Considering the supply and final instructions, do not rush, that’s the answer. We invite you to participate in the municipal stage of the All-Russian Biology Olympiad for Schoolchildren! Relying on the supply and end of production, do not rush, because the pond has seen the product

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Important nutrition EDI and DPA in biology 2015 Teacher of biology Kachaeva Lyudmila Oleksandrivna, MBOU ZOS No. 4, m. Mizhrichensk 2015

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In general, the plan for the development of material corresponds to the current situation. The plan for the development of biological methods. equal organization of living systems. Power of biological systems. Klitin's theory. Klitina as a biological system. Viruses are non-clinical forms. The organism is a biological system. Diversity of organisms. Roslins, creatures, mushrooms, bacteria. Human body. Reproduction and individual development of organisms. Regularities of slackness and slowness. Selection. Main systematic categories. Superorganismal systems. Evolution of organic light. Anthropogenesis. Biology of roslins. Biology of creatures. Biology of humans Vikonannya of demanding examination robots.

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Voice-bearing plants are an ancient breed of plants that are characterized by the presence of ovaries with further development of the plant, but do not produce flowers and fruits. These are the head signs of the gonads. The most ancient and primitive representatives of this species appeared in the late Devonian period in the form of one of the types of ferns. At the end of the Paleozoic period, holocausts reached their peak, and in the process of evolution, spore plants emerged. To this day, only a few representatives of this group have been preserved in nature, fragments of the holosinous ones and the ancestors of the largest number of flowering (pokritonasnyh) plants that were most closely connected to the life of the Earth. Endosperm – haploid Life forms: Trees, tea leaves, lianas – grasses N N Voice-bearing

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The range of naked plants includes 4 classes: Ginkgo, Gnetov, and cycad conifers. There are close to 800 living species before the holocastic ones. It is important that the large number of species in this group (over 500) constitute the class of coniferous trees that appeared on the planet at the end of the Carboniferous period. Voices

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oscillator 1- nistok, 2- gleotrichia Viddil cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae

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Pereglyad - Apple tree Malus domestica L. Rid - Apple Malus Family - Rozhevi Rosaceae Order - Rozhevi Rosales Class - Aquarius Dicotyledones Veddil - Pokritonasinny Angiospermae Kingdom - Roslin Planta

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TYPE OF SARCOFLAGELLATICONOSIS. CLASS OF FAGELLA EUGLENA GREEN The body is fusiform, covered with a thick membrane. The appearance of a bright-red light-sensitive body is a stigma and a pulsating vacuole. ruhu - flagellum, growing on the anterior end of the body Zhivlennya - in the light autotroph (like a rose), in the dark - heterotroph (like a creature)

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TYPE OF INFUSORIA (RIVNICHNIY) – Infusoria shoe 1) Body depth 0.2-3 mm. The shape has become, resembling the sole of a shoe. It lingers near stagnant fresh water bodies. 2) Cover the entire body with lines, spread out in rows, over 10 thousand in number. The stinks dance synchronously, the squishy rocs forming (swimming with the blunt end in front). 3) Characteristic of rice is its gritiness. Between them are scattered small spindle-like bodies - trichocysts, which, when razed, shoot out, turning into long threads to paralyze the victim. After the elimination of some trichocysts, new ones develop in their place. 4) Dihanna and vision are generated through the entire surface of the body. The function of the vision consists of 2 short-lived vacuoles that pulsate alternately. 5) Live on bacteria and single-cell algae. There is chemotaxis: it can be actively collapsing in direct contact with the living organisms, but also flowing out of the leaky chemical infusions. 1. vii; 2. grass vacuoles; 3. micronucleus; 4. mouth opening;

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15. What organelles are present in fungal cells? 1) plastids 2) nucleus 3) ribosomes 4) mitochondria 16. The membrane of the fungal cell, similar to the algae, is composed of cell 2) chitin-like speech 3) short-lived proteins 4) l ipid 17. Mushroom clumps, as well as animal clumps) shell with chitin-like speech 2) nucleus 3) mitochondria 4) Golgi apparatus 18. What is the significance of life in fungi? 1) promotes the creation of organic compounds in the body of the mushroom 2) accelerates the process of protein biosynthesis 3) absorbs free energy and sucrose. in the process of living 4) ensures the supply of mineral substances from the soil 19. Which group of organisms consume ready-made organic substances? 1) mushrooms 2) ferns 3) algae 4) mosses

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26. From the tops of the fern, the following develop: 1) prothallus 2) rhizome 3) stem 4) first leaf 27. Fern files ripen in: 1) uterus 2) spawn 3) sporangia 4) This answer is not true 28. Humans gametes do not suffer from looseness in: 1) mosses 2) ferns 3) bare 4) all overgrown 29. Moss-like species include: 1) asparagus 2) fucus 3) sphagnum 4) kelp 30. Leaves share the functions of sporulation and photosynthesis in: 1 ) moss 2 3) barefoot 4) mosses 31. Spores in mosses ripen in: 1) sori 2) bolls 3) cones 4) spore-bearing spikelets 32. The leaves of horsetails grow: 1) whorled 2) across 3) opposite 4 leaves. ferns with a small cover, such as: 1) develops from supercaps 2) not all female organs 3) not all human organs 4) everything is sure to be overdone

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34. In the dissolved peat the following parts are found: 1) sphagnum 2) parmelia 3) lecanora 4) xanthorium 35. Spores in horsetails ripen in: shoots 2) spikelets on the tops of the tillers 3) sori on the surface of the leaves of superchids every day 36. plunіv serve: 1 ) rhizoids 2) smut root 3) appendage root 4) bovine root 37. Endosperm in live holos: 1) haploiden 2) diploiden 3) triploiden 4) polyploiden 37. The endosperm in live gonos are most widely distributed width in: 1) steppe 3) tropics 4) savannah 39. Do not lie before the bare trees: 1) thuja 2) yalivets 3) cypress 4) heather

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40. Bracken fern blooms: 1) once per river 2) through the river in the spring 3) once during life 4) never 41. Without the participation of bacteria or fungi, the following vibrate: 1. cheese 2. caramel 3. bread 4. cit. 42. Mushroom poisoning is no longer safe, because: 1. in all cases it is fatal 2. poisonous substances quickly disintegrate and soak into the blood 3. symptoms of poisoning appear significantly painful 4. there is no antitoxin against mushroom toxins.

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B 1. Establish relationships between groups of organisms and their representatives. Groups of organisms bacteria algae 3. fungi 4. lichens Representatives A. right stick B. volvox B. tuberculosis stick D. rizhki D. deer moss

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2. Establish a relationship between a group of growths and illnesses, as their representatives call them. Groups of organisms Sickness 1. bacteria A. typhus B. scab 2. fungi C. rightwing D. cholera D. siberia

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B-3 Establish the diversity between types of reproduction of individuals and groups of organisms. Types of reproduction Groups of organisms 1. non-state A. lichens 2. vegetative B. fungi B. algae Reproduction of lichens occurs by statistic, non-state and vegetative methods.

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B-4 The following can be seen up to the lower groves: 1) pine 2) scarlet grass 3) deer moss 4) pine pine 5) kelp 6) zozulin lyon 7) volvox 8) suripka 9) glide B5. The species are: 1) red algae 2) mushrooms 3) green algae 4) cereals 5) lichens 6) conifers 7) brown algae

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O 6. Lichens are a special group of plants characterized by: 1) one of the components is moss; 2) Swedish citizens; 3) one of the components is water; 4) double plaster; 5) reproduce by spores; 6) symbiotic organisms; Mushrooms - 1) wedded 2) do not remove chlorophyll from the cells 3) contain mycelium 4) heterotrophs

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B 8. The following can be seen in the algae: 1) ulotrix 2) blue-green algae 3) volvox 4) oscillatoria 5) rizhka 6) chlorela 7) kelp V-9. When vikonanna, select the required word(s) From the tops of the zozulin lion, a _protonema_ is created in the wet soil, which indicates the sporidity of moss-like and __________. The fern-like outgrowth is attached to the rhizome's soil. The absolute majority of holonas are _________ and are classified as ________ B-10. Establish consistency between varieties of plants and the importance of haploid and diploid stages of development. Types of growths 1. mosses 2. ferns 3. holosynae 4. subcrytossinas Overriding the song stage of development A. overtaking the gametophyte over the sporophyte B. overtaking the sporophyte over the gametophyte

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ABOUT 11. Establish the similarity between the varieties of plants and their characteristic rices. Types of growths Characteristic features 1. ferns 2. holossinny A. from the superechule a sprout develops B. represented by tea leaves and trees Root appendages R. form rings in the growth of the tree D. congestion is observed in the water edovishchi B-12. To establish the similarity between types of cones in naked rice and their characteristic rice. Types of cones in gonads Characteristic features of nasal cones 1. human cones 2. female cones A. haploid microspores B. two ovules are formed C. the egg is formed D. the gametophyte develops

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B-13. Establish consistency between types of propagation and varieties of plants. Types of propagation 1. propagation by spores 2. propagation by spores Vegetables A. holonassins B. mosses B. ferns D. Algae B-14. Peculiarities of ferns: 1) a prothallus of two-states 2) a prothallus of separate-states 3) single-clithinous 4) rich-clitynny 5) the leaves are called fronds 6) the presence of a root, stem, leaf 7) the presence of a root, stem, leaf, flower

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B-15. Peculiarities of mosses: 1) bloom once per river 2) in the lower tier of forest foliage 3) representative - zozulin lyon 4) accumulative wolves 5) stem with leaves 6) representative - deer moss 7) stem with leaves and roots B16. Characteristics of naked rice: 1) the ovule lies openly on the skin of the skin 2) the ovule is under the cover 3) female gametophyte - a nucleus with two archegonia 4) female gametophyte This is a germinal sac with quite a few nuclei 5) developments of the seed The finished product will be completed quickly (in 3-4 days) 7) additionally sealed

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C.1 What are the main functions of mosses and ferns? C2 What is the diversity of viruses in other organisms? Chastina

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7-8 grade

Dear guys!

Part I. You will be reminded of the test procedure, which will allow you to select just one type from among the many possible ones. The maximum number of points you can collect is 30 (1 point per skin test). The index of the subtype that you consider most important and correct is indicated in the subdivision matrix.

1. Algae have no:

a) stem;

b) leaves;

c) root;

d) all these organs.

^ 2. The super-cheeks of Zozulyachy Lion develop:

a) on the underside of the leaf;

b) at the top of human growth;

c) at the top of the female growth;

d) the basis of rhizoids.

^ 3. Women's organs and ferns are called:

a) oocytes;

b) growths;

c) archegonia;

d) antherids.

4. The pine tree is hanging from female cones:

a) on the cob of summer;

b) like the end of summer;

c) on the cob of winter;

d) like winter.

^ 5. To reach monocots:

a) watchmaker;

b) asparagus;

d) all this growth.

6. Photosynthesis in horsetails:

a) day;

b) found in rhizoids;

c) grows on the stems;

d) appears on the sheet.

^ 7. The spores of moss mosses ripen:

a) on rhizoids;

b) on the shoots;

d) lie on the surface of the leaf.

a) fruits;

c) growths;

^ 9. Human gametes tend to be fragile in:

c) ferns;

d) all these groups of plants.

10. The germs of flowering plants are created:

a) on the surface of the ovary;

b) in the middle of the ovary;

c) in the middle of the basket;

d) in the saw blades of larvae.

^ 11. The sphagnum stem grows:

A) per sprat mm;

b) by 2-3 divs;

c) by 5-10 cm;

d) more, lower 15 div.

12. Pine needles:

a) change sharply;

b) procrastinate for 2-3 days;

c) procrastinate for 5-7 years;

^ 13. Quote formula Ch5 L5 T∞ P∞ power:

a) bloom;

b) snowstorm;

c) pastel;

d) chrestotsvitim.

14. Mushrooms will eat the creatures:

a) number of plastids;

b) method of reproduction;

d) all signs.

^ 15. The yeast according to the type of food comes down to:

a) phototroph;

b) chemotrophs;

c) heterotrophs;

^ 16. In the process of evolution, the mesoderm comes first:

a) mollusks;

b) round chrobaks;

c) large parts of hrobaks;

d) flat chrobaks.

17. Ekhinokok - tse:

a) strichkovy khrobak;

b) round chrobak;

c) green water content;

^ 18. First, the germinal form of the male ends appears in:

b) plank hrobak;

c) squid;

d) nereisu.

19. Pharyngeal teeth – this is a sign of a pen:

a) oseledcevyh;

b) carp-like;

c) codfish;

d) kisteperikh.

^ 20. Organs that have seen cancer are destroyed:

a) in the tail section;

b) in the calves;

c) at the head branch;

d) in breastfeeding.

21. Tailless amphibians in the active stage are least associated with water:

a) toad;

b) toads;

^ 22. The snakes eyes are closed:

d) every type of evidence is not true.

^ 23. Birds and krills have fingers:

a) every day;

c) rudiments of three fingers;

d) rudiment of one finger.

^ 24. Ancient giant lizards panovali:

a) in the Permian period;

b) during the Kamiano-Coal period;

c) in the credit period;

d) every type of evidence is not true.

^ 25. Most urgently:

a) sperm whale;

b) blue whale;

c) African elephant;

d) Indian rhinoceros.

26. The pond snail has the following metabolic products:

a) out of the middle at the empty mantle;

b) through the anal opening;

c) through brunka;

d) vernye vidovida.

^ 27. Nogoschelepi raku - tse:

a) first pair of thoracic ends;

b) another pair of chest ends;

c) third pair of thoracic ends;

d) vernye vidovida.

^ 28. Before domesticated comas one can see:

a) seam worm;

b) Targani;

d) vernye vidovida.

29. At the mouth at the head:

b) horny slits;

c) horny gaps and teeth;

d) every type of evidence is not true.

^ 30. The ancestors of the Ssavians are respected:

a) stegocephalus;

b) parapithecus;

c) trilobites;

d) wild-toothed lizards.

Part II. You will be given a test run with one option from four possible options, but you will have to make the first multiple choice. The maximum number of points that can be collected is 10 (2 points per skin test). The index of the lineage that you consider most important and correct is indicated in the lineage matrix.

^ 1. Suitable folding shield:

I. pea;

II. crepe;

III. viburnum;

IV. carrots;

V. buzok.

c) II, III, IV;

^ 2. Organizations of infusoria management:

I. flagella;

II. vii;

III. membranes;

IV. pseudopodia;

V. cirri.

^ 3. Parallel veining of leaves in roslins:

I. wheat;

II. convalia;

III. lively;

IV. kukuruza;

V. tricolor violet.

^ 4. Type Flatworms includes classes:

I. Trematodes;

II. Polykhetia;

III. Oligochaetes;

IV. Turbelaria;

V. Hydroids

^ 5. Macronucleus in ciliates:

I. take the fate of the multiplied;

II. regulates the flow process;

III. regulates food and reproduction processes;

^ IV.regulates vision processes;

V. regulates the processes of food, food.

b) II, III, IV;

Part III. You will get a feel for the test instructions at the sight of thoughts, with any traces of your skin either to be patient or to improve your health. In the matrix of responses, select the option of the response either or not. The maximum number of points you can collect is 10.

1. 
   Soybeans are brought to the grain legumes.
2. 
   Corn can be seen reaching the growths on the same river.
3. 
   The cotyledons have different species throughout.
4. 
   A mildewed root is called a head.
5. 
   Root bulbs are found in potatoes.
6. 
   The nervous system of the hydra is of the Merezh type.
7. 
   The larva in the middle of the roundworm egg develops in the human's hatchling.
8. 
   Before the decapods there are lobsters.
9. 
   The toad's foot ends with the fingers.
10. 
    The sting of a poisonous snake is full of organotique and relish.

Part IV. You will be presented with test tasks that will require you to establish your credentials. The maximum number of points that can be collected is 5. Fill in the matrix of inputs as required.

1. (max. 2.5 points) Compare the origin of animals (1 - trypanosoma, 2 - whitefish, 3 - sowwoy, 4 - toothless, 5 - planaria) of one hundred types: A - Flatworms, B - Ciliates, C - Intestinal worms, G - Sarcomastigophori, D - Mollusks.

2. (max. 2.5 points) Spіvvіdnesіt reliability svіt (1 - brush, 2 - pumpkin, 3 - folding parasol, 4 - cat, 5 - folding ear) hundred hundred growing: A - barley, B - white grass, C - cabbage , G - kulbaba, D - carrots.

^ THE VISUAL MATRIX

Zavdannya 1. (30 points)

^ Zavdannya 2. (10 points)

^ Zavdannya 3. (10 points)

^ Zavdannya 4. (5 points)

1. (max. 2.5 points)

2. (max. 2.5 points)

Cipher______________

^ THE VISUAL MATRIX

for the All-Russian Olympiad for Schoolchildren

in biology. 2012-2013 beginning rik. 7-8 grade

Zavdannya 1. (30 points)

^ Zavdannya 2. (10 points)

^ Zavdannya 3. (10 points)

^ Zavdannya 4. (5 points)

1. (max. 2.5 points)

^ 2. (max. 2.5 points)

^ ZAVDANNYA

theoretical round of the state stage of the XXVIII All-Russian Olympiad for Schoolchildren in Biology. 2012-13 beginning rik.

9th grade

Dear guys!

We invite you to participate in the municipal stage of the All-Russian Biology Olympiad for Schoolchildren! Responsible for the rich and lasting knowledge, do not rush, the fragments of the evidence will not soon be obvious and will result in the stagnation of not only biological knowledge, but also ignorant erudition, logic and a creative approach. I wish you success in your work!

Part I. You will be reminded of the test procedure, which will allow you to select just one type from among the many possible ones. The maximum number of points you can collect is 40 (1 point per skin test). The index of the subtype that you consider most important and correct is indicated in the subdivision matrix.

^ 1. Photosynthesis in horsetails:

a) day;

b) found in rhizoids;

c) grows on the stems;

d) appears on the sheet.

2. The superchids of moss mosses ripen:

a) on rhizoids;

b) on the shoots;

c) on the spikelets and on the tops of the tillers;

d) lie on the surface of the leaf.

^ 3. When multiplying, the gonads develop enlargement:

a) fruits;

c) growths;

4. Human gametes tend to be fragile in:

c) ferns;

d) all these groups of plants.

^ 5. The flowers of the roses are created:

a) on the surface of the ovary;

b) in the middle of the ovary;

c) in the middle of the basket;

d) in the saw blades of larvae.

^ 6. The sphagnum stalk grows:

A) per sprat mm;

b) by 2-3 divs;

c) by 5-10 cm;

d) more, lower 15 div.

7. Pine needles:

a) change sharply;

b) procrastinate for 2-3 days;

c) procrastinate for 5-7 years;

d) live a long life, growing up.

^ 8. Quote formula Ch5 L5 T∞ P∞ power:

a) bloom;

b) snowstorm;

c) pastel;

d) chrestotsvitim.

9. Mushrooms eat the creatures:

a) number of plastids;

b) method of reproduction;

C) the presence of the internal skeleton;

d) all signs.

^ 10. The yeast according to the type of food comes down to:

a) phototroph;

b) chemotrophs;

c) heterotrophs;

d) there may be different types of food in different classes of yeasts.

^ 11. In the process of evolution, the mesoderm comes first:

a) mollusks;

b) round chrobaks;

c) large parts of hrobaks;

d) flat chrobaks.

12. Ekhinokok - tse:

a) strichkovy khrobak;

b) round chrobak;

c) green water content;

d) larva of a coral polyp.

^ 13. First, the germinal form of the male ends appears in:

b) plank hrobak;

c) squid;

d) nereisu.

14. Pharyngeal teeth – this is a sign of a pen:

a) oseledcevyh;

b) carp-like;

c) codfish;

d) kisteperikh.

^ 15. Organs that have seen cancer are destroyed:

a) in the tail section;

b) in the calves;

c) at the head branch;

d) in breastfeeding.

16. Tailless amphibians in the active stage are least associated with water:

a) toad;

b) toads;

d) every type of evidence is not true.

^ 17. The snakes eyes are closed:

a) one pair of crumbly, opaque eyelids;

b) two pairs of ruffled, dim heads;

c) with visionary eyelids that have grown;

d) every type of evidence is not true.

^ 18. Birds and krills have fingers:

a) every day;

b) rudiments of five fingers;

c) rudiments of three fingers;

d) rudiment of one finger.

^ 19. Ancient giant lizards panovali:

a) in the Permian period;

b) during the Kamiano-Coal period;

c) in the credit period;

d) every type of evidence is not true.

^ 20. Most urgently:

a) sperm whale;

b) blue whale;

c) African elephant;

d) Indian rhinoceros.

21. Reducing body temperature to a certain value leads to sudden death:

^ 22. The greatest amount of heat is created in the body when:

a) the robotic stove;

b) shortening of meats;

c) viper sweat;

d) when blood is collected.

^ 23. The transverse part of the ridge is formed by:

a) 5 ridges;

b) 6 ridges;

c) 7 ridges;

d) 9 ridges.

24. Friendly connection with each other:

a) pelvic cysts;

b) spine and ribs;

c) skull bones;

d) stitch and gomilka.

^ 25. To take the fate of the short-lived skeletal flesh:

a) fibers of synthetic fabric;

b) protein threads;

c) short-lived vacuoles;

d) every type of evidence is not true.

^ 26. Apply to the facial region of the skull:

a) frontal brush;

b) crown brushes;

c) slit of the brush;

d) mustaches.

27. The brushes can be covered with:

a) okіst;

b) cartilage;

c) well-made fabric;

d) vernye vidovida.

^ 28. The registration is obtained from:

b) oviducts;

c) ovaries;

d) pіkhvu.

29. The middle shell of the eye is:

a) sitkivka;

b) ship;

c) Belkova;

d) horn.

^ 30. Hair-like fibers are grown into:

a) Sitkivtsi;

b) ravlica;

c) the walls of the sacs;

d) membranes of the tongue.

31. The number of different colors may vary:

a) sticks;

b) cones;

c) rods and cones;

d) vernye vidovida.

^ 32. Consider environmental factors:

a) abiotic;

b) biotic;

c) anthropogenic;

d) vernye vidovida.

33. Interaction between growths and bulbulococci bacteria and butt:

b) symbiosis;

c) competition;

d) commensalism.

^ 34. The largest biomass in the biocenosis is bowed:

a) greenery;

b) herbaceous creatures;

c) meat-based creatures;

d) rot bacteria.

^ 35. Grazing grub lantsyug begins with:

a) bacteria;

b) roslin;

c) creature;

d) mushrooms.

36. The main amount of lucid energy stored in the Light Ocean is:

a) phytoplankton;

b) zooplankton;

c) fish and sea salts;

d) great bottom algae.

^ 37. An ecological unit, which consists of various organisms and their physical characteristics, is called:

b) population;

c) ecosystem;

d) joint venture.

^ 38. The world of energy transfer by the grub lancet has:

a) waste;

b) growth;

c) savings;

d) alternate growth and change.

^ 39. Self-regulation in biocenosis is directed to:

a) change in type warehouse;

b) turned to normal;

c) an increase in the type of warehouse;

d) vernye vidovida.

^ 40. To autotrophic organisms it is necessary to:

a) reducenti;

b) consumers;

c) producer;

d) vernye vidovida.

Part II. You will be given a test run with one option from four possible options, but you will have to make the first multiple choice. The maximum number of points that can be collected is 20 (2 points per skin test). The index of the subtype that you consider most important and correct is indicated in the subdivision matrix.

^ 1. Parallel veining of leaves in roslins:

I. wheat;

II. convalia;

III. lively;

IV. kukuruza;

V. tricolor violet.

^ 2. Type Flatworms includes classes:

I. Trematodes;

II. Polykhetia;

III. Oligochaetes;

IV. Turbelaria;

V. Hydroids

^ 3. Until the fabric is successful:

I. smooth m'yazova;

II. Kistkova;

III. epithelia;

IV. cartilage;

V. blood

^ 4. Cell organoids of special significance include:

I. cirri;

II. mitochondria;

III. vii;

IV. ribosomes;

V. flagellum.

^ 5. The perineum has the following functions:

I. regulation of speech exchange;

II. conductor;

III. coordination of departments;

IV. here there is something to be seen and heard;

V. This controls breathing and heart activity.

d) I, II, III, IV.

^ 6. The following cysts enter the facial compartment of the skull:

I. frontal;

II. political;

III. Skronev;

IV. vomer;

V. Vilitska.

^ 7. Add to amylases:

I. gelatinases;

II. trypsin;

III. pepsin;

IV. maltase;

V. ptyalin.

b) I, II, III,

^ 8. The small intestine includes:

I. colon;

II. zdukhvinna gut;

III. sigmoid colon;

IV. small intestine;

V. twelve-pointed intestine.

^ 9. Add to fat-rich vitamins:

III. IN 1;

^ 10. Apply the following to the internal secretions:

I. pituitary gland;

II. thymus;

III. liver;

IV. epiphysis;

V. nadnirkovy vines.

a) I, II, IV, V;

b) II, III, IV;

Morphology of gametes and types of gametogamy

Isogamy, heterogamy and oogamy

The morphology of gametes of different species is quite varied, in which case the gametes that are produced can be subdivided according to the chromosomal set (if the species is heterogametic), size and fragility (from the point of self-transfer), with which gametic dimorphism The size of different species varies within wide ranges - depending on the situation dimorphism in the form of isogamy to its extreme manifestation in the form of oogamy.

Isogamy

Since the gametes that are formed do not morphologically differ in one type in size, size, and chromosome set, then they are called isogametes or unstated gametes. Such gametes are fragile and can bear flagella or be amoeba-like. Isogamy is typical for rich algae.

Anisogamy (heterogamy)

Gametes, old to maturity, vary in size, loose microgametes bear flagella, macrogametes can be both loose (rich in algae) and non-fragile (lacking flagella in macrogametes of many protists).

Oogamia

Sperm and egg.

It is possible for the gametes of one biological species to sharply vary in size and fragility into two types: human gametes of small size and large, indestructible female gametes - eggs. The difference in the size of gametes is due to the fact that the eggs contain a supply of living cells sufficient to support the first several sections of the zygote during its development into the embryo.

Human gametes - spermatozoa of animals and rich growths are loose and may carry one or a few flagella, due to the addition of flagella human gametes of animal growths - sperm, which are delivered to the eggs ceclitis with proliferated pilus tubes, as well as flagellar-free spermatozoa.

If spermatozoa carry mitochondria, in case of oogamy in human gametes, only nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA (and in some species, plastid DNA) pass to zygote, causing the heifer to pass from zygote to egg Itini.

Literature

Div. also

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Suchasna encyclopedia

- (Greek gamete squad gametes human) (states, or reproductive, cells), females (eggs, or oocytes) and humans (spermatozoa, spermatozoa) states of the cells of animals and plants, which will ensure when the development of a new individual is completed, the transfer .. . Great Encyclopedic Dictionary

gameti- Women and human statues and creatures. [GOST 27775 88] Subjects of piecework… Adviser of technical translation

Gameti- (In the Greek gamete squad, gametes man), articles of animals and plants, women (eggs, or oocytes) and men (spermatozoa, sperm). When released, ensure the development of a new individual and the transmission of recessionary signs from the fathers. Illustrated encyclopedic dictionary

Gamete; pl. (od. gamete, s; g.). [in Greek] gametē squad, gametēs man]. Men and women statues. Cholovicha, wife ◁ Gametny, aya, oh. Gaya klitina (stateva). * * * gametes (from the Greek gametē squad, gamétēs man) (articles, or reproductive ... Encyclopedic dictionary

Gameti- (Greek gamete squad, gametes man) bodies, or reproductive cells with a haploid (single) set of chromosomes, women (eggs or oocytes), men (spermatozoa, sperm). Gametes ensure the transmission of recessionary information to fathers. The beginnings of modern natural science

Gameti- (rp. gamete squad, gametes human) articles, or reproductive cells with a haploid (single) set of chromosomes, females (eggs, or oocytes) and humans (spermatozoa, sperm, viper). Gametes ensure the transmission of recession information in… The concept of daily natural science. Glossary of basic terms

- (In Greek. Gamete squad, gametes man) articles, or reproductive, animals and growths, which will ensure the development of a new individual and the transmission of recessionary signs from fathers to land. G. loom solitary (haploid) ... ... Great Radyanska Encyclopedia

- (Greek gamete squad, gametes man) (states, or reproductive, cells), females (eggs, or oocytes) and humans (spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, sperm cells), females (eggs, or oocytes) and humans (spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa, spermatozoa) feel the development of a new individual and the transfer of declines . Nature studies. Encyclopedic dictionary

gameti- articles of cells (men - spermatozoa, or sperm; women - eggs) ... Anatomy and morphology of roses

It develops into an individual (or a group of individuals) with recessionary signs of both father’s organisms that produced gametes.

In some species, a single gamete (unfertilized egg cell) develops in the body - parthenogenesis.

Morphology of gametes and types of gametogamy

Isogamy, heterogamy and oogamy

The morphology of gametes of different species is quite varied, in which case the gametes that are produced can be divided according to the chromosomal set (in case of heterogamety of the species), as well as according to the size and fragility (from the point of self-transition), in which case Significant dimorphism in different species varies over wide ranges - from the extent of dimorphism in the form of isogamy to its extreme manifestation in the form of oogamy.

Isogamy

Since the gametes that are formed do not morphologically differ in one type in size, size, and chromosome set, then they are called isogametes or unstated gametes. Such gametes are fragile and can bear flagella or be amoeba-like. Isogamy is typical for rich algae.

Anisogamy (heterogamy)

Gametes, old to maturity, vary in size, loose microgametes bear flagella, macrogametes can be both loose (rich in algae) and non-fragile (lacking flagella in macrogametes of many protists).

Oogamia

It is possible for the gametes of one biological species to sharply vary in size and fragility into two types: small unruly human gametes - spermatozoa - and large intact female gametes - eggs. The difference in the size of gametes is due to the fact that the eggs contain a supply of living cells sufficient to support the first several sections of the zygote during its development into the embryo.

Parker's theory of disruptive selection. Since the size of the zygote is important for its survival (in organisms with external contamination), then anisogamy will be an evolutionarily stable strategy. Any population that consists of males (generators of small gametes) and females (generators of large gametes) will be stable. The theory of disruptive selection makes it possible to explain the guilt and support of the empty nest in many plants and other creatures from external pollution.

Type of gamety and subtext

The concept of this article is related to the differentiation of the size of the gametes, so that to the human stage we include individuals who vibrate small crumbly gametes, and to the female - those who vibrate large ones. In this case, differentiation based on the type of gamety (homo - XX or heterogametic constitution - XY) in some species may not be avoided with differentiation based on size.

During the process of evolution in most species, small gametes and heterogametic constitution XY appeared in the human state, and large gametes and homogametic constitution XX - in the female. This type of gametic type Drosophila. However, in species with gamety type Abraxas (English)Russian(Birds, snowflakes, moths, and all kinds of fish and others) did not directly differ from these differentiations. The eggs in the female are heterogametic, and the sperm in the human are homogametic.

Training tests ЄДІ biology. Bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, horsetails, moss moss, holos.

1. The kingdom of bacteria consumes organisms whose bodies are composed of

1) one cell with a formed nucleus and a variety of organs

2) alone or without nuclear cells, or without cell membranes and chloroplasts

3) alone or without nuclear cells with a chitin-like membrane, and without chloroplasts

4) one non-nuclear cell, which does not contain organoids

2. What organism lies before the kingdom of bacteria?

3. Bacteria, on the verge of growth, may grow

1) specialized state clinics2) a DNA molecule is dispersed in the cytoplasm

3) nucleus, reinforced by the cytoplasm with a nuclear membrane4) two or more chromosomes

4. What do bacteria bring to prokaryotes?

1) create one chromosome, arranged in the nucleus2) create one circular DNA

3) reproduce in half4) eat unprepared organic speeches

5. Bacteria carry unpleasant minds in the camp

1) zygoti 2) superchids 3) cysti 4) active organism

6. Bacteria multiply in ways

1) angry state clients2) settlement of dispute3) half in half 4) mitosis

7. What do saprotrophic bacteria eat?

1) organic speeches of dead plants and creatures

2) organic speeches, which themselves vibrate from inorganic ones

3) inorganic speeches that are located in the soil

4) inorganic substances that become clay in the wind

8. To what group of organisms is the tuberculosis stick carried for food?

9. Which group of bacteria stains the nitrogen food of plants?

10. A person's illness with tuberculosis is called out

11. Bacteria and fungi play a role in the circulation of rivers

1) producers of organic speech2) companions of organic speeches

3) revolutionaries of organic speeches4) destruction of inorganic speeches

12. What features of the life of mushrooms indicate their similarity with plants?

1) accumulation of chitin in membranes2) unbounded by the growth of a long life

3) production of ready-made organic speeches4) mineralization of organic surpluses

13. What exhibits similar processes in the life of fungi and creatures?

1) soak mineral waters on the surface of the hyphae 2) eat ready-made organic waters3) lead a healthy way of life and settle down behind the help of a super river

4) grow with a long life

14. Mushrooms, mixed with bacteria, may have a higher level of organization, fragments

1) the method of eating stench from heterotrophic organisms

2) they can live together in different areas of residence

3) they signify the role of ruiners in the ecosystem4) Their cells form a formed core

15. What organelles are present in fungal cells?

1) plastidi 2) nucleus 3) ribosomes 4) mitochondria

16. The shell of the mushroom cell, in the form of a rose, is folded with

1) cellulose 2) chitin-like speech3) short-lived proteins 4) lipids

17. Mushroom clusters, on the side of the critters’ clusters, tossing

1) shell with chitin-like substance 2) core 3) mitochondria 4) Golgi apparatus

18. What is the significance of the life of mushrooms?

1) promotes the creation of organic compounds in the mushroom body2) accelerates the process of protein biosynthesis

3) absorbs energy and vigor. in the process of living

4) ensures the supply of minerals from the soil

19. What group of organisms eat ready-made organic speech?

1) gribi 2) ferns 3) algae 4) moss

20. Why don’t lichens bring food from the kingdoms of living nature?

1) smells of signs of growths and creatures

2) depending on the type of food, the stench is similar to bacteria and creatures

3) these are symbiotic organisms that are formed from fungi and algae

4) stinks muddy the water over the entire surface of the body

21. Koch’s stick is carried to:

1) soil bacteria 2) rot bacteria3) pathogenic bacteria4) oxidative bacteria

22. Bacteria and daily occurrences:

1) encephalitis 3) rubella 2) hepatitis 4) Siberians

23. To reach the edge of brown algae:

1) chlamydomonas 3) chlorella 2) kelp 4) spirogyra

24. The underlying process is called conjugation in:

1) Chlamydomonas 3) Chlorelia 2) Laminaria 4) Spirogyria

25. As a rule, the type of living water depends on:

26. Ferns develop from the superchids:

1) shoot 3) stem 2) rhizome 4) first leaf

27. Fern files ripen at:

1) matochtsi 3) sporangia 2) tichintsi4) every answer is not true

28. Human gametes do not suffer from frailty in:

29. One can relate to moss-like creatures:

1) asparagus 2) fucus 3) sphagnum 4) kelp

30. Leaves have the functions of sporulation and photo synthesis in:

1) mosses 3) horsetails 2) ferns 4) mosses

31. Superchids in mosses ripen in:

1) sori 3) cones 2) boxes 4) spore-bearing spikelets

32. The leaves of horsetails are rotted:

1) whorled 3) opposite 2) across 4) daily leaves

33. A fern-like outgrowth with a small plate, such as:

1) develops from superstructures 2) non-female body organs

3) non-human organs4) everything is overhauled correctly

34. In the dissolved peat you will suffer a fate:

1) sphagnum 3) lecanora 2) parmelia 4) xanthoria

35. Superchids of horsetails ripen at:

1) shoots 2) spikelets on the tops of the tracks3) sori on the surface of the leaf4) superechki vdsutni

36. The main body of attachment to the ground is planned to be:

1) rise 3) additional roots 2) smut root . 4) natural roots

2) diploiden 4) polyploiden

2) steppe 4) savannah

1) thuja 3) yalitsi 2) yalivtsi 4) heather

40. Bracken fern color:

1) once per rik 3) once in life2) through the river in the spring 4) no

41. Without the participation of bacteria and fungi, the following vibrates:

1. cheese 2. caramel 3. bread 4. ots.

42. It’s not safe to eat mushrooms, but:

1. in all cases it is fatal 2. sudden speeches quickly break down and soak up the blood.

3.symptoms of withdrawal appear very late

4. It does not act as a antidote against fungal toxins.

Part B

B 1. Establish a relationship between groups of the organization and their representatives.

Groups of organisms 1. bacteria 2. algae 3. fungi 4. lichens

Representatives A. right stick B. volvox B. tuberculosis stick D. Sporinha D. reindeer moss

2. Establish a relationship between a group of growths and illnesses, as their representatives call them.

Groups of organisms Sickness

1. bacteria A. typhus

B. Scab

2. gribi V. pravets

G. cholera

D. sibirka

B-3 Establish the diversity between types of reproduction of individuals and groups of organisms.

Tipi breedingGroups of organisms

1. bezstateve A. lichens

2. vegetatively B. gribi

3. Article V. water

B-4 You can see the lower groves:

1) pine 2) scarlet grass 3) reindeer moss 4) Sunitsya Lisova 5) kelp 6) zozuline lion 7) volvox

5. Veddilami:

1) red water 2) gribi 3) green algae 4) cereals; 5) lichens; 6) conifers.

7) storms of algae

O 6. Lichens are a special group of lichens that are characterized by:

1) one of the components is moss2) Swedish people3) one of the components is water

4) double-plated5) reproduce in superchids6) symbiotic organisms7) one of the components is mushrooms

O 7. Gribi -

1) wddil

2) do not remove chlorophyll from your clients

3) toss the mycelium

4) heterotrophy

5) reproduce only vegetatively

6) autotrophy 7) family

8. You can see the algae:

1) ulotrix 2) blue-green algae 3) volvox 4) oscillatoria

5) rizhki 6) chlorela 7) kelp

O 9. At the hour of death, select the required word(s)

In 1. The spores of the moss-like lyon in the wet soil establish __________, which confirms the sporidity of bryophytes and __________.

B 2. The fern-like outgrowth attaches to the ground __________.

10. Establish the similarity between the varieties of plants and the importance of the haploid and diploid stages of development.

Viddili roslin 1 . moss 2. ferns 3. barefoot

Bigness matters stages of development

A. re-importance of gametophyte above the sporophyte

B. re-importance of sporophyte above the gametophyte

ABOUT 11. Establish the similarity between the varieties of plants and their characteristic rices.

Viddily Roslin

1. A shoot develops from the A. ferns

B. represented by chagarniks and trees

G. the rings of growth are looming villages

D. sealed at the water center

O 12. Establish the similarity between the types of cones in naked rice and their characteristic rice.

1. human cones A. haploid microspores

B. formed into two buds

2. Women's cones are created by egg cell.

R. gametophyte develops

B-13. Establish consistency between types of propagation and varieties of plants.

Tipi breeding

1. breeding

2. propagation by spores

Viddily Roslin

B-14. Features of ferns:

1) outgrowth of two-states2) outgrowth of separate parts 3) single-client

4) rich in bacteria5) leaves are called fronds6) presence of roots, stems, leaves

7) presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers

B-15. Features of mosses:

1) bloom once per river2) in the lower tier of forest vegetation

3) representative - zozulin lion4) hoarders

5) stem with leaves 6) representative - reindeer moss

7) stem with leaves and roots

1) the ovum lies openly on the cloth.

2) ovule be under cover

3) female gametophyte - nucleus with two archegonia

4) female gametophyte is a germinal sac with several nuclei

5) the development of ovules and the establishment of the seed is fully achieved

6) the development of ovums and the formation of the seed is quickly removed (in 3-4 days)

7) double sealed

Chastina

C.1 What are the main functions of mosses and ferns?

C2 What is the diversity of viruses in other organisms?

Types of information. subject “Bacteria, fungi, algae, lichens, horsetails, moss moss, holosids.”

Part B

Chastina S.

1. Moss does not sap the roots and roots. In mosses, the haploid phase of development (gametophyte) takes precedence over the diploid phase (sporophyte). The moss sporangium has a capsule with spores, while the fern has a sorus. The stench is found on the underside of the leaves. Mosses have no organs (liver mosses). Green mosses have rhizomes, stems, leaves, and no wire system. The fern has a root, a stem, a leaf and a formed wire system.
2. 1-non-clinical form of life

2-reproduction only pose by the ruler's whip.

3 Mix only one type of nucleic acid.