have become available to him. The people, in this manner, began to develop a not very primitive, but also quite intelligent word, intellectual work, formulating concepts, making judgments, and constructing ideas.

From now on you can start practicing

thought talk about molding to finish the guilt

people's view of the world and about people's view of the world

vzagali - as the totality of accumulated knowledge, practical skills, values ​​that have accumulated.

Such a view, which is formed on the basis of everyday evidence and empirical knowledge, is called basic or empirical and appears initially as an undifferentiated, unsystematic totality of people’s manifestations about the world. It forms the basis of any kind of world view and is an important regulatory function that guides people in their everyday life and activities, intelligent behavior and, therefore, part of their routines.

If we put it more outwardly, ignited in meaning, then the light view is a system of views on the objective world and place in a new person, on putting a person to the utmost efficiency and to himself, as well as the formation of these views mainly and the living positions of people, their transformations, ideals, principles of knowledge and activity, valuable guidelines.

The Svetoglyad, which is designated by such a rank, is attracted only to people and is associated with the appearance of its formed knowledge and reasonable activity, if not only it is necessary to establish the concept and judgement, it works and formalize and formulate the rules, and begin to operate, prepare knowledge with the method of deriving new knowledge. The intelligence that characterizes such activity of people, their creative activity, becomes a strong way of accelerating the evolution of both itself and its success, and as a result, it becomes the main difference between people and creatures.

With the emergence of consciousness, a person begins to understand the meaning of reality, she forms and develops ideas about her “I” and “NOT-I”, “MI” and “NOT-MI”. Tim discovers himself and his superior efficiency, begins to draw differences between himself and other people, between himself and the environment, revealing more and more new sides of the previously unknown to the world. Such views form the basis of a light view, which is formed as a sum of a person’s views on himself and is extremely effective. When a person makes a distinction between what he should and shouldn’t, he makes assessments, creates a system of priorities and ultimately finds ways to achieve these and other goals.

The light-gazer, thus, in a formalized form, presents the following basic functions that affect humans: cognitive, valuable, behavioral.

In this case, the most important thing is knowledge, since it includes all the food that piques the interest of a person, as well as the types of ways to come. Knowledge enriches and broadens the outlook of people, who in the world of marriage development become the greatest and richest in the world.

However, the world is incredibly varied and undergoes constant change, and the food that may provide satisfactory results is undoubtedly more than where it would be possible to have dates or more than one type of evidence. includes everything else. The light appearance of a person's skin, which selectively reacts to problems, nutrition, and symptoms, is always subject to special sensitivity, and I would like to say that for this reason no similar to the way other people look. What is unique and unrepeatable is the fact that in the world of light, next to the intellectual germ, there are inextricably linked emotional and mental ones, which for every person act as absolutely concrete, individual characteristics.

Intellectually, emotionally and psychologically, at the same time, the will gives rise to a transformation - looks, actively accepted by people, consistent with the whole warehouse of their intelligence, life aspirations.

Another important element of any modern viewpoint is doubt, which protects it from dogmatism - such a thought, if it becomes one-sided, uncritical, that it accepts something else as an undeniable truth, unchangeable for everything Their furnishings. Another extreme in relation to dogmatism is skepticism, in which doubt is absolutized, placed at the basis and acts as the main principle of knowledge and action. Now, as can be seen from what has been said, the people’s idea is to create a complex phenomenon in which it is customary to see around the elements that form its structure. The most important of them are light sensitivity, light reception and light awareness.

Svitovіdchuttya - tse feel cool To the maximum extent of the world, if one feels that the mood will “bark” the light, portray its image through the prism of subjective, sometimes individual perceptions. For example, it’s light, as it can be done for a sick person, but for a healthy person it will be normal; The color tone is perceived very differently by a colorblind person than by someone with normal vision. Stars float and different types Svetovyudtiv, such as optimistic, pessimistic, tragic, etc.

Light perception is the manifestation of excess light in ideal images. Light perception may be adequate or inadequate, then, it may not be effective, if reality appears or there may be illusions, fantasies, such as phenomena about mermaids, forest dwellers, centaurs , Budinkov, etc.

Imaginativeness is a cognitive-intellectual activity, aimed at identifying the essence of both the person himself and the wider world, as well as understanding the interconnection of processes and processes that occur in give birth.

Light perception and, often (in elementary forms), light perception of power both to people and to creatures. And the axis of light-consciousness has no power for people.

First historical forms of light-gazing

Different eras have deepened knowledge and expanded the horizons of people, opening new horizons in the world and in the world, and in themselves in the new. Tim himself grew, grew, grew richer every day (empirical) light view, from the understanding of which, even if crystallized from it, the details of the folding structure were gradually formed, which led to the solution of the vision new forms, some seem to be historical types to the light.

The most important of them: MYTH RELIGION PHILOSOPHY SCIENCE.

Historically, the first forms of the world view were myth and religion, which were conveyed by philosophy and science, which is entirely suitable for the fundamental logic of the evolutionary development of mankind. Thus, the world has accumulated skills and acquired elementary knowledge, not only has the problem of transmitting them from generation to generation arisen, but the very view of the first people has become increasingly complex. At the final stage of its development, after reaching the “critical mass” of accumulated knowledge, the laws of self-organization began to appear in the new one, as well as in any other way to reach the folding system.

The essence of this phenomenon is best understood by looking at the accumulation of books at the home library. If they are a bunch, no classification is required and it doesn’t matter where they lie and in what relation they are found one to one. If there are dozens of rahunoks, for a simple and efficient search, you need to sort them out and systematize them. And the more books there are, the more complex the system of classification, ordering, and rubrication is, so that they can be processed more easily and with less expense.

This very ordering according to the laws of self-organization began in the view of the first people, but has developed quite well, initially in the form of myth and the first forms of religion.

Mythology The concept of “myth” is similar to the Greek word tuїһoz, which means confirmation, confirmation. If we do not go into a particularly casual mythology of information, but stick to simple meanings that convey the primary meaning of the word, then we can say that MYTH is the whole of ordering, the song of systematization of information, What is conveyed by the phenomena of different peoples about the exploration of the world, about the phenomena of nature, about the fantastic? Stories about the glory of gods and heroes.

Myths initially had the beginnings of knowledge, religious beliefs, various elements of spiritual culture, mysticism, social life and, in this way, the world view of the first people was set in order, and their views on The world has formed into a song system. The most important forms of this systematization are: epics, fairy tales, legends, retellings, of which, first of all, myths are transmitted. Tim himself will also ensure that the accumulated knowledge and evidence is consolidated in future generations.

The specificity of mythological thinking lies in the fact that it is not just an identification, a retelling of some story, but an experience, with the archaic familiarity of the oral “sacred” text as the action that flows into the passage And go to the people and the world in which he lives. Myth, especially in the early stages of human history, had the most important function of regulating the behavior and interaction of people, as they were anchored in the signals, the moral views, and the aesthetic position of people before life. clarity. Mythology is characterized by the fact that everything in it is at once, united, inseparable; objects and manifestations of nature live according to the very laws that humans suffer, the same as those who suffer, suffer, suffer, etc.

Well, the myth is a guess and a “relic of the past”, and a specific language, with the help of some people, who have been describing the world since recent times, interpreting, interpreting, classifying and inducing the singing system of their increasingly diverse and knowledge.

In myth, the main role is played by tradition, the authoritative word that comes from the mouth of the father, the leader, the elder... The creation of such a development is based on faith, indiscriminate, emotional sympathies. Isnost. The mythological light-gazer is entirely light-minded, who has no doubt.

Mythology (as the totality of myths) is closely connected with the view of ancient people. And today's myths, which live in everyday knowledge, are visibly veiled by those present in religion, philosophy, politics, mysticism, will be deprived (for some - more, for others - less miroya) warehouse light view of any people, playing an active role in life and creativity of people. In the minds of the informatization of marriage, which is rapidly growing, the myth behind other television, radio, periodicals, and current choice technologies is often argued as a means of manipulating the husband’s life. at home, molding behind the given enormous thought then.

Religion Another form of light-gazing that has historically influenced philosophy is RELIGION. The word is similar to the Latin ge!і§io, which means piety, devotion, holiness. Like myth, religion at its core also has faith, perhaps emotions. And although the rudiments are revealed at the early stages of the formation of the light-gazing “people of reason”, then. close to 40-60 thousand. Unfortunately, it emerges as an independent form of light-gazing a little later, when, once we put the myth behind us, it becomes clear that the reality of mankind reaches an abstract point of view.

Religion can be defined as the light-seeing and light-like appearance, as well as the corresponding behavior and specific actions of people who adhere to the belief of the supernatural (the gods, the “greater mind”, which is the absolute).

Religion is a complex spiritual illumination and historically-historical phenomenon, where faith is invariably placed in the first place and will henceforth be valued more for knowledge! In line with the myth, religion includes an already complex set of functions, including:

It is clear that it indicates nutrition: how, if and for what everything that exists appeared, and how in whom the primary role of supernatural force appeared;

It is communicative, which ensures a new type of cohesion and inter-individual connections, which promotes solidarity and the integrity of matrimony;

Regulatory, which establishes basic norms and rules that regulate people’s behavior.

Compensatory, which compensates for the lack of information, respect, turbo, replaces the reality of the sense of life, prospects, etc. which perpetuates dissatisfaction with the everyday needs of people.

Religion has emerged as a natural phenomenon and has its deep roots that never sustain the faith of man in the supernatural. This fundamentally comes to us in human nature, in the psychology of people, and regardless of the development of a person’s intellect and knowledge to critical thinking, fear and instillation of the need not only to understand, to appease , and just believe.

More and more lively religious views are emerging in the sphere of knowledge. Here the so-called epistemological roots of religions are hidden. From the perspective of a rational knowledge of the world, people of their diversity seem to be infinitely complex and their knowledge appears to be fragmentary. Because of this, there are reasons for new mysteries and miracles, to unravel what (maybe, yet?) people are not in the mind, as they do not go into it, hiding only on the mind, not to bring, not simply, and much of what is known as faith. As psychologists say, “the important task is to fool,” people feel weak, hopeless in the face of intractable problems and easily add to, or even replace, evidence to the mind with guesswork, brutality to the supernatural.

Reasons for religion

spheres, because in the marriage there was always inequality, evil and lawlessness, they could not change or pay for all their debts. Due to the injustice and inadequacy of the earthly world, there is a seemingly hopeless conflict that easily develops into faith prison life, as you can imagine, whatever religion is, everything is governed in the best possible way and every person is responsible for his actions. Faced with problems, difficulties and lack of support in real life, people become desperate to the world, relying on supernatural forces. Having believed in them, you will know in silence and in the end come to humility and resignation.

The truth is that there is a consistent and consistent connection between religion and politics. RIZNI is half a power, yak rule, do not run away to the vicoristovati by relay from his mercantile tsіlyakh, such a rank, it is all the same to be a seniority, the snake of the role of that kind of shedding in suspension. There are established reasons for the persistence of religion on the ground that the hostile advances of modern science have not stolen the foundations of religion, and the growth of scientific knowledge practically does not change the hundred-hundred-hundred-year-old ratio of the number in There are those who believe and those who do not believe among the scientists. So, in 1916, when the science of nature, which was rapidly developing, seemed to have become the limitless possibility of people in the known world, the American explorer James Luba, having published even the results of his investigations, Almost 40% of people in the United States believed in God. The results of a new investigation conducted back in the 90s became an even greater sensation. American historians E. Larson and L. Whitham, who decided to understand how much their thinking had changed under the influx of the greatest scientific advances and achievements that had emerged in the 20th century. A study conducted on thousands of humanists and natural scientists in the United States showed that 40% of scientists still believed in God and lived a better life. At the same time, the number of unbelievers and agnostics (who believe in God) has also changed little since that time and remains today, as before, approximately 45% and 15% similar.

Zagalny visnovok The vitality of the religious worldview is constantly confirmed across countries and continents by the results of the study conducted by the Hromadska Duma Foundation in 2000 rubles. in Russia. Among Russians, who lived for at least 80 years in the 20th century in the minds of military atheism, who accepted all possible arguments for the “disruption” of religion, 2/3 of the population consider themselves believers. 59% of respondents believe that the President of Russia believes in God, 31% respect that the president can be a person of faith, and an insignificant proportion of Russians (6%) respect that the head Russian state May be an atheist.

The history of mankind knows a lot of different religions. Thus, in the first place, when the level of culture and knowledge was extremely low, and people could not withstand the elemental forces of nature, which were for her a terrible, alien and hidden force, early, yet great primitive forms of religions arise ii: fetishism, animism, totemism, magic is the same.

Historical fetishism, for example, endows every other subject with monstrous powers and religious philosophies to flow into people’s lives. Such an object is deified and becomes an object of vanity and worship.

Animism (from Lat. apita - soul) cultivates the belief in the origin of souls and spirits, and also its influence not only on the lives of people, but also on creatures, on objects and phenomena in excessive light, fragments from the sight of animism I have the whole world of spiritualizations.

Totemism is based on the belief in the hidden relationship of any group of people to these or other creatures, a plant, an object, a deafened totem, etc. an ancestor, whom one should worship, since he acts as a powerful protector, the patron of this family, and will provide for it too.

Magic (from the Greek tayo - chari) is also one of the forms primary religion, which is based on the belief that, without the help of natural forces, it is possible, in a secret way, for example, through a set of rituals, specific actions, to infuse speeches, people, creatures, and induce spiritual forces - “spirits”, “demons” in" then. P.

The established modern forms of religion formed the basis of later religious beliefs and in other ways emerged both in polytheism (worship of rich gods) and in monotheism (according to worship of one god). Often the stench saves you from sleeping for an hour.

Close to 10 thousand. Unfortunately, when people switched to a sedentary way of life, taking up animal husbandry and agriculture, the so-called neo-lethal revolution was born. With the later development of matrimony and polytheism, the fragments of the matrimonial section of the soil, soil waters, washing and reorganization begin to be more compatible with the destruction of spirits and fetishes, and gods, which people have given specific names and types.

Subsequently, the formation and development of sovereignty, the emergence of great cultures of old, the formation of slave caps, the emergence of the monarchy and unity, which is growing, indicated that there was a trend in the religious worldview And to a single vanity, created by the cult of one god. Seeing from the facelessness of the gods a single omnipotent god, people themselves brought into song the reality of their manifestations about life in reality, where the king of the earth rules, with the light of the world, where a single and omnipotent god lives. This is how monotheistic religions arose (from the Greek topo - one and Iһеоз - god): Judaism (VII century BC), Buddhism (VII century BC), Christianity (I century), Islam (VII century).

Life is shaped by people's daily gaze. If people evaluate action based on logic and reason, then we talk about the theoretical.

Among the people of this nation and class there is a huge social outlook, and the surrounding features of power are individual. Look at how much activity people have in the media, fighting from two sides: emotional (light sensitivity) and intellectual (). These sides are revealed in their own way in other types of worldviews, which to this day are carefully preserved and find their own twist in science, culture, the unique views of people, traditions and sayings.

The oldest type of light gaze

For a long time now, people have been consuming too much light, and in the era of primacy, myths were formed to explain the phenomena that they discovered around them. The period of mythological light-gazing lasted for tens of thousands of years, developing and appearing in various forms. Mythology, as a type of light-gazing, emerged during the formation of human marriage.

For additional myths, the first marriage tried to explain the diet of the world, the behavior of people, their life and death. Mythology acted as a universal form of knowledge, in which primitive knowledge, culture, and, apparently, religion were derived. People animated the natural phenomena that they saw, and respected power through the manifestation of the forces of nature. In the early era, people thought that the nature of natural speech had a hidden genetic beginning, and that human diversity resembled one ancestor.

The clear evidence of primary matrimony is evident in numerous myths: cosmogonic (which indicate the likeness of the world), anthropogonic (which indicate the likeness of people), sensory myths (which look at the birth and death of people that share), eschatological (directed to prophecy, the future). There are a lot of myths explaining the emergence of important cultural benefits in life, such as fire, farming, and crafts. The smells also indicate food, how social rules have been established among people, singing rituals and songs have emerged.

Svetoglyad, foundations on faith

Religious thought has played a major role in people's faith, which plays a major role in life. Corresponding to this form of the light gaze, there is the heavenly, earthly, and earthly light. It is based on faith and interpretation, which requires theoretical proof and emotional evidence.

The mythological light gave rise to the emergence of religions and cultures. Religious understanding provides an assessment of the excessive effectiveness and regulates the actions of people in it. Receptive to the world, it is primed on and off. The idea of ​​God occupies the main place here: to create the primary basis of everything that exists. For whom the whole type of light-view is more important than the spiritual over the physical. In view of the historical development of marriage, religion played an important role in the establishment of new relations between people, and contributed to the formation of centralized powers under the slave and feudal system.

Philosophy as a type of worldview

In the process of class supremacy, people have developed a comprehensive view of extreme reality. The purpose of establishing the ultimate cause of all appearances and speeches is to become the main essence of philosophy. In the Greek translation, the word “philosophy” means “love to wisdom,” and the ancient Greek sage Pythagoras is considered the founder of the concept. Mathematical, physical, and astronomical knowledge was gradually accumulated, and writing expanded. At the same time, it became necessary to grow in size, to doubt and bring about. In the philosophical type of light-view, people live in the same way as in the natural and social world.

In other ways, the philosophical view of life is interpreted and interpreted in a different way from the previous ones. Think about the hidden laws and problems between man and the world, which are based in philosophy not on superficial images, but on reason.

The specific historical minds of the life of marriage, evidence and knowledge of people of different eras became the sphere of philosophical problems. “Eternal” problems have no right to claim absolute truth during the founding of philosophy. It is worth checking that in a particular region the development of head consolidation philosophical problems“see” and appear in line with the minds of the foundation of human prosperity, equal to its development. Each epic has “sages” who are ready to provide important philosophical insights and knowledge

IDEAS AND EVOLUTION OF BUDDHISM

Buddhism: The order of the world's religion, dating back to the 6th – 5th centuries BC. in India. Having gained a foothold in the knowledge of the peoples of Asia and Distant Right away. Tradition traces the origin of this religion to Prince Siddhartha Gautalla, called Buddha (of enlightenment). However, Buddhism has an ever-present idea of ​​God as the creator of the world. The essence of happiness: life and suffering inseparable through human passions and devotions. Salvation from suffering is associated with the words of earthly passions and lifestyles. After death, a new rebirth arises, but also in the appearance of another living essence, the life of which is indicated not only by powerful behavior, but by the behavior of those who had a soul implanted before. People need to escape from the cycle but through the nirvana - the most important thing, which is the path through which one can reach the path beyond earthly addictions, and be satisfied with that life. This is the path to the salvation of people and humanity. The star of the sacred books of the Buddhist religion is called Tititaka (three cats). Before the written structured appearance, the stench was imposed by the Chens on Ceylon in the 80th century BC. Nina there are 500,000,000 Buddhists in the world. In the Russian Federation, stinks are more important in Tuva, Buryatia, Kalmikia.

Philosophy of Buddhism. People in Buddhism are neither a blessed person nor a ruler of a powerful share. In traditional Buddhism, people have little to no knowledge of the sacred law of light - Dharmi. This law does not exist for people, but is realized and applied to itself in the new. However, the people themselves, both good and bad things, come up with some kind of ethical mechanism that lies at the basis of the world. From the point of view of Buddhism, human life is not a priceless gift, like Christianity, but only one of the moments in Lancia’s rebirth. Buddhism does not give up eternal life after death, as long as it is respected by this data, and not by a great method. Living forever, according to Buddhists, is an eternal guarantee of death. In Buddhism, this is the name of the doctrine of “stale walking.” This is the essence of what is causing suffering for people - a thirst for life, a thirst for life, a lust for life. Buddhists respect light and illusory, therefore, illusory and contentment, as they believe. People are subject to the law of causal and hereditary links (karmi). Living things are considered, from the Buddhist point of view, to be eternally reborn, and in the mind of any new creation, it is the result of all the previous ones, and the very sum of all good works, or accumulated merits, and bad things, accumulated of all kinds of anti-merits. Humanity, as a subject, is divided into thousands of fragments, which indicate lives past and present. Therefore, all the elements of “long-distance marching” are connected not with a single life in the “circle of people and deaths”, but with the militia of one thing, whose life. Buddhism views man (as everything that is in the universe and the universe itself) as a combination of various energetic particles – dharmas. The very fact of the birth of a people means for a Buddhist the deprivation of inclusion in the never-ending process, where death is not the end of this process, but a transition to another form of consciousness - to intermediate death, which inevitably passes on to the new people. On the brink of a new nation, there may be a sung timely awakening. In whose appearance people are equal to all the world, which is also popular, living and dying. This process is cyclical and the hourly segment in the middle of the cycle has its own characteristics. In Buddhism, one of the most important places is occupied by the following units of particularity. Skin peculiarities are presented as the world was thought to be, as an accumulation of “small” forms. The Buddha said that specialness is made up of five elements: corporeality, perception, affection, manifestation and knowledge. Particular respect in Buddhism is given to the human soul, as an eternal element that takes part in the circle of life (the wheel of samsari). The soul disintegrates, according to the Buddha’s teachings, on the edge of the element (Scandi). In order for the new people to have that same specialness instilled in them, it is necessary for the Scandi to be united in the same way as they were united in the old days. The transition associated with the cycle, the exit from the wheel of samsari, the residual and eternal peace is the main element of the interpretation of the order in Buddhism. The soul, in the Buddhist view, is an individual consciousness, which carries with it all the spiritual light of a person, transforms during the process of special rebirths and the death of a greater state - nirvana.

Phenomenology. HERMENEUTICS

Hermeneutics is the science of understanding and understanding texts. G.G. Gadamer created the theory of reason. P. Riker analyzed the language in the broad context of social life and culture, and used the Hermen for the development of literature.

Mystery is a theory of darkness that may be able to reveal a change in the text, coming from both objective (the meaning of these variations) and subjective (the names of the authors) perspectives. It dates back to the Hellenistic period in connection with the tasks of scientific research and the appearance of classical texts and further develops within the framework of the “Holy Scripture” debacle. In the 19th century, the development of such titles as free R. began, not delimited by an object, between the sense of the text. In Deltey, G. transforms into a specific method of scientific sciences, seeking to ensure the understanding of hidden ideas coming from the subjective worlds of historical figures. In this case, the understanding provided an explanation in natural science that relates to the abstractions and provisions of the legal law. In the 20th century, R. gradually takes shape in one of the main methodological procedures of the philosophy, initially within the framework of existentialism, then the philosophy of G. Thus, in Gadamer, G. acquires the function of ontology, the fragments of “butya, which may be understood, e language", social philosophy, The fragments of understanding are the form of the existence of life and “criticism of ideology.” The result is the filtration of the mova, which is consistent with R.’s neo-positive analysis of the mova. Within the framework of the Frankfurt School (J. Habermas), R., as a critic of ideology, is obliged to criticize the analysis of the language of “volod and social power” in order to serve as a justification for the causes of organized violence. In Habermas, R. appears as one of the consolidation of various currents of modern bourgeois philosophy. G. procedures m.b. Wikipedia in history, law and other sciences, which are right after the analysis of objective results. evidence of activity.

Dіltey - G. - tse spoluchna lanka mizh fil and istor nauk. Hermeneutics. Hermeneutics (explain, explain) is a mysticism and theory of interpretation of texts. Hermeneutics of the 70-90s. to dissect “intelligence” not as an applied science that arises in the process of dissolution of texts, but as a fundamental characteristic of a person, as it is, what human troubles and thoughts mean.

THE PROBLEM OF THE VALUE OF SCIENCE

Science yavl. basic chol shape pіznanya. VIP. social functions: 3 groups: 1) cultural-light-gazing, science as inconsequential. Virob. strength, as social strength (vikorist. for solving various problems, vinic. under the hour of general development). Whose historical In order, the functions were expanded and expanded. First in the age of Vidroj - the struggle between theology. and science for the right of value. light carrier Pr-z transformation of science in production. strength - creation and value of stationary channels for practice. use of sciences. know, declared applied studies. In modern era science vistup. etc. at quality social strength. Sl., the diversity of sciences about the island: 1) Ethnography includes the life and culture of the peoples of the earth’s culture, their journey, settlement and cultural-historical connections. 2) Look at the legal science. the essence and history of law 3) Mozhnavenstvo transforms its culture, laws of functioning and development. 4) Pedagogy has as its subject nutritional education, covering and teaching the younger generations in the species for the purposes and goals of marriage. 5) Literary studies includes artistic literature, the specifics of years. creativity, greater artistic significance. liter. 6) Economics includes economics. the tables of people, the laws that govern production, division and the exchange of material goods. For navch. knowledge characteristically obvious 2 levels: empirical. and theoretical For empirical Knowledge of fact-fixing activity. Theory. knowledge is everyday knowledge, which operates on the level of abstraction of high orders. Theory is not formalized practice, knowledge and caution. Caution and experimentation are the most important. Methods of research in sciences. znannya. Empire that theory Equals are tied, they allow each other, although the historically empirical has given way to the theoretical. In the process nav. knowledge stagnates as a clear experiment, when the Duma operates with images and concepts, thoughts create the necessary minds. Theory is a valuable, well-structured, logically non-superficial system of scientific knowledge that gives a comprehensive view of the reality of power, patterns, etc. Theory is a system of verified scientific knowledge verified by practice that is developing. The core of a scientific theory consists of the laws that go before it. The variety of forms of current theoretical knowledge is evidenced by the variety of types of theories, and the variety of their classifications.

Skepticism. A pessimistic position about the possibility of knowledge of the world was formulated back in antiquity - in the final view of Pyrrho, who did not trust either reason or instinct. Later, Ege developed skepticism. Rotterdamsky, M. Montaigne and others. Skepticism in principle does not block the possibility of knowledge from the world, but rather creates doubts in anyone about what can be gleaned from these treasures that we know. Fundamentals of skeptical argumentation: it seems impossible to trust what different people there may be differences; Almost can’t be trusted, because... organs feel like they are constantly fooling us; You can’t trust your mind, because... Any proof rests on data that must be brought to the fore, and so on ad infinitum. Well, nothing can be achieved unless one accepts unproven axes or dogmas.

Antiscientists have a lot of negative legacies of the scientific and technological revolution, their pessimistic sentiments are growing in the world of the collapse of all hopes that are placed on science, among the highest economic and social people. and other problems.

Antiscientists believe that the invasion of science in all spheres of human life will interfere with the unspiritual, indulgent human personality and romance. The spirit of technocratism will block the world of life, high feelings and honorable centenaries. The wrong world is to blame, which is angry with the sphere of production and the need for constant satisfaction of ever-increasing speech needs. The ardent antiscientist G. Marcuse expressed his strong opposition to scientism in the concept of “one-dimensional man,” which showed that the suppression of the natural, and then the individual in man, leads to the diversity of all its manifestations with just one technocratic parameter. Extreme antiscientism tends to limit and derail the development of science. However, in this case there is a pressing problem of meeting the needs of a steadily growing population in elementary and essential living goods, not to mention those that in scientific-theoretical activity “projects” for the future development of humanity are laid down.

Philosophy of faith and religion.

Religion is a form of common knowledge, the basis of which is faith in the supernatural. It includes religious manifestations, religious sentiments, religious actions.

"Religion" - doubtfulness, piety, piety, worship, holiness and shrine, doubtfulness, sin, wine, care, confusion, banner.

In philosophy, religion has a light-view, a light-sense, and gives rise to similar behavior and specific activities (cults) that are based on the belief of one or many gods, "sacred", tobto. one or another variety of supernatural.

religion is a form of conscientiousness, the expression of activity in illusory and fantastic images, manifestations, and concepts. In essence - one of the types of idealistic light-gazing. Sign head- Faith in the supernatural.

Theology means religion as a relationship that connects a person with God. God and the Devil - the basic concepts of religion

Religious knowledge. I have a tamed empathetic clarity, the creation of a subtle image, and the recognition of adequate action in place of illusions, faith, symbolism, strong emotional intensity.

The most important element religious information - faith. This is more special psychological state Due to the current goal, there is a lack of accurate information about the reach of the target and the final result.

Vira is the purification of the fruitful life. As soon as the hope has subsided or it has become clear that the awakened spirit cannot be restored, faith fades away.

Religious faith is a whole faith:

the objective origin of sources, powers, connections, transformation, which is a product of the process;

the possibility of focusing on obvious objective facts and drawing on them for help;

the existence of certain mythological ideas, their repetition, the onset of such events and their relevance to them;

the truth of various views, manifestations, dogmas, texts, etc.;

Every day, information arises as images, manifestations, stereotypes, attitudes, mysteries, illusions, feelings, assumptions, directness of will, origins and traditions of people, as well as the infinite imaginations of the minds of people. .

The totality of understanding, ideas, principles, and arguments has been specially broken down and systematized.

The main functions of religion.

compensates for the powerlessness of people, the limitedness of their knowledge, the lack of social, political structure, etc., and also provides relief from lack of control, injustice, image, and political re-examination. Religion propagates the sentiments of the nobility from the lack of earthly fulfillment to the relief of suffering,

gives a religious picture of the world.

Please explain the place of people in the Universe, the problem butta and not.

Political - leaders of various denominations and countries will insist on religion until their actions are explained, and also group citizens with religious power for political purposes.

Communicative communication of believers among themselves, “solicitation” with gods, angels (spirits), souls of the dead, saints, who act as ideal intermediaries in everyday everyday life and in communication between people.

allows people to become aware of a single religious unity, held together by sacred values ​​and goals

strengthens fellow believers from adherents of other religions.

Information and ignorance

Nesvidome is a complex phenomenon, “one’s other” knowledge (nesvidoma, podsvidom, dosvidom). As a person, we know that the truth, known and unknown, occupies a great place in our spiritual life. For example, not all the inheritances of our ancestors are understandable. Many human actions have a mechanical, automated character.

The variety of forms and manifestations of the unknown is enormous. Among them (in addition to the divinations) are called dreams, guardedness, guardedness, loss of orientation in the open air, and various pathological manifestations (madness, hallucinations, illusions), etc.

It would be wrong to equate the unknown with the creature’s psyche. The concept of “human psyche” is broader than the concept of “swidom”. The lowest level of the human psyche is unknown. Almost all the actions of people are revealed by the acquaintance of the known and the unknown.

Before the story of the unknown, Plato’s words about anamnesis are taken into account - the fortune-telling of the soul was seen by her before the universe in the body of hidden truths. The effort to comprehend the phenomenon of the unknown came from both the line of philosophy (Descartes, Leibniz, Schelling, the Jenean romantics and others.), and from the line of psychology - especially from the development of pathopsychological processes and hypnotic manifestations (Bernheim, Charcot, Janet and others).

However, the greatest expansion of the concept of the unknown creation occurred in the 20th century. Austrian psychologist and psychiatrist Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and Swiss psychologist Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961).

Briefly, the essence of Freud's concept looks like this. The ideas he developed are based on the revealed dominant role of the unknown in human life, instincts - especially of a sexual nature. Freud himself must say that “I” “am not a ruler in a powerful house” and that the knowledge of people is hesitant to be satisfied with pitiful facts about those who are unknown to his spiritual life.

Freud develops the structural concept of the psyche, which deduces all psychic dynamics from the interaction of three instances - Self, Self, Above-Self. Unknown Vono is, according to Freud, a “boiling cauldron of instincts.” I am so pleased with the impulses of Vono, as if I did not care about the forces of social reality. For the pre-trimannyam, the tsik vimog quilted Above-Ya, the representative of the partnership. Let's take a closer look at this structure.

Vono (ID) - this is the most recent mental awareness to accommodate one’s unusually primitive bodily instincts (sexual and aggressive urges). Its functions are completely ordered by the principle of salting. The simplest methods for uncovering Vono's place, following Freud, lie in the analysis of dreams and strong associations.

With all his might, Vono maintains “libido” (lat. “Stretch, craving”) - the psychic energy of sexual cravings, cravings, or natural instinct. Freud described the ways of re-creating libido." The instinctive impulse can be: a) undischarged in an unknown person; b) discharges in life, either for additional rubbish and morality, or for additional sublimation.

Sublimation (lat. “To move, to magnify”) - mental process, which is the reversal of the energy of the status instinct (libido) from mediocre goals (low) to the goals of non-sexual power - socially and culturally acceptable (things), moral praise: engagement in science, creation artistic creations, Human self-scroll, etc.

I (His) is that part of the specialness that is aware of and reacts to the extreme middle ground in the appearance of its cognitive values. I am a mediator between Vono and Above-Ya. In the world of development of the individual there is a differentiation between the Self and the development of the Above-Self. Freud established that people naturally differ among themselves in the forms and effectiveness of the activity of the self (individually, they can be strong or weak).

Over-I (Super-Ego) is the main authority in the structure of mental life, which plays a role in the internal censor. Above-I is a body of moral and religious sentiments, a controlling and punitive agent, a sociocultural education

Otherwise, Above-I is a system of social filters. Those that are not passed through these filters are stuck in the unknown that can be achieved by a system of moral norms and social barriers, especially with the help of a sense of conscience.

The pathos of Freud's love - in a possible permanent re-creation of Vono on I - is a truly humanistic (albeit even more important) and a nobleman's work, a good and skin-loving people, and a savior of humanity.

K-G. Jung, who wanted to begin a long-term relationship with Freud, quickly began to see eye to eye with him. Their main differences consisted of two principles:

the role of the sexual element in the mental life of the individual; understanding of the nature of the unknown.

Jung criticized Freud's pansexualism, arguing, firstly, the inadmissibility of analyzing all manifestations of the seemingly invisible sexuality and, in another way, the principle of the impossibility of explaining the diversity of human culture and creativity from the position of l Ibid.

Based on his original concept of the unknown, Jung proceeds from this:

1. it is not at all a dark ocean of vices and carnal desires, which are visible in the process of the historical behavior of man;

2. a place for spent troubles, and restore the device

intuitive understanding, which significantly outweighs the possibilities of knowledge;

3.acts completely on people, and on the other hand, it eliminates the drying function, simultaneously corresponding to the transition of the peculiarity of the song, sound, and development.

One of Jung's most cardinal ideas in psychology: beyond the special, individual unknown, there is a deeper layer of inner light - the collective unknown, which has a hidden, necessary, special nature. Jung called the noses of the collective unknown archetypes (Greek: “ear, image”), which form its place (structure) and the powers that be among the people of all people. The archetypes are different, the most important of them: Anima (female ear), Animus (human ear), Shadow, Persona, Self, Hero, Savior, Monster and others. all people. These are “dream thought forms”, which contain colossal energy. Archetypes are “image-symbols” that adequately explain the hidden human needs, instincts, anger and potency, and, therefore, convey human history. Archetypes are active structures that people experience through dreams, images, myths, fantasies, reality.

UNDERSTANDING THE LIGHT'S HISTORICAL FORMS

People have a reasonable social background. Its activity is complete. And in order to act fully in the complex real world, there is not much to know, but also to be able to do. Select your goals and accept them

Another solution. And therefore, we need, first of all, a deep and correct understanding of the world - a light gaze.

Svetoglyad is a system of views on the objective world and place in a new person, on putting a person to the utmost efficiency and to himself, as well as the interpretation that was formed on the basis of these views, ideals,

principles of knowledge and activity, value orientation. And effectively, people do not understand differently, as they are born to other people, families, teams, nations, born to nature, to the world. The goal is for the most important food: “What is this world?”

Svetoglyad is the foundation of human knowledge. The knowledge has been removed, the re-construction has been formed, thoughts, feelings, moods, merging with the world-view, are a singing system of understanding the human world and oneself. Look at the world and your place at the new place.

With a mythological view of light - regardless of the fact, until the distant past and today, we seem to have such a view, which is based not on theoretical arguments and worldviews, but on the artistic-emotional experience of the world, or on marital illusions, grooms

inadequate understanding of great groups of people (classes, nations) of social processes and their roles in them. One of the features of the myth, which unapologetically challenges this type of science, lies in the fact that the myth explains

“everything”, as long as there is no unknown and unknown. It is the latest, and the current information is an archaic form of the world view.

Historically, the first form of light-gazing is mythology. It occurs at an early stage in suspinal development. Thus, humanity in the form of myths, that is to say, paraphrases, was intended to date as a reference to such global nutrition as the similarity and structure of the world in general, the culprit of the most important phenomena of nature, creatures and people. An important part of mythology became cosmological myths dedicated to

control of nature. At the same time, myths had great respect at different stages the life of people, the darkness of people and death, all the experiences that await people on their way of life. A special place is occupied by myths about the reach of people: the production of fire, the development of crafts, the development of agriculture, the taming of wild creatures. Myth is the primary form of knowledge, and a special type of viewer, a specific figuratively syncretic manifestation about the manifestations of nature and collective life. Myth, as an early form of human culture, had the rudiments of knowledge, religious beliefs, moral, aesthetic and emotional assessment of the situation. As one can speak absolutely myth about knowledge, the word “knowledge” here has a sense not of traditional acquired knowledge, but of light sensitivity, sensitive experience (this is how we live this term in the learned “the heart gives signs ", "get to know a woman" etc.). d.). The myth consists of two aspects - diachronic (sermon about the past) and synchronic (explanation of today and tomorrow). In this way, through the myth, the past was connected with the next, and this ensured the spiritual connection of the generation. Instead of myth, it seemed to be the first people in highest level real, which deserves absolute trust.

Mythology played a great role in the lives of people in the early stages of their development. Myths, as it was previously said, reinforced the system of values ​​​​accepted by the marriage, supported and sanctioned new norms of behavior. And in this sense, stench was an important stabilizer of life.

Close to the mythological, although it has become a religious view, which has evolved from a still undifferentiated, undifferentiated suspinal knowledge. Like mythology, religion appeals to fantasy and feeling. However, instead of myth, religion does not “mix” the earth and the sacred, but deeply and irrevocably separates them into two parallel poles. The creative omnipotent force is God

- standing above nature is a pose like nature. The encounter with God is experienced by people as revelation. As a matter of sincerity, people are given the knowledge that his soul is immortal, looking forward to eternal life and companionship with God.

Religion, religious knowledge, religious principles before the world were lost to life. Throughout the history of mankind, stench, as well as other cultural concepts, developed and took on various forms at the same time and in different historical eras. All of them were encouraged by those who, at the center of any religious worldview, stand the search for greater values, the true path of life, and those who value, and the paths of life that lead to them, are transferred to the transcendental, spiritual region, not to the earthly , and in “everlasting” life. All the actions and accomplishments of a person and their thoughts are evaluated, praised or condemned according to this greater, absolute criterion.

1. What type of light gaze is early?

a) religion;

b) philosophy;

c) mythology.

2. Svitoglyad – tse:

a) the totality of spiritual values;

b) a set of ideas that explain human behavior;

c) a system of manifestation, the initial behavior of a person.

3. Value – value:

a) significant in people;

b) what satisfies spiritual needs;

c) a product of human activity.

4. Practice is:

b) activity from the transformation of light;

5. Substantiality – tse:

a) Zagalne class of speeches;

b) those who want to treat the subject one way and not another;

c) the idea of ​​the subject.

6. Philosophical picture of the world:

a) dialectics of the existent and the present;

b) a picture of the world as a whole;

c) a picture of people in the world.

7. Philosophy – this:

b) theoretical light gaze;

c) the quintessence of the spiritual culture of dobi.

8. Truth – tse:

a) the result of the convention;

b) the appearance of thoughts about the subject of the subject;

c) the result of scientific knowledge.

9. Axiology – purpose:

a) about values; b) about morality; c) about people.

10. Anthropocentrism – tse:

a) the principle of philosophy, which views people as the main object of the report of mystical forces;

b) a philosophical principle that views man as the center of the All-World and the mark of all things that come from the World;

c) the luminous principle of explaining the world, instead of understanding it as an insane value.