Asteroids. Asteroids of the solar system Chemical storage, shape, dimensions and orbits of asteroids

Astronomers with the PAN-STARRS project have identified another interstellar object in the history that will approach the Sun at its minimum in the spring of 2019, flying between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn. This was reported by the famous astronomer Ron Baalke.
“It is entirely possible that this celestial body is not a real interstellar asteroid - it could end up in a similar orbit as a result of gravitational interactions with Jupiter. ii, as the stinks got out, having done everything, they turned it into an interstellar object, “What will be deprived of the boundaries of the Sonya system in the near future,” comments Megan Schwamb, a planetary scientist at the Gemini Observatory in the Hawaiian Islands (USA).
In the middle of the last year of automation, the Pan-STARRS1 telescope revealed the first “mizhzirkov” celestial body. This object was cleverly called a “comet” and was given the current name C/2017 U1. Dozens of ground-based and orbital telescopes began to follow him.
Before the “comet” deprived the space above the Earth, a lot of photographs were collected. It was also possible to subtract physical power. The rest pointed out that the object was a large world asteroid, not a comet. Yogo was renamed 1I/2017 U1, and later given the name Oumuamua, which means “spreader” in the native Hawaiian language.
New objects with a “suspect” orbit
Almost immediately, as Baalke points out to his microblood, the project participants began to monitor another object from a “suspect” orbit. You were given the time name A/2017 U7. As it collided with Oumuamua, the asteroid, having sunk near the astronomers' field of view, had a completely unintentional trajectory - its orbit was strongly inclined towards the "minor" of the Sonic system. This was very good for automated telescopes.
The asteroid may approach the Sun on June 10, 2019. On this day, the object, according to the Fahivtsev's plans, will pass between the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn, after which it will leave the Sonyachnaya system. However, not everyone appreciates that A/2017 U7 is an interstellar celestial body. Some astronomers assume that this is a “resident” of the Oort monastery. There is talk about a dump of space “hard materials” on the distant outskirts of the Sonyachnaya system. It is possible that the object arose as a result of gravitational interactions with vessels and giant planets.
Moreover, it does not mean that you will not leave the Sonyachny system, but rather make your way back to Sonja. They are still wondering what may happen after the fact that they are looking at 18-20 thousand astronomical units. This is the middle distance between the luminary and the Earth, which clearly illustrates the darkness between Oort. The strength of this version is also due to the extreme fluidity and direct flow of the asteroid.
On the surface of the storm, astronomers spotted another similar object - asteroid A/2018 C2. VIN is collapsing in a similar orbit, but when approaching the Sun and Earth, it is closer to its lower “cousin” A/2017 U7. The beginning of 2018 is destined to get closer to Mars, which the rest of the world will have to watch out for.

Asteroid A/2018 C2

Bernhard Haeusler

Astronomers have announced the discovery of two asteroids with hyperbolic orbits - now we are aware of three such objects, which are very famous. Two “newcomers”, who have done everything, residents of the Sonyachnaya system, want to leave it forever. Data about the orbits of celestial bodies, which were designated A/2018 C2 and A/2017 U7, published on the website of the Center for Minor Planets of the International Astronomical Union.

All bodies of the Sonya system, including comets and asteroids, collapse in closed elliptical orbits. The degree of “curvature” of these ellipses is indicated by the values ​​of eccentricity, for which the parameter is equal to 0, for the ellipse it varies from 0 to 1, and if the eccentricity is equal to or greater than 1, then means that the orbit is “rotated”, so it is a parabola (e = 1) or hyperbole (e>1). Objects with hyperbolic or parabolic orbits can reach the Sonya system only once, and then travel back to the interstellar space. For example, the eccentricity of the orbit of the asteroid Oumuamua becomes 1.1995.

Sergey Kuznetsov

Asteroids are celestial bodies that were created by the interaction of the mutual gravity of alkali gas and saw, which orbit around our Sun at an early stage of its formation. Decades of such objects, in the form of an asteroid, reached sufficient mass to form a molten core. At the moment Jupiter reached its mass, most of the planetesimals (protoplanets) were split up and thrown out of the asteroid belt between Mars and Mars. During this era, a part of asteroids was formed with the help of the compaction of massive bodies between the influx of Jupiter’s gravitational field.

Classification from orbits

Asteroids are classified according to such signs as the visible appearance of the sun's light and the characteristics of their orbits.

Depending on the characteristics of the asteroids' orbits, a group of asteroids can be seen, among which families can be seen. A group of asteroids includes a number of such bodies whose orbital powers are similar, such as: verticality, eccentricity and orbital heaviness. The family of asteroids traces a group of asteroids that are not simply collapsing in close orbits, but are most likely fragments of one great body, and created as a result of its breakup.

Most of the known families may contain hundreds of asteroids, the most compact ones are located around ten. Approximately 34% of asteroid bodies are members of asteroid families.

As a result of the creation of most groups of asteroids in the Sonya system, their father’s body was depleted, and such groups are condensing, the father’s body of which survived (for example).

Classification by spectrum

Spectral classification is based on the spectrum of electromagnetic vibration, which is the result of the asteroid's impact on the solar light. Registration and processing of this spectrum makes it possible to classify the composition of the celestial body and classify the asteroid into one of the following classes:

• A group of carbon asteroids or group C. Representatives of this group are composed largely of carbon, as well as elements that were included in the storage of the protoplanetary disk of our Sonya system at the first stages of its formation. Water and helium, as well as other summer elements, are practically common in carbonaceous asteroids, resulting in the presence of various brown copalins. The other importance of such bodies is their low albedo, a feature that suggests that more stringent instruments of caution are needed than when tracking asteroids. shih groups. Over 75% of asteroids in the Sonya system are representatives of the C-group. The most famous bodies of this group are Hygeia, Pallas, and Ceres.
• The group of silicon asteroids and the S-group. Asteroids of this type are composed mainly of saliva, magnesium and other stony minerals. Therefore, silicon asteroids are also called rocky. Such bodies may have a high albedo, which makes it possible to track some of them (for example, Iridus) simply with the help of binoculars. The number of silicon asteroids in the Sun system becomes 17% of the total number, and they are widest in the area up to 3 astronomical units in the Sun. The largest representatives of the S-group: Juno, Amphitrite and Herculina.

Composite images (to scale) of asteroids taken at a high level. As of 2011, there are bulges, from largest to smallest: (4) Vesta, (21) Lutetia, (253) Matilda, (243) Ida and my companion Dactyl, (433) Eros, (951) Gaspra, (2867) Steins, (25143) Itokawa

Asteroid (extensions until 2006 synonymous with rock - small planet) - a remarkably small celestial body that collapses in its orbit around. Asteroids obviously vary in mass and size, have irregular shapes and do not, however they may be.

Viznachennya

Equal dimensions of the asteroid (4) Vesta, the dwarf planet Ceres and Moon. Separate building area 20 km per pixel

The term asteroid (from ancient Greek ἀστεροειδής - “like a star”, from ἀστήρ - “star” and εἶδος - “appearance, brightness, brightness”) was invented by the composer om Charles Burney and introductions by William Herschel, the guards looked like points - to the administration The appearance of planets, which, when carefully viewed through a telescope, appear as disks. A more precise definition of the term “asteroid” has not yet been established. Until 2006, asteroids were also called small planets.

The main parameter by which classification is carried out is body size. Bodies with a diameter of over 30 m are referred to as asteroids; bodies of a smaller size are called .

In 2006, the International Astronomical Union identified most asteroids up to .

Asteroids near the Sonya system

Head belt of asteroids (white color) and Trojan asteroids of Jupiter (green color)

Currently, hundreds of thousands of asteroids have been identified in the Sonya system. Stan on September 11, 2015 The database contained 670,474 objects, of which 422,636 had a precisely defined orbit and were assigned an official number, about 19,000 of which had an officially confirmed name. It is estimated that the Sonya system may have 1.1 to 1.9 million objects, which may be more than 1 km in size. Most of the currently known asteroids are located between the orbits and .

The largest asteroid in the Sonia system was considered to be approximately 975×909 km in size, and reached its status on September 24, 2006. The two largest asteroids (2) Pallas have a diameter of ~500 km. (4) Vesta is the only object of the asteroid belt that can be observed with an unbroken eye. Asteroids that collapse in other orbits can also be avoided while passing nearby (for example, (99942) Apophis).

The total mass of all asteroids in the head belt is estimated at 3.0-3.6 · 10 21 kg, which is approximately 4% of the mass. Masa Cereri - 9.5 × 10 20 kg, that is, about 32% of the planet, and at the same time from the three largest asteroids (4) Vesta (9%), (2) Pallas (7%), (10) Hygea (3%) - 51%, so the absolute majority of asteroids are insignificant in astronomical terms.

Vivcheniya asteroids

The formation of asteroids began after William Herschel discovered the planet in 1781. This average heliocentric position appeared to conform to the rule of Titius - Bode.

At the end of the 18th century, Franz Xaver organized a group of 24 astronomers. Since 1789, this group has been searching for a planet that, according to the Ticius-Bode rule, is located at a distance of approximately 2.8 astronomical units from the Sun - between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. The commandment was included in the description of the coordinates of all stars in the area of ​​the zodiac signs at the current moment. The following night, the coordinates were verified, and objects were seen that were moving further away. Before studying the planet, it is not enough to become close to 30 seconds per year, which is easily marked.

Ironically, the first asteroid, Ceres, was discovered by the Italian Piazzi, who did not take part in his project, only in 1801, in the first century. Three others - (2) Pallas, (3) Juno and (4) Vesta were discovered in the advance of the last few, Vesta, in 1807. After another 8 years of fruitless searches, most astronomers decided that there was nothing more there, and began to investigate.

Prote Karl Ludwig Henke showed persistence, and in 1830 he renewed the search for new asteroids. Fifteen years later, Astraea was discovered, the first new asteroid in 38 years. He also revealed Hebe less than two years ago. After this, other astronomers joined in the speculation, and then less than one new asteroid was discovered on the river (since 1945).

In 1891, Max Wolf pioneered the use of astrophotography to search for asteroids, in which short light lines were removed from photographs taken over a long period of exposure of asteroids. This method has significantly accelerated the discovery of new asteroids compared with previously used methods of visual surveillance: Max Wolf identified 248 asteroids one by one, starting with (323) Brusia, even as a little more had previously been discovered 300. Now, in a century, 385 thousand asteroids official number, and 18 thousand of them are still in their name.

In 2010, two independent groups of astronomers from the United States, Spain and Brazil announced that they had immediately discovered water ice on the surface of one of the largest asteroids in the main belt - Themidi. This allows us to understand the movement of the Earth’s water. At the beginning of the day, the Earth was too hot to absorb enough water. This speech is small and will arrive later. It was assumed that comets could have brought water to the Earth, otherwise the isotopic storage of the Earth’s water and water in comets cannot be stored. Therefore, it can be assumed that water was brought to Earth during the hour after the collision of the asteroids. Preslednikov also discovered on Themis folds in carbohydrates, macromolecules - the predecessors of life.

Naming of asteroids

Initially, asteroids were given the names of heroes of Roman and Greek mythology; later, the right to call them by their own names was revoked. Initially, the asteroids were given important female names; human names were removed from the asteroids that were in unplanned orbits (for example, Icarus, which is approaching closer to the Sun). Later, this rule has ceased to apply.

It can be removed from any asteroid, even if the orbit of any one is reliably calculated. There were episodes when the asteroid took away dozens of fatalities after its discovery. While the orbit is not calculated, the asteroid is given a time value that reflects the date of its discovery, for example, 1950 DA. The numbers indicate the river, the first letter - the number of the registration on the river, which asteroid was open (at the pointed butt of the other half of the fierce one). The other letter indicates the serial number of the asteroid in the specified sequence; in the case of the application, the asteroid was clearly first. Since there are 24 synonyms, and 26 English letters, two letters are not distinguished: I (through the similarity with the unit) and Z. Since there are a number of asteroids covered by the syntax, they move turn 24, turn again to the beginning of the alphabet, assigning another letter index 2 , with an offensive rotation - 3, etc.

After removing the name, the official name of the asteroid consists of the number (serial number) and name - (1) Ceres, (8) Flora, etc.

Significant shape and size of the asteroid

Asteroid (951) Gaspra. One of the first images of an asteroid taken from a spacecraft. Transmitted by the Galileo space probe at the time of its release to Gaspru in 1991 (color confirmed)

The first attempts to measure the diameters of asteroids, the vicoristic method of direct measurement of visible disks using a thread micrometer, were made by William Herschel in 1802 and Johann Schröter in 1805. After them, in the 19th century, in a similar way, other astronomers carried out vibrating of the brightest asteroids. The main drawback of this method was the significant differences in results (for example, the minimum and maximum dimensions of Ceres, determined by different factors, varied tenfold).

Current methods for measuring asteroid sizes include polarimetry, radar, speckle interferometry, transit and thermal radiometry.

One of the simplest and clearest is the transit method. During the time of the collapse of the asteroid, the Earth will pass through and the distant star will be formed, which is apparently called the covering of the star by an asteroid. Having taken into account the difficulty of reducing the brightness of this mirror and knowing how to get to the asteroid, you can accurately measure its size. This method makes it possible to accurately determine the dimensions of the great asteroids on the Paladi crystal.

The polarimetry method is applied at a certain size to the brightness of the asteroid. The larger the asteroid, the more solar light it produces. However, the brightness of the asteroid lies heavily in the albedo of the surface of the asteroid, which in turn is indicated by the storage of pores that compose it. For example, the asteroid Vesta, through the high albedo of its surface, emits 4 times more light, lower Ceres and is a similar asteroid in the sky, which can be observed with an unbroken eye.

The same albedo can also be measured easily. On the right, the less brightness of the asteroid, the less radiation it displays in the visible range, the more it fades and, when heated, it produces less sweat. m we see heat in the infrared range.

The polarimetry method can also be used to determine the shape of an asteroid, by registering changes in its blisk during the process of wrapping, and to determine the period of its wrapping, as well as to identify large structures on the surface. In addition, the results obtained from additional infrared telescopes are analyzed to determine dimensions using the thermal radiometry method.

Classification of asteroids

The formal classification of asteroids is based on the characteristics of their orbits and a description of the visible spectrum of the solar light that appears on their surface.

Orbit groups and families

Asteroids are grouped into families based on the characteristics of their orbits. The group takes its name from the name of the first asteroid that appeared in this orbit. Groups are better illuminated, while families are larger, created in the past, during the collapse of the great asteroids, from now on with other objects.

Spectral classes

In 1975, the team of Clark R. Chapman, David Morrison, and Ben Zellner developed a system for classifying asteroids based on their color, albedo, and spectral characteristics. Initially, this classification meant three types of asteroids:

Class C – carbons, 75% known asteroids.
Class S – silicate, 17% of known asteroids.
Class M – metal, most others.

This list of more extensions and a number of types continues to grow as more asteroids are studied in detail:

Class A - characterized by a high albedo (between 0.17 and 0.35) and a dark blue color in the visible part of the spectrum.
Class B - in general, extends to class C asteroids, but may not show up below 0.5 microns, and their spectrum is slightly dark. Albedo is darker than in other carbonaceous asteroids.
Class D - characterized by a very low albedo (0.02-0.05) and an even blue spectrum without clear burnishing lines.
Class E - on the surface of these asteroids, place in your warehouse such a mineral as enstatite and may be similar to achondritis.
Class F - similar to asteroids of class B, but without traces of “water”.
Class G - characterized by a low albedo and a somewhat flat (and bar-free) light spectrum in the visible range, which indicates strong ultraviolet abrasion.
Class P - like class D asteroids, are characterized by a low albedo, (0.02-0.07) and a smooth blue spectrum without clear burnishing lines.
Class Q - at a minimum of 1 µm, the spectrum of these asteroids has sparks and wide lines of olivine and pyroxene, in addition, features that indicate the presence of metal.
Class R - characterized by a remarkably high albedo and a low impact range of up to 0.7 µm.
Class T - is characterized by a low albedo and a dark spectrum (with a low level of 0.85 μm), which is similar to the spectrum of asteroids of the P- and D-classes, but in terms of strength it occupies an intermediate position.
Class V - asteroids of this class are moderately bright and reach close to the more extreme class S, which are also mainly composed of rock, silicates and saliva (chondrites), but also have a higher S content. Iroxene.
Class J is a class of asteroids that have apparently escaped from the inner parts of the Vesta. Their spectra are close to the spectra of class V asteroids, but they are distinguished by particularly strong clay lines at up to 1 µm.

It should be noted that the number of known asteroids classified to any type does not necessarily correspond to activity. These types are subject to complex designations, and the type of singing asteroid may be subject to change with more detailed research.

Problems of spectral classification

Initially, the spectral classification was based on three types of material to form asteroids:

Class C – coal (carbonate).
Class S – silicon (silicates).
Class M – metal.

It is clear that such a classification clearly indicates the composition of the asteroid. While the different spectral classes of asteroids indicate their different composition, there is no evidence that asteroids of the same spectral class are composed of the same materials. As a result, new systems were no longer adopted, and the advancement of spectral classification languished.

Divided by size

The number of asteroids is noticeably changing as their sizes increase. Although this generally corresponds to the static law, there are peaks at 5 km and 100 km, where there are more asteroids, which would be similar to the logarithmic division.

Illumination of asteroids

At the end of 2015, fate was informed about the detection by the DECam camera of the Victor Blanc Telescope of the 11th and 12th Trojans of Neptune – 2014 QO441 and 2014 QP441. Thus, the number of Trojans at point L4 of Neptune increased to 9. Also, this look revealed 20 other objects that were assigned to the Center of Minor Planets, including 2013 RF98, which may be one of the finds longer periods of life.

The objects of this group are given the names of the centaurs of ancient mythology.

The first discovered centaur was Chiron (1977). When approaching perihelion, it experiences a coma, characteristic of comets, so Chiron is considered for the classification simultaneously as a comet (95P/Chiron) and an asteroid (2060 Chiron), although it is significantly larger than a typical comet.

Nathan Eismont
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, advanced scientific scientist (Institute of Space Research RAS)
Anton Ledkov,
Scientific Researcher (Institute of Space Research RAS)
“Science and Life” No. 1, 2015, No. 2, 2015

The dream system is perceived as an empty expanse, where all the planets are circling, acting with their satellites. Anyone can guess about the number of small planets to which Pluto was recently attributed, about the asteroid belt, about meteorites that sometimes fall to Earth, and about comets that sometimes decorate the sky. This statement is entirely fair: if there are numerous spacecraft without being damaged by collision with an asteroid or comet, there is plenty of space in space.

Due to the great obligation of the Sonya system, there are not hundreds of thousands and not tens of millions, but quadrillions (ones followed by fifteen zeros) of cosmic bodies of various sizes and masses. All the smells collapse and interact according to the laws of physics and celestial mechanics. Some of them were established in the early Universe and are formed from their primordial speech, and from certain objects of astrophysical research. And there are even more dangerous bodies - great asteroids, the destruction of which from the Earth will now harm life on it. Removing and eliminating the asteroidal problem is no less important and urgent task of astrophysicists.

History of the discovery of asteroids

The first asteroid was discovered in 1801 by Giuseppe Piasi, director of the observatory in Palermo (Sicily). Calling him Ceres and calling him a small planet. The term “asteroid”, in the ancient Greek translation, is “similar to the star,” coined by astronomer William Herschel (Division “Science and Life” No. 7, 2012, article “A Tale about the musician William Herschel, who expanded the cosmos twice as much”). Ceres and similar objects (Pallas, Juno and Vesta), which revealed the onset of six rocks, were visible as points and not as disks on various planets; At the same time, in the morning, in front of the unruly stars, the stench collapsed like the planets. It should be noted that the caution of those who openly discovered asteroids was carried out in direct attempts to identify the “discovered” planet. On the right is that the already discovered planets were growing in orbits that were moving away from the Sun at distances that correspond to Bode’s law. Apparently there is a small planet between Mars and Jupiter. Apparently, no planet was found in such an orbit, but around this area a belt of asteroids, called the main ones, was later discovered. Moreover, Bode’s law, as it turned out, does not have any physical structure and is viewed simply as a random combination of numbers. Moreover, discovered later (1848), Neptune stumbled into an orbit that was not suitable for him.

After the discovery of several clues about asteroids, further warnings for all the fates did not meet with success. They were carried through the Napoleonic Wars, during which the town of Lieliental near Bremen burned down, where meetings of astronomers were held to study asteroids. The warnings of 1830 were renewed, but successes came only in 1845 due to the discovery of the Astraeus asteroid. At this point the asteroids began to open up with a frequency of at least one per river. Most of them lie in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter. Before 1868, there were already close to hundreds of critical asteroids, before 1981 - 10,000, and before 2000 - more than 100,000.

Chemical warehouse, shape, dimensions and orbits of asteroids

If we classify asteroids from their distance from the Sun, then the first group is consumed by volcanoids - a hypothetical belt of minor planets between the Sun and Mercury. The same object from this belt has not yet been identified, and although on the surface of Mercury, there are numerous impact craters created by asteroid impacts, but it is not possible to prove the existence of the belt. Previously, the presence of asteroids there was intended to explain the anomalies in Mercury, but then they were explained on the basis of the appearance of relativistic effects. Also, residual evidence for the possible presence of Vulcanoids has not yet been determined. Next go to the near-Earth asteroids, which lie in four groups.

Asteroids of the head belt collapsing orbits located between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, at distances of 2.1 to 3.3 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun. The areas of their orbits are located near the ecliptic, their distances from the ecliptic lie mainly up to 20 degrees, reaching up to 35 degrees, eccentricities - from zero to 0.35. Obviously, the largest and brightest asteroids will be discovered first: the average diameters of Ceres, Paladi and Vesti are 952, 544 and 525 kilometers across. The smaller the size of the asteroids, the larger: only 140 asteroids in the head belt out of 100,000 have an average diameter of more than 120 kilometers. The total mass of all these asteroids is very small, amounting to less than 4% of the mass of the month. The largest asteroid – Ceres – has a mass of 946·10 15 tons. The value itself seems even greater, although it is less than 1.3% of the mass of the month (735 · 10 17 tons). At the first closest one, the size of the asteroid can be determined by its brightness and appearance from the Sun. It is necessary to determine the characteristics of the asteroid - its albedo. Since the surface of the asteroid is dark, it glows weaker. For these very reasons, in the list of ten asteroids, which are placed in the order of their appearance, the third one after the size of the asteroids, Hygea, is in the remaining place.

On the little ones that illustrate the main asteroid belt, try to show the faceless stones that are collapsing close to one another. In fact, the picture is far from being effective, the fragments seem to have faded, the small total weight of the belt is distributed for its great duty, and is now stretched to finish empty. All spacecraft launched between the orbits of Jupiter flew through the asteroid belt without any apparent risk of colliding with the asteroid. However, in the shadows of the astronomical hour, the formation of asteroids one after another and with the planets no longer looks so insignificant, which can only be judged by the number of craters on their surfaces.

Trojans- asteroids that collapse along the orbits of planets, the first of which was discovered in 1906 by the German astronomer Max Wulf. The asteroid collapses near the Sun with the orbit of Jupiter, forward of its oblique by 60 degrees. Far away, a whole group of celestial bodies were visible, collapsing in front of Jupiter.

From the beginning of the stench, names were chosen in honor of the heroes of the legend about the Trojan War, who fought on the battles of the Greeks who laid siege to Troy. Among the leading asteroids of Jupiter there is a main group of asteroids that appear above Jupiter at approximately the same point; They were named Trojans in honor of the inhabitants of Troy. At this time, the asteroids of both groups are called Trojans, and they are collapsing around the Lagrange points L 4 and L 5, points of stable collapse in the three-body problem. The heavenly bodies that were wasted in their outskirts, shake the tumbling roar, without going too far. For still unreasonable reasons, the asteroids that lead Jupiter are approximately 40% larger than others. This was recently confirmed by the American NEOWISE satellite using a 40-centimeter telescope with detectors that operate in the infrared range. Vibration in the IR range significantly expands the possibilities of imaging asteroids similar to those that provide visible light. Their effectiveness can be judged by the number of asteroids and comets of the Sonya system that were cataloged using NEOWISE. There are over 158 thousand of them, and the device is running. It’s important that the Trojans are significantly different from most of the asteroids in the head belt. They have a matte surface, a dark-brown color and range mainly to the so-called D-class. These are asteroids with a very low albedo, so they have a surface that weakly shakes. Similar things can be found in other areas of the head girdle.

The Trojans are not only near Jupiter; Other planets of the Sonya system, including the Earth (not Venus and Mercury), also accompany the Trojans, which are grouped around their Lagrange points L 4, L 5. The 2010 Earth Trojan asteroid TK7 was discovered using the NEOWISE telescope quite recently - in 2010. It collapses, pushing forward the Earth, at which the amplitude of its collision with the white point L 4 is even greater: the asteroid reaches the point proximal to the Earth near the Sun, and extends extremely far from the plane of the ecliptic.

Such a large amplitude of the collisions can lead to a possible approach of up to 20 million kilometers from the Earth. Prote izkneniya from the Earth, accepting the nearest 20,000 rocks, is completely turned off. The Rukh of the Earthly Trojan is already collapsing with the Rukh of the Trojans of Jupiter, which will deprive the planets of their Lagrange points. This is the nature of the Rukh to work with the twisted missions of any new spacecraft, the fragments of the legacy of the significant method of the Trojan’s orbit to the plane of the ecliptic in order to reach the asteroid from the Earth and land with it, which is required too high characteristic fluidity and, therefore, great consumption of fire.

Kuiper Belt lie beyond the boundaries of Neptune’s orbit and reach as much as 120 AU. under the sun. It is close to the plane of the ecliptic and is populated by a large number of objects, which include water ice and frozen gases, and a number of so-called short-period comets. The first object from this region was discovered in 1992, and until now there are already over 1300 of them discovered. Fragments of the celestial body of the Kuiper belt have spread far beyond the Sun, their dimensions are means it's important. This should be based on the vibrancy of the light that is reflected by them, and the accuracy of the design depends on how well we know the value of their albedo. Dimming in the infrared range is much more reliable, as it gives equal moisture to the objects. Such data was collected by the Spitzer Space Telescope for the largest Kuiper Belt objects.

One of the most prominent objects of the belt is Haumea, named after the Hawaiian goddess of fertility and childbearing; He is part of the family that was created as a result of the siege. This object, perhaps, will collide with another one, the size of which will be smaller. The blow caused the scattering of great wicked items and screamed the wrapping of Haumea over a period of nearly four years. Such a wrap gave the same shape to the ball for American football. Haumea is accompanied by two companions - Hi'iaka and Namaka.

According to the theories accepted until now, approximately 90% of the objects in the Kuiper belt collapse in distant circular orbits beyond the orbit of Neptune - where the stinks have settled. A few dozen objects from this belt (they are called centaurs, the fragments located in the direction of the Sun appear like asteroids or comets), may have settled in the regions closest to the Sun, and then the gravitational influence the shower of Uranus and Neptune moved them to high eliptical orbits with aphelions up to 200 AU. in great ways. They have created a disk of 10 AU, but in fact the outer edge of the Kuiper Belt has not yet been identified. More recently, Pluto and Charon were considered to be the only sources of the largest objects of flashing light in the outer part of the Sononic system. And in 2005, another planetary body was discovered - Eris (named after the Greek goddess of roses), the diameter of which is slightly smaller than the diameter of Pluto (they assumed that it was 10% larger). The era is collapsing in orbit at perihelion 38 a.m. and aphelion 98 a.o. There is a small companion - Dysnomia. Initially, Erida was planned to be considered the tenth (after Pluto) planet of the Sonya system, and then the International Astronomical Union included Pluto in the list of planets, creating a new class, the names of dwarf planets, where Pluto, Erida and Cer went era. It is reported that in the Kuiper belt there are hundreds of thousands of cool bodies with a diameter of 100 kilometers and at least a trillion comets. However, these objects are extremely small - 10-50 kilometers across - and not even smaller than a spark. During this period, hundreds of rocks arise, which complicates their identification. It is worth remembering that there are approximately 35,000 Kuiper belt objects with a diameter of more than 100 kilometers, and their mass exceeds the mass of bodies of this size from the main asteroid belt hundreds of times a. In September 2006, it was reported that in the archived data of the extinction of the X-ray and the neutron mirror Scorpion X-1, it was revealed that it was darkened by small objects. This allowed the framework to harden, so that the number of Kuiper Belt objects measuring approximately 100 or more meters became approximately a quadrillion (10 15). Initially, in the early stages of the evolution of the Solar system, the mass of objects in the Kuiper belt was much larger, but now it ranges from 10 to 50 masses of the Earth. At this time, the total mass of all bodies of the Kuiper belt, as well as the Oort cloud that has been expanded further from the Sun, is richer than the mass of the Moon. As the computer modeling shows, perhaps the entire mass of the primordial disk is beyond the boundaries of 70 a. was spent through the call of Neptune, which led to the detailed objects of the belt in the pill, as we see the sleepy wind in the interstellar expanse. All these bodies are of great interest, the fragments are transferred so that the stench has been preserved in its original form since the time of the consolidation of the Sonic system.

Khmara Oort Locate the most distant objects of the Sonic system. Vono is a spherical region that extends from 5 to 100 thousand a. from the Sun and is seen as a nucleus of long-period comets that reach the inner region of the Sun system. The gloom itself was not instrumentally prevented until 2003. In the spring of 2004, a group of astronomers announced the discovery of a planet-like object that was collapsing in orbit around the Sun at a record high, which meant its uniquely low temperature.

This object (2003VB12), named Sedna in the name of the Eskimo goddess, who gives life to the people of the Arctic sea depths, approaches the Sun for a very short hour, collapsing with a strongly concave eliptical orbit from the perimeter home 10,500 rocks. However, at the hour of approach from the Sun, Sedna does not reach the outer cordon of the Kuiper belt, which is located at 55 a.m. from the Sun: its orbit lies between 76 (perihelion) and 1000 (aphelion) a. This allowed the first-handers of Sedna to bring them to the first beware of the celestial body from the Oort gloom, which is constantly located beyond the boundaries of the Kuiper belt.

Based on their spectral characteristics, the simplest classification divides asteroids into three groups:
C - carbon (75% of the total),
S - silicon (17% excretion),
U - do not enter the first two groups.

Currently, the classification is increasingly expanding and becoming more detailed, including new groups. Until 2002, their number increased to 24. As an example of the new group, one can mention the M-class of important metal asteroids. However, it should be noted that the classification of asteroids based on the spectral characteristics of their surface is very important. Asteroids of the same class are not necessarily viscous to the chemical identical warehouse.

Space missions before asteroids

Asteroids are too small for detailed observation using ground-based telescopes. Their images can be captured from satellite radars, but for this reason the stench must fly close to the Earth. Use this method for measuring the size of asteroids - preventing the darkening of asteroids from several points along the line of sight - an asteroid - a point on the surface of the Earth. The method consists in calculating the crossing points of the mirror along the given trajectory of the asteroid - the asteroid from the Earth and the other paths at certain distances from it, which are indicated by the transmitted dimensions of the aster Yes, telescopes are installed to follow the mirror. At some point the asteroid obscures the mirror, it disappears for the observer, and then appears again. After three hours of shading and visibility, the asteroid's diameter can be determined, and with a sufficient number of indicators, the silhouette of the asteroid can be determined. A partnership of amateur astronomers has been organized to successfully carry out coordinated experiments.

The flights of spacecraft to asteroids reveal incomparably greater possibilities for their investigation. The first asteroid (951 Gaspra) was photographed by the Galileo spacecraft in 1991 on its way to Jupiter, then in 1993 it captured asteroid 243 and its companion Dactyl. Ale tse bulo was crushed, so bi move, it’s nice.

The first specially developed apparatus for tracking asteroids was NEAR Shoemaker, which photographed the asteroid 253 Matilda and sent it into orbit near 433 Eros and landed on its surface in 2001. It should be said that a landing was not planned, but after the successful tracking of this asteroid from the orbit of its companion, they were planning to try to make a soft landing. Although the device was not provided with devices for landing and its control system did not carry out such operations, according to commands from the Earth, it was possible to land the device, and its systems continued to function on the surface. In addition, the Matilda flyby made it possible to capture a series of images and, from the acquisition of the trajectory of the apparatus, to determine the mass of the asteroid.

As a by-product (under the hour of discovery of the main one), the Deep Space apparatus tracked asteroid 9969 Braille in 1999 and the Stardust apparatus - asteroid 5535 Annafranc.

With the help of the Japanese apparatus Hayabusa (in translation - “hawk”), in early 2010, fate was able to turn to Earth the images of the soil from the surface of the asteroid 25 143 Itokawa, which reaches near-Earth asteroids (Apollos) of spectral class S (silicon). In the photograph of the asteroid, one can cross the area with the absence of boulders and stones, of which over 1000 have a diameter of over 5 meters, and the size of each is about 50 meters. Next we will return to this particularity of Itokawa.

The Rosetta spacecraft, launched by the European Space Agency in 2004, reached the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko, on November 12, 2014, safely landing the Philae module on its core. According to the dosage of the asteroid flyby apparatus 2867 Steins in 2008 rose 21 Lutetia in 2010. He took his spacecraft after the name of the stone (Rosetta), found in Egypt by Napoleonic soldiers near the ancient site of Rosetta on Philly Island, and gave it its name to the landing module. On the stone hangs the text of two languages: ancient Egyptian and ancient Greek, which gave the key to unlocking the hidden civilization of ancient Egyptians - deciphering hieroglyphs. By choosing historical names, the developers of the project agreed on a mission - to reveal the secrets of the journey and evolution of the Sony system.

The mission is interesting because at the time the Fili module landed on the surface of the comet’s nucleus, it was far from the Sun and was therefore inactive. Near the world's proximity to the Sun, the surface of the core heats up and the emission of gases and saw begins. The development of these processes can be prevented by occurring at the center of the process.

The mission Dawn (Svitanok) is already in full swing, which is of no concern that it follows the NASA program. The device was launched in 2007, in 2011 it reached the asteroid Vesta, then transferred to the orbit of its satellite and carried out research there until the spring of 2012. At this time, the device is on the route to the largest asteroid - Ceres. There is a low-thrust electric rocket ion engine on it. Its efficiency, which is determined by the fluidity of the working body (xenon), may significantly outweigh the efficiency of traditional chemical engines (division “Science of Life and Life” No. 9, 1999, article “Cosmos” The original electric locomotive"). This made it possible to fly from the orbit of a satellite of one asteroid to the orbit of a satellite of another. Although the asteroids Vesta and Ceres collapse in close orbits of the head belt of asteroids and most of them, the physical characteristics of the stench vary greatly. Since Vesta is not a “dry” asteroid, then on Ceres, based on data from ground-based observations, water has been detected, seasonal polar caps with water ice and a thin sphere of atmosphere.

The Chinese also made contributions to the exploration of asteroids by sending their Chang'e spacecraft to the asteroid 4179 Tautatis. After taking a series of photographs of the surface, the minimum distance of the spill became more than 3.2 kilometers; However, the greatest shot was taken at a distance of 47 kilometers. The photographs show that the asteroid has an irregularly contorted shape - 4.6 kilometers in diameter and 2.1 kilometers in diameter. The mass of the asteroid is 50 billion tons, and its unique feature is its uneven thickness. One part of the volume of the asteroid has a thickness of 1.95 g/cm 3 and a thickness of 2.25 g/cm 3 . The connection with this suggests that Tautatis was created as a result of the connection of two asteroids.

As there are projects to fly to asteroids in the near future, it can be started from the Japanese Aerospace Agency, which plans to continue its program following the launch of the Hayabusa-2 spacecraft in 2015 in order to return to Earth in 2020 birth of the soil of asteroid 19. The asteroid is due spectral class C, which is in an orbit that intersects the orbit of the Earth, and whose aphelion may even reach the orbit of Mars.

Sooner or later, in 2016, the NASA OSIRIS-Rex project will start, which will turn the ground from the surface of the near-Earth asteroid 1999 RQ36, which recently removed the name of Bennu and was upgraded to spectral class C. It is planned that the asteroid t reach of the asteroid in 2016 roci. By 2023, deliver 59 grams of Yogo breed to Earth.

Having reconsidered all these projects, it is impossible not to remember the asteroid with a mass of approximately 13,000 tons, which fell near Chelyabinsk on February 15, 2013, as if confirming the knowledge of the prominent American leader about the asteroid problem Donald Yeomans: “If we don’t fly to asteroids, then we don’t fly to asteroids. " Tim himself expressed the importance of one more side of the investigation of asteroids - the asteroid insecurity and the high order associated with the possibility of asteroids leaving the Earth.

There is no clear way to track asteroids by the Asteroid Redirect Mission, or, as it is called, the Keck project. Its concept was developed by the Keck Space Research Institute in Pasadena (California). William Myron Keck is a prominent American philanthropist who founded the Foundation for the Promotion of Scientific Research in the United States in 1954. The project has come to the conclusion that the task of tracking the asteroid depends on the participation of people, otherwise it appears that the mission before the asteroid may be piloted. But in this case, the triviality of this season, with the return to Earth, will inevitably become a number of months. And what is most unsuitable for a piloted expedition, in case of an emergency, this hour cannot be shortened to a pleasant interval. Therefore, it was decided that instead of flying to the asteroid, do the same: deliver the asteroid to Earth. But not on the surface, as happened naturally with the Chelyabinsk asteroid, but in an orbit similar to one month, and send a pilot ship to the asteroid, which has become close. This ship will approach him, dig in and the astronauts will carry him, take the specimens of the rock and deliver them to Earth. And in the event of an emergency, astronauts can return to Earth in an hour at the margins of life. As the main candidate for the role of an asteroid, NASA has already found the near-Earth asteroid 2011 MD, which is close to the Cupids. Its diameter is 7 to 15 meters, thickness is 1 g/cm 3 so it can look like fluff of a pile of crushed stone weighing about 500 tons. Its orbit is very close to the orbit of the Earth, it is inclined to the ecliptic by 2.5 degrees, and the period is 396.5 dB, which is evidenced by a large increase of 1.056 AU. It means that the asteroid was discovered on the 22nd of June 2011, and on the 27th of June it passed very close to the Earth - a total of 12,000 kilometers.

The mission from the burial of an asteroid into the orbit of the Earth’s satellite is planned for the beginning of the 2020s. A spacecraft designed to bury the asteroid and transfer it to a new orbit, powered by low-thrust electric rocket engines running on xenon. The operation to change the asteroid's orbit will include a gravitational maneuver near the Month. The essence of this maneuver lies in such a controlled rover with the help of electric rocket engines to ensure the passage of the Moon. When the flow of the gravitational field flows, the fluidity of the asteroid changes from the coarse hyperbolic (to the point of leaving the field of the Earth's gravity) to the fluidity of the Earth's satellite.

Light and evolution of asteroids

As has already been mentioned in the section about the history of the discovery of asteroids, the first of them were discovered during the search for a hypothetical planet that is small enough to be in orbit before Bode’s law between Mars and Jupiter. It turned out that there is an asteroid belt near the orbit of a previously undiscovered planet. This became the basis for a hypothesis, whereby this belt was created as a successor to its ruin.

The planet was named Phaeton after the son of the ancient Greek god of the Son Helios. The developments that model the process of Phaeton's ruination did not confirm this hypothesis in all species, beginning with the destruction of the planet by the gravity of Jupiter and Mars and the final collisions with other celestial bodies. silt.

The creation and evolution of the asteroids can be seen only as a warehouse process of the Sonic system. Nina’s accepted theory conveys that the Sonyachnaya vinyl system is from the original gas-saw purchase. This accumulation of disks, the inhomogeneities of which led to the collapse of planets and small bodies of the Sonya system. The validity of this hypothesis is supported by current astronomical precautions, which allow us to detect the development of planetary systems of young stars in the early stages. Computer modeling also confirms these constructive pictures, which are quite similar to photographs of planetary systems in the early phases of their development.

At the beginning stage of the formation of planets, the names of planetesimals emerged - the “seeds” of planets, where they then adhered due to the force of gravitational influx. As an example of such a cob phase of the creation of planets, we point to the asteroid Lutetia. This large asteroid, which reaches a diameter of 130 kilometers, consists of solid parts and a thick (up to a kilometer) saw ball that sticks, as well as scattered on the surface of boulders. As the mass of protoplanets grew, the force of gravity increased and, as a result, the force of compression of the celestial body that was being formed. The substance was heated and melted, leading to the disintegration of the protoplanet due to the thickness of its materials, and the transition of the body to a spherical shape. Most of the descendants converge to the hypothesis that during the initial phases of the evolution of the Sonya system, many more protoplanets were created, lower than the planets and small celestial bodies that are observed today. At that time, the gas giants - Jupiter and Saturn - were migrating into the middle of the system, closer to the Sun. This brought a real discord to the bodies of the Sonya system, which began to wane, and triggered the development of a process called the period of important bombardment. As a result of resonant inflows from the side of the head of Jupiter, part of the celestial bodies that had settled was thrown onto the outskirts of the system, and part was thrown onto the Sun. This process ranged from 4.1 to 3.8 billion because of this. Following the period, which is called the late stage of important bombardment, the appearance of many impact craters on the Moon and Mercury was lost. Those same were the bodies that created between Mars and Jupiter: the frequency of communication between them was kept high, so as not to allow them to transform into objects larger and more regular in shape, lower posters Guess it's today. It is reported that among them there are fragments of bodies that went through the early phases of evolution, and then split up during contact, as well as objects that did not catch the parts of larger bodies and, thus, the images of the ancients creation. As you might have guessed, the asteroid Lutetia is just such a star. This was confirmed by the Rosetta spacecraft's tracking of the asteroid, including its capture during the fall of 2010.

So, in the evolution of the main asteroid belt, the main role belongs to Jupiter. Due to this gravitational influx, we captured a picture of the division of asteroids in the middle of the head belt, which we are careful not to do. Because of the Kuiper belt, the role of Jupiter here is complemented by the influx of Neptune, which leads to the destruction of celestial objects in this remote region of the Sonya system. It is expected that the influx of giant planets is spreading and the even more distant gloom of Oort, which, prote, has formed closer to the Sun, at the same time. In the early phases of the evolution of the rapprochement with the giant planets, the primordial objects (planetesimals) in their natural Russia forged what we call gravitational maneuvers, again extending to the Oort gloom. Being on the floor of the great vistas of the Sun, the stench is so strong that it flows from the side of the stars of our Galaxy - the Chumatsky Way, which leads to its chaotic transition on the trajectory turning into a nearby area in the sleepy expanse. We are aware that the planets wintered like long-period comets. As an example, you can point to the most beautiful comet of the 20th century - Comet Hale-Bopp, which will open on June 23, 1995 and reach the perihelion of 1997. The period of its birth around the Sun becomes 2534, and the aphelion is located at 185 a.m. under the sun.

Asteroid-comet danger

Numerical craters on the surface of Moon, Mercury and other bodies of the Sonya system are often thought of as an illustration of the level of asteroid-comet insecurity for the Earth. However, this statement is not entirely correct, since an important part of these craters was created during the “period of important bombardment.” Proceeding on the surface of the Earth with the help of modern technologies, including the analysis of satellite data, it is possible to detect traces of asteroids that date back to much later periods of the evolution of the Sonya system. The largest and most ancient of the known craters – Vredefort – is located near New Africa. Its diameter is approximately 250 kilometers, its age is estimated at two billion rocks.

The Chicxulub crater on the birch of the Yucatan Peninsula near Mexico was destroyed after an asteroid impact of 65 million years, equivalent to the energy of a 100 teraton (10 12 tons) of TNT. At this time, it is important that the extinction of dinosaurs was the legacy of a catastrophic event that caused a tsunami, an earthquake, volcanic eruptions and climate change through the saw ball, which settled in the atmosphere, which closed the Dream tse. One of the youngest - the Berringer Crater - is located in the desert state of Arizona, USA. Its diameter is 1200 meters, depth is 175 meters. Vinik 50 thousand fates are due to the impact of a meteorite with a diameter of about 50 meters and a mass of hundreds of thousands of tons.

At one time there are approximately 170 impact craters created by the fall of celestial bodies. The greatest respect was gained by the field near Chelyabinsk, when on July 15, 2013, an asteroid entered the atmosphere in this region, the size of which was estimated to be approximately 17 meters and the mass of 13,000 tons. Having swelled in the wind at an altitude of 20 kilometers, the largest part of it, weighing 600 kilograms, fell into Lake Chebarkul.

This fall did not lead to casualties, the ruins were noticeable, but not catastrophic: on the whole territory of the Great Territory there were damages, the collapse of the Chelyabinsk zinc plant, and about 1,500 people were injured by glass fragments. It is important that the catastrophe did not occur due to the element of luck: the trajectory of the meteorite’s fall was flat, otherwise the legacy would have been significantly important. The energy of the bomb is equivalent to 0.5 megatons of TNT, which is equivalent to 30 bombs dropped on Hiroshima. The Chelyabinsk asteroid, having become a report, will be described as having such a scale after the impact of the Tunguska meteorite on the 17th (30th) of 1908. Based on current estimates, the fall of celestial bodies similar to Chelyabinsk occurs approximately once per 100 births throughout the world. What is the situation in the Tunguska region, if a tree was burnt and felled on an area with a diameter of 50 kilometers after a fire at an altitude of 18 kilometers with an energy of 10–15 megatons of TNT, then such catastrophes are eliminated approximately once per 300 lives. However, it appears that when bodies are smaller in size, which flow from the Earth more often, they produce significant crashes. As a butt, we can call the four-meter asteroid that fell near Sikhote-Alina on its descent from Vladivostok on February 12, 1947. Despite the fact that the asteroid was small, it was formed entirely from a meteorite and was the largest of the meteorites that had ever landed on the surface of the Earth. At an altitude of 5 kilometers, it swelled and slept, sparkling behind the Sun. The territory of the epicenter of the bulge (its projection onto the earth's surface) was deserted, but on an area with a diameter of 2 kilometers the forest was destroyed and over a hundred craters with a diameter of up to 26 meters were created. If such an object had fallen on a great place, hundreds and thousands of people would have died.

At this very moment, it is completely obvious that the likelihood of the death of a particular person as a result of the fall of an asteroid is even low. This does not include the fact that hundreds of rocks can pass without any casualties, and then the fall of the great asteroid will lead to the death of millions of people. In the table 1 shows the probability of the fall of the asteroid, compared with the same mortality rate as other periods.

It is unknown when the fall of the asteroid will take place, equally and more importantly, it will be necessary to trace its heritage from the Chelyabinsk region. You may fall in 20 years, or within a hundred years, or even tomorrow. Eliminating early warning of the impact on the Chelyabinsk outbreak is not just a bummer - it is necessary for the effective recovery of potentially unsafe objects with a size of, say, over 50 meters. Since there is a tendency for smaller asteroids to escape from the Earth, they are sunk more often, as we estimate: approximately once every two years. This is illustrated by a map of the fall of asteroids measuring a meter or more over the remaining twenty rocks, prepared by NASA.

Methods for recovering potentially dangerous near-Earth objects

With the discovery of the asteroid Apophis in 2004, the likelihood of its exit from the Earth in 2036 was considered to be high, which led to a significant increase in interest in the problem of asteroid-comet protection. . Work was launched to identify and catalog dangerous celestial objects, and programs were launched to monitor the progress of their escape from the Earth. As a result, the number of discovered asteroids and comets has sharply increased, so that at this time there are more of them discovered, it has now become clear that the program is still working. Various methods have been proposed for the release of asteroids along their trajectory from the Earth, including some exotic ones. For example, covering the surfaces of unsafe asteroids with tarpaulin will change their properties, making it necessary to improve the asteroid's trajectory under the pressure of the sun's light. Research has continued on ways to change the trajectory of unsafe objects by connecting spacecraft with them. The remaining methods appear to be quite promising and do not require stagnant technologies that go beyond the capabilities of current rocket and space technology. However, their effectiveness is limited by the mass of the spacecraft being aimed. For the toughest Russian Proton-M, you can’t exceed 5-6 tons.

Let's estimate the change in speed, for example, Apophis, whose mass is close to 40 million tons: connecting a spacecraft with a mass of 5 tons with it at a liquid speed of 10 km/s will give 1.25 millimeters per second. If the blow is delivered long before the wound is struck, it is possible to create the necessary recovery, but in the “previous” warehouse of dozens of rocks. It is so far impossible to predict the trajectory of the asteroid with reasonable accuracy at this time, especially in medical sciences, so it is obvious that the known parameters of the dynamics of the impact and, therefore, in estimating the resulting change in the velocity vector are unimportant and an asteroid. Thus, in order to recover a dangerous asteroid from escaping from the Earth, it is necessary to find the ability to direct a powerful projectile at a new one. How can one distinguish another asteroid with a mass that significantly exceeds the mass of a spacecraft, say 1500 tons. But in order to control the direction of such an asteroid, a lot of fire will be needed in order to practically implement the idea. Therefore, for the necessary change in the trajectory of the asteroid-projectile, a so-called gravitational maneuver was used, which does not require any kind of waste of fire.

Under the gravitational maneuver, it is possible to fly around a space object (in some cases, an asteroid-projectile) to reach a powerful body - the Earth, Venus, other planets of the Sonya system, and their satellites. The sense of the maneuver lies in such a choice of parameters of the trajectory of the body that is flying around (height, cob position and fluidity vector), which allows for the change of the gravitational influx to change the orbit of the object (in our version - asteroid) near the Sun so that you can stumble on trajectories of the connection. In other words, instead of transmitting a fluid impulse to the kerated object using a rocket engine, we reject this impulse to the gravity of the planet, or, as they call it, the sling effect. Moreover, the magnitude of the impulse can be significant - 5 km/s or more. To create it with a standard rocket engine, you need to spend a lot of fuel, which is 3.5 times more than the weight of the device. And for the method of gravitational maneuver, it is necessary to burn only in order to place the device on the maneuver trajectory, which reduces its costs by two orders of magnitude. It should be noted that this method of changing the orbits of spacecraft is not new: it was introduced in the early thirties of the last century by the pioneer of Radian rocket technology F.A. Zander. Nina, such a technique is widely used in the practice of space exploration. It’s worth mentioning once again, for example, the European spacecraft “Rosetta”: during the implementation of the mission, in ten years, there were three gravitational maneuvers around the Earth and one around Mars. You can remember the Radian spacecraft "Vega-1" and "Vega-2", which first flew around Halley's comet - on the way before it they carried out gravitational maneuvers from the vicors of the gravitational field of Venus. To reach Pluto in 2015, NASA's New Horizons spacecraft performed a maneuver near Jupiter's field. With these butts, the list of missions that enable the gravitational maneuver is far from being exhausted.

A gravitational maneuver to guide small near-Earth asteroids onto unsafe celestial objects for their escape from the Earth was proposed by satellite scientists of the Space Institute current research of the Russian Academy of Sciences at the international conference on the problem of asteroid insecurity, organized in Malta. And finally, a magazine publication appeared containing this concept and its implementation.

To confirm the implementation of the concept, the asteroid Apophis was chosen as an example of a dangerous celestial object.

It was initially accepted that the danger of the asteroid is established approximately ten years before its impact with the Earth. Apparently, the scenario will be for the asteroid to escape from the trajectory to pass through it. In front of the list of near-Earth asteroids, the orbits of which are known, we have chosen one that will be transferred to the outskirts of the Earth into an orbit associated with a pre-Viconian gravitational maneuver, which will ensure the sinking of the asteroid into Apophis later 2035 roku. As a selection criterion, we took the magnitude of the fluidity impulse, which is required to inform the asteroid for its transfer to such a trajectory. The maximum permissible pulse was 20 m/s. Further numerical analysis of possible operations from the pointing of an asteroid at Apophis was carried out in accordance with the onset of the polarization scenario.

After the head unit of the Proton-M launch vehicle is launched into a low low-Earth orbit behind the additional booster unit "Briz-M", the spacecraft is transferred to the transfer trajectory to the asteroid-projectile with an approach landing on its surface. The device is fixed on the surface and collapses simultaneously with the asteroid to the point at which it turns on the engine, responding to the asteroid’s impulse, which transfers it to the developed trajectory of the gravitational maneuver - the region of the Earth. During the rukh process, the necessary modifications must be made to the values ​​of the rukh parameters of both the asteroid-metal and the asteroid-projectile. Based on the results, the trajectory of the projectile is calculated and its correction is determined. With the help of an additional rover installation, the asteroid apparatus is informed by fluidity pulses, which corrects the parameters of the rover trajectory to the mark. Such operations themselves culminate in the trajectory of the transfer of the apparatus to the asteroid-projectile. The key parameter in developing the optimization scenario is the fluidity impulse that needs to be reported to the projectile asteroid. For candidates for this role, the dates of the impulse notification, the arrival of the asteroid to the Earth and the impact with an unsafe object are determined. These parameters are selected in such a way that the magnitude of the impulse transmitted to the projectile asteroid is minimal. In the process of tracking candidates, the entire list of asteroids, the parameters of their orbits as of today, was analyzed - there are close to 11,000 of them.

Through the war of destruction, five asteroids were discovered, the characteristics of which, including dimensions, are given in the table. 2. Before it, asteroids were consumed, the dimensions of which obviously exceeded the values ​​that indicate the maximum permissible mass: 1500–2000 tons. Who needs to earn two respects. First: for the analysis of Vikoryst, a far from complete list of near-Earth asteroids (11,000) was used, so that, according to current estimates, there are at least 100,000 of them. Another: the real possibility of Vikorist is seen as the projectile is not an asteroid entirely, and, for example, what is on the surface of the boulder , a lot of them fit into the designation of the boundary (you can guess the Itokawa asteroid). It is important to note that this very approach is assessed as realistic in the American project to deliver a small asteroid into a one-month orbit. 3 table 2 it can be seen that the smallest velocity impulse - only 2.38 m/s - is necessary, as it is similar to the asteroid 2006 XV4 projectile. True, it itself is large and exceeds the transfer limit of 1500 tons. If you want to remove a fragment or a boulder on the surface with such a mass (for its obviousness), then the impulse is to create a standard rocket engine with a gas flow rate of 3200 m/s, wasting 1.2 tons of fuel. As scientists have shown, on the surface of this asteroid it is possible to land a device with a fire mass of over 4.5 tons, so delivery of the fireball will not create problems. And the shutdown of the electric rocket engine will reduce the fuel consumption (more precisely, the working fluid) to 110 kilograms.

However, follow the data shown in the table so that the necessary fluidity impulses are brought to the ideal level, if the required change in the fluidity vector is implemented absolutely accurately. The truth is not so, and, as stated, it is necessary to build up a supply of working body to correct the orbit. With current accuracies for correction, a total of up to 30 m/s may be needed, which outweighs the nominal values ​​of the magnitude of the change in fluidity due to the extreme pressure of the unsafe object.

In our case, if the quenched object contains three orders of magnitude more mass, a different solution is required. This is due to the stagnation of the electric rocket engine, which allows the consumption of the working fluid to be reduced tenfold for the same impulse that it generates. KRIM, for the PIDVESSHNNE, is accurately visible to Vikoristovati Navigatsyin system, which includes a small alphabet, forgetting the primary, pinking on the surface of the non -reproached aster, I two subtraugus, the basement of the main is the basement. For additional use, you can choose between the devices and their fluids. Such a system makes it possible to ensure that an asteroid projectile hits targets within 50 meters of the surface, and in the remaining phase, it reaches the target of a small chemical engine with a thrust of tens of kilograms, What does the fluidity pulse look like at intervals of 2 m/s?

The power that emerges as we discuss the implementation of the concept of recovering small asteroids for the recovery of unsafe objects, the important thing is the power supply risk of an asteroid from the Earth, transferred to the trajectory of gravity This is a tactical maneuver around her. In the table 2 to point the asteroids in the center of the Earth at perigee and during the gravitational maneuver. For some, the stench exceeds 15,000 kilometers, and the asteroid 1994 GV reaches 7427.54 kilometers (the average radius of the Earth is 6371 kilometers). The sites look safe, but it is still impossible to guarantee the presence of any risk, since the size of the asteroid is such that it can reach the surface of the Earth without burning up in the atmosphere. As a limiting permissible size, consider a diameter of 8-10 meters beyond the surface, so that the asteroid is not contaminated. A radical way to solve the problem is to use Mars and Venus for the maneuver.

Buried asteroids for tracking

The basic idea of ​​the Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) project is the transfer of an asteroid to another orbit, suitable for monitoring the direct participation of humans. This is how the orbit was formed, close to one month. As another option for changing the asteroid orbit, the IKI RAS examined ways to control the flow of asteroids from vicious gravitational maneuvers near the Earth, similar to those that were fragmented to guide small asteros Going to unsafe near-earth objects.

The purpose of such maneuvers is considered to be the transfer of asteroids into orbits that are resonant with the Earth’s orbital vortex, resulting from the corresponding periods of the asteroid and the Earth 1:1. There are thirteen near-Earth asteroids that can be transferred into resonant orbits at a designated conjunction and beyond the lower permissible perigee radius - 6700 kilometers. For this purpose, it is enough for any of them to provide a fluid impulse that does not exceed 20 m/s. The list of views is in the table. 3, indicating the magnitude of the fluidity impulses that transfer the asteroid to the trajectory of the gravitational maneuver near the Earth, as a result of which period of its orbit becomes equal to the Earth’s, then one fate. In the same place, the maximum and minimum maneuver of the fluidity of the asteroid in its heliocentric Russia was determined. This means that the maximum speeds can be even greater, allowing the maneuver to throw the asteroid far above the Sun. For example, asteroid 2012 VE77 can be sent into an aphelion orbit at the edge of the orbit of Saturn, and beyond the orbit of Mars.

The advantage of resonant asteroids is that they rotate sharply around the Earth’s outskirts. This makes it possible to quickly direct a spacecraft to land on an asteroid and deliver soil images to Earth, and on the return of the apparatus that descends to Earth, it may not be necessary to waste heat. This plan of an asteroid in a resonant orbit has the advantage of having an asteroid in an orbit similar to up to a month, as planned in the Keck project, the fragments of the wines for rotation will require a significant investment of fuel. For unmanned missions, this may be the case, but for piloted missions, if it is necessary to ensure the fastest possible return of the vehicle to Earth in an emergency situation (longer or earlier), the advantage may be revealed I am on the side of the ARM project.

On the other hand, the sharper rotation of resonant asteroids to the Earth allows for periodic gravitational maneuvers, immediately changing their orbit to optimize tracking intelligence. The orbit may therefore lose its resonance, making it difficult to carry out, causing significant gravitational maneuvers. Using this approach, it is possible to transfer the asteroid to an orbit identical to the Earth’s, only slightly reduced to flatness (to the ecliptic). Then the asteroid will approach Earth two days on the river. The family of orbits that are selected as a result of the sequence of gravitational maneuvers includes an orbit whose area lies in the ecliptic, but may have an even greater eccentricity and, like that of the asteroid 2012 VE77, reaches orbit of Mars.

As the technology of gravitational maneuvers around planets continues to develop, which includes the possibility of resonant orbits, the idea of ​​victorious Month emerges. On the right, the gravitational maneuver of the planet apparently does not allow the object to fall into the orbit of the satellite; as the fragments surround the planet, the energy of its satellite does not change. If you fly around the natural satellite of the planet (Misyats), then its energy can be changed. The problem is that the change may be sufficient for the transition to the satellite’s orbit, but the cob fluidity of the planet may be small. If this is not possible, the goal is to deprive the outskirts of the Earth forever. If you choose the geometry of the combined maneuver so that as a result the asteroids are lost in the resonant orbit, you can repeat the maneuver through the river. Thus, there is a clear possibility of sinking an asteroid into the orbit of a satellite of the Earth, stopping gravitational maneuvers near the Earth to save the mind resonance and coordinated area of ​​the Month.

Obviously, besides the applications that confirm the feasibility of implementing the concept of controlling the flow of asteroids using additional gravitational maneuvers, they do not guarantee that the problem of asteroid-comet insecurity for any celestial 'This is something that will threaten the withdrawal from the Earth. It may be that in a particular period there is no similar asteroid that can be targeted. So, how can we show the remaining results of the investigations carried out on the basis of the most recently cataloged asteroids, with a maximum permissible fluid impulse required to transfer the asteroid to the periphery of the planet, which is more than 40 m/s, to The number of similar asteroids becomes 29, 193 and 7 of Earth and Mars. They are included in the list of celestial bodies that can be measured using modern rocket and space technology. The list is rapidly growing, with fragments now showing up to an average of two to five asteroids per day. Thus, during the period from 1 to 21 leaf fall in 2014, 58 near-Earth asteroids were discovered. We could not sink into the ruins of natural celestial bodies, but a new phase in the development of civilization begins, when it becomes possible.

Dictionary to statistics

Bodi's Law(Titius-Bode rule, established in 1766 by the German mathematician Johann Ticius and reformulated in 1772 by the German astronomer Johann Bode) describes the distances between the orbits of the planets of the Sun system and the Sun, as well as between the planets and orbits of natural satellites. One of the mathematical formulas: Ri = (D i + 4) / 10, de D i = 0, 3, 6, 12 ... n, 2n, and Ri is the average radius of the planet’s orbit in astronomical units (a.u. ).

This empirical law applies to most planets with an accuracy of up to 3%, but there seems to be no physical sense. E, prote, it is assumed that at the stage of formation of the Sonya system, as a result of gravitational storms of Vinyl, there is a regular ring structure of regions in which the orbits of protoplanets appeared stable. The later evolution of the Sun system showed that Bode’s law, it seems, is far from ending forever: the orbits of Neptune and Pluto, for example, are much closer to the Sun, as shown in the following table.

(L-points or libration points, in lat. Libration- rozgoidu) - points in a system of two massive bodies, for example the Sun and a planet or a planet that is a natural satellite. The body of a truly small mass - an asteroid or a space laboratory - will be lost at any Lagrange point, oscillating a small amplitude, for the mind that is no longer subject to the force of gravity.

The Lagrange specks lie at the plane of the orbit of both bodies and are marked with indices from 1 to 5. The first three are collinear - lie on a straight line that connects the centers of the massive bodies. Point L 1 is located between massive bodies, L 2 - less massive, L 3 - more massive. The position of the asteroid at these points is the least stable. Points L 4 and L 5 - three-part, or Trojan - are located in orbit along the sides of the line that connects the bodies of the great mass, under the corners of 60 about the line that connects them (for example, Sleep this and the Earth).

Point L 1 of the Earth system - Moon - is a convenient place for placing an orbital station, which allows astronauts to reach the Moon with minimal waste of fire, or observatories for monitoring the Sun, which is at this point which in no way stands up for either the Earth or the Month.

Point L 2 of the Sun-Earth system is suitable for the operation of space observatories and telescopes. The object at this point inevitably retains its orientation towards the Earth and the Sun. It already has the American laboratories Planck, Herschel, WMAP, Gaia, etc.

At point L 3, across from the Sun, science fiction writers have repeatedly placed this planet - Anti-Earth, as something that arrived from afar, and was created overnight from the Earth. Current cautions have been revealed.

Eccentricity(Fig. 1) - a number that characterizes the shape of a curve of a different order (ellipse, parabola and hyperbola). Mathematically, the distance from any point on the curve to the focus is to the point from that point to the straight line, called the directrix. Ellipses have an orbit of asteroids and most other celestial bodies - and two directors. Their level: x = ±(a/e), where a is the height of the ellipse; e – eccentricity – a value that is constant for any given curve. The eccentricity of the ellipse is less than 1 (for a parabola e = 1, for a hyperbola e > 1); when e > 0, the shape of the ellipse approaches the stake, when e > 1 the ellipse becomes more drawn out and compressed, between the shaped sections - the weight is great all 2a. Another, more simple and initially significant eccentricity of the ellipse is the difference between its maximum and minimum distance to the focus to their sum, so that it is equal to the great axis of the ellipse. For nasal orbits, this is the difference between the distance of the celestial body from the Sun at aphelion and perihelion to its sum (the great axis of the orbit).

sleepy wind- a steady flow of plasma from the solar corona, or charged particles (protons, electrons, helium nuclei, oxygen ions, silicon, saliva, sulfur) behind radial directions from the Sun. It occupies a spherical area with a radius of at least 100 a. That is, between us it means the jealousy of the dynamic pressure of the solar wind and the pressure of the interstellar gas, the magnetic field of the Galaxy and galactic cosmic changes.

Ecliptic(View in Greek. ekleipsis- darkening) - a large circle of the celestial sphere, which represents the visible river flow of the Sun. In fact, the fragments of the Earth are collapsing near the Sun, the ecliptic is the span of the celestial sphere with the plane of the Earth’s orbit. The line of the ecliptic passes through 12 sirs of the Zodiac. This Greek name is connected with what has been known for a long time: naps and monthly darkenings occur when the Moon is near the point of crossover of its orbit with the ecliptic.