The third part of Poland.

Auto

Until the middle of the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a great and powerful leader in the international arena.

However, this was more of a fiction: starting from the 16th century, on the vast and rich lands of Poland, there was an irreconcilable struggle between various social groups and noble clans.

The purpose of this struggle was the weakening of the power and its further development as an independent power unit.

In 1772, part of the Polish territories was divided between Russia, Austria and Prussia.

After 20 years, there will be two more divisions, and as a result of the rest of them, Poland has never been known from European maps for the entire century.

Reasons for the weakening of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Historians believe that the fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the dismemberment of the neighboring powers is associated with a complex political crisis.

Union of Lublin

The root of supernaturalities that tore the country apart is a trace of the jokes in the early history of the state.

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was created as a result of the signing of the Union of Lublin (1569) between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which now became a single power.

The biggest winner after the signing of the Union of Lublin was the Polish nobility.

The central government is now small compared to the subordinated great territory.

Therefore, the king would transfer part of his most important duties to the nobles who sat at the diets.

Kozhen was a noble nobleman, representing his region at the Sejm, and became practically a one-person ruler.

The boundless ambitions of the gentry gradually led to strife and disorder.

At the end of the 16th century, the law of Liberum Veto came into force, so all decisions of the Diet could not be accepted unanimously.

In such a manner, if any nobleman present at the Sejm would immediately overturn the appearance of an important sovereign law by simply voting against it.

The gentry quickly learned that Vlada had fallen asleep in her hands.

Even before the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, meetings of the Sejm were regularly held on the affairs of several nobles.
Liberum Veto completely strengthened the foundations of the state and destroyed the authority of the royal government.
Anarchy was breaking out in the country.

From a centralized state, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was gradually transformed into a conglomerate of disparate voivodeships and principalities.

Until the 1760s, two currents emerged in the middle of the region:

The republicans sided with the Pototskys, who wanted to focus on the European powers.
The Czartoryski Party, whose members believed that an alliance with Russia would bring the greatest benefit to the country.

This party was preceded by King Stanislav II Poniatowski, who, having relinquished his high title, was the successor of Catherine II.

At this time, the Barsky Confederation tried to resist the handover of the sovereign powers to the ruling powers, which fought against the policy of tolerance and received assistance from England and France.

The Confederation was embarrassed by the conduct of military actions against Russia and the Polish king himself, which was in line with the pro-Russian policy.

The operation was not successful and called for the occupation of the state by Russian troops.

Prussia and Austria were shocked by Russia's active entry and also introduced their troops into the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Initially, Catherine II planned to include the entire power into the Russian Empire, but she ended up doing serious things.
Territorial annexes of Prussia, Austria and Russia
At the end of the winter of 1772, after long negotiations in the Austrian capital, an agreement was signed on the division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Polish representatives were not present at the meetings of the “Union of Three Black Eagles”, which submitted publications to the treaty, and could not find out anything about the share of the ruling region.

Voseni 1772 r. under the pressure of the three powers, the treaty was ratified by Stanisław Poniatowski and the Sejm.

In the 18th century

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was experiencing an economic and political storm.

They were torn apart by the struggle of the parties, which contradicted the old power structures: election and division of royal power, the right of liberum veto, if any member of the Sejm (the highest representative body of government) could block the praised decision , supported by more.

The neighboring powers - Russia, Austria, Prussia - were more often involved in their internal affairs: acting as guardians of the Polish constitution, they outdid the political reforms invested in monarchical system;

The years 1768–1772 led to the growth of patriotic sentiments in the Polish marriage, which became especially stronger after the outbreak of the revolution in France (1789).

The party of “patriots”, together with T. Kosciuszko, I. Potocki and G. Kollontay, achieved the creation of the Postinnoy for the sake of replacing the Senate, which, having discredited itself, reformed legislation and the tax system.

At the Chotirichny Sejm (1788–1792), the “patriots” achieved victory over the pro-Russian “hetman” party;

As a result of the other half, the region lost its independence from Russia.

Russian garrisons were placed near Warsaw and other Polish places.

Political power was usurped by the leaders of the Targiv Confederation.

The leaders of the “patriots” fled to Dresden and began to prepare an advance, hoping for the help of revolutionary France. In birch 1794 rub. At the dawn of Poland, the insurrection broke out, defeated by T. Kosciuszko and General A.I. Madalinsky. NAPOLEON'S VINES).

After the fall of the Napoleonic Empire, the Fourth Division (more precisely, the redistribution) of Poland was created at the Widen Congress of 1814–1815: Russia took away the lands that went to Austria and Pruss ii as a result of the Third Division (Mazovia, Poland, the lower part of Lesser Poland and Chervona Rus), for Krakow, surrounded by freedom, as well as Kujavia and the main part of Greater Poland;

Prussia turned the Polish Pomerania and the western part of Greater Poland from Poznan, Austria - the western part of Lesser Poland and most of Chervona Rus.

In 1846, Austria annexed Krakiv due to Russia and Prussia.

The fifth hem of Poland (1939).

The situation was complicated by foreign political conditions, which were connected with the beginning of the 18th century.

with combat actions at the rocks of the Pivnichnoy War.

The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth became a “foreign courtyard and tavern” for foreign armies.
This arrangement allowed the neighboring powers to submit to their internal affairs.

At 1772r.

In St. Petersburg, a document was signed on the first division of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth between the Russian Empire.

Colonel Yakub Yasinsky was standing at the side of the insurgency near the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Here, the largest Polish organ of servitude to the rebels was created - the most important Lithuanian Rada.

1 / 5
Kosciuszka's call before the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth no more than 1772.
At the same time as the war in Poland, Russia was successfully waging a war against Turechina.

A settlement was being created in which the sphere of the Russian influx would include Moldova and Wallachia.

Not expecting a similar result, King Frederick II the Great, having created Russia, decided to replace Moldavia and Wallachia, and as compensation for Russia for military expenses, he created a division of Poland between Prussia and Russia. Yes.
The hem convention was ratified on the 22nd spring of 1772.

Apparently, before this document, Russia captured part of the Baltic states (Livonia, the Duchy of Transdvina), which had previously been under the rule of Poland, and Belarus to the Dvina, the Druta and the Dnieper, including the areas of Vitebsk, Polotsk and Mstislavl .
Territories with an area of 92 thousand came under the control of the Russian crown. km with population 1 million 300 thousand. man.

Having occupied the territories belonging to the parties to the treaty, the occupying forces forced ratification of their actions by the King and the Sejm.

The Sejm, which continued its work until 1775, carried out administrative and financial reforms, created the Commission of National Education, reorganized and reduced the army to 30 thousand. soldiers, establishing indirect taxes and payments to officials.
Having conquered Poland, Prussia took control of 80% of the foreign trade turnover of this region.

Through the introduction of great measures, Prussia grieved the inevitable collapse of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Throughout the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, established in 1569 near the unification of Lithuania and Poland, began to lose its independence.

Instability has increased in the middle of the country.
- It is forbidden to skip the history of calls to understand the map of Europe of an entire power.
- Reasons behind the edge
- The main reasons for the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth are:
internal power crisis: in the Sejma, the main administrative body of the country, divisions and a struggle for power began between the Polish and Lithuanian military forces;

the award of the call: the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth fell under heavy doldrums from Austria, Prussia and Russia;

the policy of the church, for which the Polish clergy tried to establish Catholicism throughout the territory of the country.

The date of the other division is 23 September 1793.

Up to this point, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, reforms have been carried out in many spheres of life, aimed at changing the powers and a new Constitution has been adopted.

The new Sejm significantly increased the size of the army and gave the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth the right to conduct an independent policy, without favor with Russia.

The reaction of the rebirth of Catherine II became the beginning of the Russian-Polish war.