There is both freedom and joy in reading. In Russia it was first translated and seen by B.F. Skinner “By both freedom and dignity. Who should read this book?

about the author

Burress Frederic Skinner is an American psychologist, wine scholar and writer. The founder of behaviorism - the science of behavior. In 1972, the group reached an honorable list of prominent psychologists of the 20th century, members of the American Psychological Association (which already at that time had nearly one hundred thousand members).

Abstract

The famous book about the psychology of behavior was written 45 years ago and was published in Russia. There are different reasons for the fact that the classics of light psychology have been presented in the Russian space (with minor faults). Among them, perhaps, there is a protest against experimentally confirmed ideas that belittle those who believe in the uniqueness of power. In the USA, in Skinner’s Fatherland, his work was not well received, although it became a bestseller.

What sparked heated discussions, and not least among specialists? Particularly striking for the reader were the assertions that people are unlikely to enjoy freedom in the world that is usually taken into account. More of your behavior (and your own self) is reflected in the external environment and is an inheritance of actions that only appear autonomous. Psychologists, of course, have become obsessed with the “contrived explanations” with which the stench is forced to dispel those that cannot be fixed. Freedom, goodness, autonomy, creativity, specialness are the most far-fetched and interesting terms for a behaviorist. The sections dedicated to punishment, or more precisely, to carelessness and selfishness, turned out to be dissatisfied. The super points were not unanimous, but the clarity of Skinner’s arguments invariably appealed to his opponents.

With an extraordinary look at human nature, one would naturally like to disagree: not everyone can be reconciled with the statements about free will, about the internal reasons of our leaders. It is unlikely that you will be immediately inspired by the basic “mentalistic explanations” of ours and other people’s actions. It’s important for you to recognize the author’s position as a car. Thanks to the empirical framework, Skinner can give a head start to many other, almost scientifically advanced approaches to describe those springs that really collapse people.

Who should read this book:

Tim, who thrives on philosophy, psychology, and social engineering. And especially for those who believe in behaviorism as a branch of psychology that is truly important for human personality.

Buy a paper book:

at the Ozone store

How to love a powerful body Rabbit hole, or what we know about ourselves and the World The energy of our thoughts. The influx of human knowledge into increased activity

Translation of freedom and honor
B.F. Skinner
Translation by Russian language: behaviorist-socialist
Layout of the e-book: Igor Mukhin

Section 1: Behavior technology
Trying to overcome the sad problems that face us in this world, we,
Of course, we are grateful to those who come out best to us. We are stagnant with those in whom we
stronger; and our strength is science and technology. To streamline the demographic vibration we are searching for
better methods for controlling the population. Having overcome the threat of nuclear war, we are creating
nuclear potential of the enemy and missile defense systems. Mi
We are trying to overcome the global threat of hunger with new rural areas
crops and their development in more effective ways. Increase in sanitary facilities
In our minds, that medicine, as we believe, will overcome illnesses; the proliferation of living minds and
transport links solve the problems of black ghettos, and new methods of minimization and
Disposal of waste products leads to excessive waste. We can tell you
to state the significant achievements in all these areas, and it is not at all surprising that
It is our fault to prevent them from further increasing. However, everything becomes the same
bitterer and bitterer, and bent those who appear to be more and more to blame
the most developed technologies. Sanitation and medicine solved the problems of population growth
more welcome, the war has become even more brutal with the release of the nuclear war, and
quicker than zeal until well-being with significant peace in the future
the confusion of the excessive middle. As Darlington said:
"Kozhne new dzherelo, from which man derives his power on earth, forever
vikorystuvavsya so that the prospects for the coming generations are sounded. All yoga
progress of the achievements for the rakhunok of Skodi for a superb middle class, which we can’t
vyshkoduvat and could not transfer.
Regardless of whether this harm could have been transmitted to anyone, people may
get out of it and spend it all. And you can earn it as long as you understand the essence
problems. The stagnation of physical and biological sciences does not change our orders, because
decided to lie in a completely different area. The best anti-crowding properties will streamline growth
population, only people profit from them. New security systems are possible
patch up new features to protect them and in case there is a nuclear disaster
defeat only those people, if you are determined, for any powers
starting a war. The new methods of the rural government and medicine will not help, since they will not exist
zastosovuvatsya in practice, and living nutrition - on the right is not only everyday life and planning
place, and the way people live. Overpopulation can be avoided if you don't want to
people can’t settle in crowded, but dokilla degraduvatime doty, doki
people cannot be bothered by the activity that makes it difficult.
In short, it seems that we are responsible for making great changes in human behavior, and we are not
It is possible to earn more with the help of physics and biology, regardless of whether we
didn't get wet. (And other problems, such as the crisis of our system
illuminate the discontent and rebellion of the young, both physical and biological
Tablet technologies obviously do not last well since they have never been applied
zastosovuvat.) It is not enough to “vikorize technologies with more profound understandings”
human problems", or "to put technology at the service of spiritual needs

People" or "sponucate technologists so that they deal with the problems
humanity." It is from such expressions that it is there where human behavior begins,
the technology will end, and it’s our fault to continue as it happened before, I believe
to those that we know with particular knowledge, or the riot of the people of the past,
called history, because those concentrations of human knowledge that can be found in
folk wisdom and empirical rules. Everything has been available for a long time now, and
everything that can be shown as a result is worth the price in the world.
What we don’t see is the technology of behavior. We could solve our problems
Indeed, it would be possible to regulate the growth of the world's population as surely as
We are adjusting the orbit to the delicious ship, or decorating the camp of the rural dominion
And the industry would like to use this often, whereby we speed up the elementary
particles to high energies, or collapse directly to the world, the whole world is worried
similar to that gradual progress, with which we are approaching absolute zero
temperature (if you want to offend the target, it seems that it will become inaccessible). However, why do we have
No behavior control technology equals strength and precision with technology
physics and biology; Moreover, those who do not respect the very feasibility of this funny thing,
She's more excited, she's less hopeful. The axis as far as we are still distant from the understanding
human problems" in that sense in which physics and biology understand problems in
your sphere of power, and how far we are from reaching that goal
a catastrophe to which the world is likely to collapse unhappily.
We can say that two and a half thousand reasons for this people realized this to themselves,
as and be a part of this extra world. Today's edition, understand yourself better, lower
It's different. Physics and biology have gone through great progress, without any
There has never been such a development in the science of human behavior. Physics and
The biology of ancient Greece is of at least historical interest
a modern physicist or biologist will not rush to Aristotle for help), but the axis of dialogue
Plato, as before, is presented to students and quoted, and the sky sheds light
to the behavior of people. Aristotle could not understand the side of his assistant
physics or biology, aka Socrates and his friends have little more than minimal difficulties with
considerations of new recent discussions in humanitarian nutrition itself. Why bother?
technologies, we have achieved great successes in the management of physical and biological
processes, the axis of progress of our practical activities in the spheres of power,
cover large parts of the economy, even adapted to the most interesting
minds, not about himself great.
We can hardly explain this by declaring that the ancient Greeks knew everything there was to know about
human behavior. Of course, they knew more about the new one, but they knew more about the physical
world, but there was really scant knowledge. In addition, their way of thinking about behavior
people obviously have a fatal defect. At that time, like ancient Greek physics,
biology, despite all its primitiveness, has led to the present day
science, ancient Greek theories of human behavior have led us nowhere. I have such a stink
today are weighing heavily on us, it is not because the stench obscured the eternal truth, but
to the fact that the stench did not take revenge on anything beautiful.
Of course, if anyone can confirm that human behavior is not particularly complex.

"matter". It’s true that it’s so easy to think about it because
Our daughters are incompetent. Ale today physics and biology are successfully studied
objects, which are not simpler, but also have many aspects of people’s behavior. Retail in
to the fact that tools and methods, like vikory stinks, proportional complexities
assigned to them. Besides the fact that the tools and methods of constant exertion
research on human behavior is not available in Galusa - not everything is explained, but
more than a little bit. That kind of flight of people for the month of finding out the truth is simpler, lower
promote the vibrancy of education in our out-of-the-world schools? Or be for everyone
Where is the best life, where are people? Or give everyone a well-paid berry
robot and, as an inheritance, give them a greater joy in life? Food is not a choice here
priorities, so that no one would dare to say what is more important for everything
until the month of May. No, the craving for the Holy Month is that of those who have become
about sutteve. Science and technology have reached a level where, with the help of one great
A leap forward is possible bulo zrobiti. Ale more problems associated with behavior
People, there is no such enthusiasm at all. We are still far from reaching the peak.
The simplest thing to learn is that in human behavior there may be something like this:
It is impossible to obtain scientific analysis and, therefore, effective technology. Ale mi
still have never exhausted the possibilities for anyone. By the way, it’s true
suspicion, which allows us to say that scientific methods are unlikely to be stuck in
Victimized human behavior. Thus, the instruments of science were abused; okay
it has been victorious, it has been dying and it has been changing; protest is more important for scientific practice
get-purely the same day as all the current discussions about human behavior. Tse
May be directly related to our understanding of the reasons for the behavior. (The term "reason" is now
It’s rare to get used to serious scientific practices, but here you can be victorious.)
The first knowledge of a person for reasons, it is clear, resembles the knowledge of his lord
Behaviors: objects move, causing them to collapse. How others move
objects, then through those that are crumbling with them, and if the collapse is not visible, then that’s why,
that he is invisible. The ancient Greek gods served as the causes of physical phenomena.
The stinks were known by the presence of rusty objects, but in an hour they could inhabit them,
The boys are "obsessed". Physics and biology were immediately inspired by such an explanation and
have expanded to more red types of reasons, but this whole crop has not been divided into
Due to human behavior. Intelligent people no longer believe what is happening
"possession" by demons (while driving out demons is sometimes practiced, and sent to
demonically reappeared in the opuses of psychotherapists), but the behavior of people is still
Be sure to be attributed to someone who is procrastinating, as well as to a “lumbering cob.” For example,
It seems that the young bastard is suffering from defects in his personality. So it wasn't enough
b sense less in that way, as if the “specialness” was more visible from the body, as
and went into processing. This difference becomes clear when they begin to fade that there is one body
It is impossible to combine a number of features that show them differently at different times.
Psychoanalysts have identified three such features - “I am the Ego,” “Above-I am the Super-Ego,” and “I am the Ego.”
- Id" - and confirm that the interactions between them are responsible for the behavior of people,
no one likes to “hesitate.”
Although physics has ceased to personify objects in a similar manner,
lasted for three hours, when it hardened that the objects had nothing

And will, impulses, feelings, death and other private attributes that interfere with them
"Dviguna". Like Butterfield, Aristotle asserted that the body accelerates when it falls
to the fact that there is more and more triumph, they are getting closer and closer to their mark, and more and more
Later, the authorities of scholasticism respected that the nucleus collapses due to some “impulse”, which
called "impetuosity". We saw this whole thing, and
correct, explain the science about behavior in similar ways
internal "substances". No one wonders if it seems like a human being is being brought
good news is coming soon, because you feel a triumph, or else
unusually through one’s impulsiveness, because one always strives for the same thing
way of acting through your willpower. Neo-cautious teleological assumptions about
"purposes" as previously can be found in physics and biology, and is already standard practice
pozbulasya їх; However, perhaps all human behavior is attributed to
to our intentions, plans, goals and dreams. It's still possible to eat, or maybe an automatic machine
Mothers are involved in activities, then this nutrition is important (and requires support): as much as possible
Who is like a human being?
Physics and biology emerged as personalized reasons once the stink started
attribute the behavior of speech to essences (cobs), yaks or their nature. For
the average alchemist, for example, figures from the authorities of speech could be associated with
"mercurial" (mercury) essence, and speeches were inspired by what is possible
call it "The Chemistry of Individual Distinctions." Newton snarled at his friends
Suchasnikov: “How can we be told that the skin of the speeches of the secrets is hidden
a specific vial, whichever one works and deals with obvious effects,
then they essentially don’t show anything.” (Treasures are not an example of hypotheses like
Newton threw up, declaring: “I don’t see any hypotheses - Hypotheses non fingo,” although I myself don’t
has always been obliged to follow this motto.) Biology has continued for three years
for an hour to focus on the “nature” of living things, and I couldn’t help but see
The concept of “living force” even up to the twentieth century. The behavior, however, is the same as before
attribute to “human nature”, and the velemovna “Psychology”
"individual traits", which people compare and describe in categories of traits
character, strengths and skills.
May everyone who is on the right of human rights - political scientists, philosophers, writers,
economists, psychologists, linguists, sociologists, religious scholars, anthropologists, teachers
psychotherapists - continue to talk about human behavior on such a pre-scientific axis
rank. Every issue of printed newspapers, magazines, professional periodicals, etc.
a book that may be relevant to human behavior will give us great strength
butts We believe that in order to control the population size of the world, we are responsible for
change the setting to children, increase pride in the number of landings in the family and state
potency, to know the songs seem similar in relation to offspring, and
change the role played by the wealth of the family in advanced old age. Movlyav,
fighting for the right to the world, we can fight for the right to the will of power or paranoid mercy
Volodariv, and we have nothing to do with remembering that wars begin in the minds of people, no matter what
There is something more self-destructive in human nature - perhaps the death instinct, which
bring to war, and that people are aggressive by nature. For cherries
problems of the poor, having understood them, we can strengthen their self-esteem and want to initiate and
change almost without any problems. To alleviate the dissatisfaction of the youth, we may

Date her sense of life and change her sense of despair and hopelessness. I understand that
We don’t have any effective ways to achieve something, we ourselves can experience a crisis
Believe or invest faith in yourself, so that you can never become a stranger
Before you believe in the inner strength of the individual. We are all being crammed with this today, and no one else
put tse under doubts. However, there is nothing like this in modern physics or greater
parts of biology, and this fact can entirely explain why science and
Behavior technology has advanced so much.
Be sure to admit that “behaviorists” are against ideas, feelings, the devil
character, will, and so on, is brought to that material, from which there is no stench.
These damned facts about the “nature of information”, obviously, are being debated on
For more than two and a half thousand years now, they are still lost without evidence.
How, for example, can the knowledge of collapse of the body? Tsertivaet dosi; 1965 Roku Karl
Popper could deliver the food with the following order: “We want to understand those who
intangible speeches such as goals, thoughts, plans, decisions, theories, doubts and values ​​can
play your role in the current material changes in the material world.
Of course, we also want to know that the evidence comes from intangible speeches. Food on site
The ancient Greeks had a simple idea: the form of gods. As Dodds noted, the ancient Greeks believed,
that if a person behaved recklessly, then it was because the witch god had infused
(addiction) to his breasts. And the kindly god could give the warrior additional strength
μένος, you will fight harder for help. Aristotle thought what was in the Duma
It is more divine, and Zeno believed that reason is God.
We cannot continue to chew today in the same spirit, in that broadest way
An alternative is to send forward material boxes.
The human bones, this product of the evolution of the human race, are hardening,
Let's explain the part of the work of his testimony, and about the steel part - the history of his special testimony.
For example, through (material) competition during the evolution, people are now
(intangible) sense of aggressiveness that leads to (material) assets
witchcraft. Or the (physical) punishment to which a little child succumbs,
if you catch him playing sexual games, he copes (non-physically) out of fear,
How does this translate into (physical) sexual behavior in an adult. Tsey
the intangible, non-physical stage obviously extends to trival periods
hour: aggression is rooted in millions of fates of evolutionary history, and fear,
experiences in childhood, rot until old age.
The problem of transition from one type of phenomenon to another could have been solved if all
the stench was either mental (spiritual) or physical, and there was little resentment or susceptibility
their henchmen. Acts of philosophers tried to get involved in the light of their souls,
firmly that the real is more than an unimaginable revelation, that is experimental psychology
began as an attempt to identify mental laws that regulate mutual
Between mental phenomena Daily "internal mental" theories of psychotherapy
consider those that seem to lead to another (such as, for example, disappointment
gives rise to aggression), how they seem to interact, and how expulsion from information seems to
make our way all the way back. I would like to take the opposite position, as I firmly believe that my soul is
The stage is actually physical, occupying, as it is not surprising, Freud, who respected that
Physiology is here to explain the work of the psyche. Such a soul has a lot of physiologists -

Psychologists will continue to unwaveringly sizing up the information industry, it seems, and so on,
in hopes of those who

Monograph by B.F. Skinner's “By the Way of Freedom and Goodness” aroused the interest of a wide range of readers. It is not surprising, since Skinner is the largest figure in behavioral psychology. However, the popularity of this distinguished scholar has attracted the respect of readers to this book.

It is not surprising, since Skinner is the largest figure in behavioral psychology. However, the popularity of this distinguished scholar has attracted the respect of readers to this book. The name itself echoes the well-known philosophical works of F. Nietzsche and Z. Freud. B.F. Skinner in his work is truly enlightened and gives his own interpretation of the eternal nutrition of philosophy. You decide in your thoughts to cope with the life of modern humanity. The global threats of thermonuclear war, overpopulation of the planet, environmental disasters and climate change that hang over us indicate that our civilization has entered a dead end.

B.F. Skinner consistently and consistently criticizes technological methods and approaches to combating these threats. In my opinion, the key to success must be found not in technology, but in people. It is the people themselves and their behavior that is in power that must change, so that technologies become viable, and the global threats that hang over humanity are removed and, in the future, removed. And the axis here is the most important nutrition of philosophy and psychology - what is a human being?

Skinner's evidence is fully distilled and can be transferred, while Skinner remains faithful to the principles and principles of classical behaviorism, taking a grain from D. Watson's work. This, as a matter of fact, avoids Aristotle’s formula, since every human being is a creature who engages in politics. In this position between creatures and humans, there is no gap that separates them. This is the main point of naturalistic views. And, therefore, as we recognize the essence of man, we will have a philosophy, a psychological theory, and an individual view.

Skinner's book, as it turns out, was published in the USA in 1971 and immediately attracted a barrage of harsh criticism. In modern psychology, behaviorism also recognized uncompromising and, I must say, fair criticism. Prote behaviorism is alive and well and thriving today, even in America, where it originated. Why is behaviorism so surprising in its vitality?

In our opinion, this phenomenon has many reasons. First of all, it is necessary to demonstrate the practical feasibility and effectiveness of behavioral techniques. It is no secret that in many episodes, psychologists of other schools directly sign off on their hopelessness in the face of practical tasks and problems that confront them, behaviorists say: “This is our episode!”, take up the cause and get out of them all.

In another way, behaviorism began from the very beginning, as a most courageous attempt to reach the education of the human psyche in line with the inexorable development of the classical method of science, as it was supposed to do with natural science. Even though “God’s will of the good sings a song to us,” they say they are clearly doomed to failure. The fascination with the scientific feat of behaviorists is linked to their fidelity to the method of science. It is noteworthy that L.S., who began his work in psychology, wasted under this charm. Vigotsky. It is good to say, however, that the confusion would appear due to the “objectivist” approach to psychology, although its impossibility.

Thirdly, all behaviorists and Skinner are particularly concerned about the extreme precision, accuracy and consistency of the stated terms and understanding. Viewed as “Occam’s razor”, the logic of not introducing essential essences into the texts of behaviorists is carefully pursued, and even more so in order to make science science. For these reasons, Skinner has the right to argue not only with contemporary psychology, but with all of the humanities in the fact that they are full of confusion, confusion and garish eclecticism in the conceptual apparatus.

Book by B.F. Skinner, regardless of the will and intentions of the author, urgently and uncompromisingly emphasizes the feasibility and principle of impossibility of training people using the strictly scientific methods of the classical teaching. L.S. Vigotsky, for example, called for the decisive exit between traditional psychology. The psychology he created, rightly, in our opinion, is called a non-classical science. Here it is correct to mean that L.S. Vigotskiy highly valued and admired the philosophy of B. Spinosi. And in Spinoza’s “Etitsa” there are three types of knowledge, and the way to the third is through another, which Spinoza calls “reasonable”, and according to the current terminology, they can be called scientific. In other words, the best way to understand one’s thoughts is based on the method of traditional classical science.

As has been said, the subsequent behaviorist B.F. Skinner, with his robots, is a guide for those who are categorically not suited to the principles of the behavioral approach in psychology, and he, like none of them, is determined to strive for the “purity of scientific research” and can knowledge of the scientific method of knowledge.

Doctor of psychological sciences, professor G.G. Kravtsov

Doctor of psychological sciences, professor E.Є. Kravtsova

At the beginning of 2016, the book market in Russia saw a significant trend: the Moscow Publishing House “Operant” published a book by B.F. Freedom is worse, less freedom is less. By the way, this phrase seems completely obvious, but what if it’s a false idea, and not the truth at all? What, since our entire worldview, based on the ideas of freedom and responsibility, is deprived of rich man’s delusion? What if today's democracy, like the totalitarian societies of the past, is based on the concept of people, which does not at all correspond to the scientific approach? – such as Margarita Olar, senior secretary of the editorial office of the Operator. – Whose idea is the main idea of ​​the book “Beyond Freedom and Goodness”, written in 1971 by Burres Frederic Skinner. At first, Russian readers denied the opportunity to learn about the ideas of one of the most important, controversial, and perhaps most exciting psychologists of the past history.

Freedom is worse, less freedom is less. By the way, this phrase seems completely obvious, but what if it’s a false idea, and not the truth at all? What, since our entire worldview, based on the ideas of freedom and responsibility, is deprived of rich man’s delusion? What if today's democracy, like the totalitarian societies of the past, is based on the concept of people, which does not at all correspond to the scientific approach? – such as Margarita Olar, senior secretary of the editorial office of the Operator. – Whose idea is the main idea of ​​the book “Beyond Freedom and Goodness”, written in 1971 by Burres Frederic Skinner.

The book had a great resonance and for 18 years was on the New York Times bestseller list, which is quite unusual for books of this genre. The reaction to the book was super enthusiastic. On the one hand, they recognized her unconditional importance. Science News wrote about the book:

Burres Frederic Skinner is the most prominent psychologist to live, and another, after Freud, a prominent psychologist of these days... And yet this is a sufficient reason to work “On the other hand of freedom and dignity,” new book d- Skinner's work, one of the most important ideas in psychology of the 20th century.
And in one of the reviews published by the New York Times, they wrote:
There is nothing to worry about about B.F.’s new book. Skinner “Beyond freedom and dignity” is of great importance. If you plan to read only one book per week, then perhaps you should choose one yourself.

On the other hand, the book was mercilessly criticized. At one of the conferences dedicated to Skinner’s ideas, Zbigniew Brzezinski, known in our country, spoke out against the technology of Skinner’s behavior, as a negative example of the political stagnation of the theory about human nature in Radyans cue Union. It’s not surprising that after such an upheaval, politicians also turned against this book, and representatives of the Kennedy clan, who had previously made money with Skinner, hastened to establish contacts with him, otherwise getting drunk.
Skinner created what had long been denied the name of “radical behaviorism.” Behaviorism - and the word is similar to the English "behavior" (behavior) - is due to the fact of psychology, inspired by physics and biology. Instead of the soul, a behaviorist, having acquired the exact methods of the sciences, has learned behavior. Almost immediately, the behaviorists were hit with a barrage of criticism from their colleagues. The old classic psychology of small, anonymous allies: religion, the state machine and the basic manifestations of people about themselves were at odds with the picture of the social order, which promoted behaviorism.

About Vidavnitstvo
The "Operant" publishing house specializes in publishing books dedicated to the behavioral sciences - experimental and applied behavior analysis, behavioral psychology and practical pedagogy, focusing on effective and clear education Items, including children with limited health capabilities.
In 2015, as a result of the trivial and extensive work of a group of scientific editors from among the editors of the leading universities of the region, as well as translators and literary editors of Vidavnitsa, in Russia, for the first time, the world has been fully informed From the beginning-methodological textbooks from the establishment of applied behavior analysis at school: “Analysis of the activity of students . Methodology for improving school success" by J. Vargas, "Applied Behavior Analysis. Methods of inclusion of students with ASD" by D. Leach, "Applied behavior analysis: a basic textbook for teachers, psychologists, and speech pathologists" by P. Alberto and E. Trautman, "Evidence of successful inclusion These students have ASD. Practical guide" by T. Smith and others.