The possibility of DNA appearing along the path of evolution. Why did DNA become the basis of life? Evolution and phylogenetic tree

Dr. Charles McComb

When the newspaper headline “Living in Probircia” appeared in 1953, the camaraderie of the evolutionists began to die down. Miller's work was seen by them as scientific proof that life could be created from chemical reagents as a result of a sudden natural process. The follow-up to that classic experiment was by combining methane, ammonia, water and water vapor, and passing it through an electric discharge to create a spark. Finally, the experiment revealed a number of amino acids among the reaction products. Remnants of amino acids - along with layers of long-lasting polymers called proteins, and proteins play an important role in organisms - the newspapers began to report laboratory confirmation that life originated from nature chemical elements.

As a chemist with a PhD, I know that the obsession with amino acids for such minds is intriguing in itself. But here we are faced with a serious problem. Life was not lost as a result of that experiment. The product of the reaction is amino acids – the primary chemical substances that “do not live”. Until this day, the exact process that converts bi-amino acids into living form is unknown. But it does not allow evolutionists to say that the experiment will lead to the emergence of life from chemicals. Evolutionists are well aware that amino acids “don’t live,” but, no less, this experiment is called proof of the natural origin of life, which is why they think that amino acids are the “starters” of life. Such a statement conveys that with the right minds and enough “material”, life will create itself. However, this statement is no more true, it is not an assumption, as has never been demonstrated. Amino acids may be components of proteins, and they are in fact important for life, but this does not mean that amino acids are the ingredients of life. I can go to an auto parts store and buy parts for a folded car, but that still doesn't guarantee a less functional car. Just as in this age there is a need to collect the car, so there is a need to collect amino acids for the creation of proteins, so that life can sleep.

Two "chiral" forms

Beginning in 1953, fate began to ask: how can we achieve the removal of amino acids from this experiment, similar to life with chemicals? There were a lot of super stories about those who confirm the experiment with evolution and talk about the Almighty Creator. For 50 years now, discussions about this food and discussions will always end with a bang. As a scientist, I always wondered why people would argue more than discuss facts. Then I realized that the discussion of facts inevitably gives rise to chirality. Chirality is one of the strongest scientific proofs against episodic evolution, and there are increasingly widespread claims about the similarity of living with chemicals. Chirality is a fact that evolutionists do not want to discuss.

A geometric figure or a group of points is called chiral, since the image in an ideal flat mirror cannot be separated from it. The type of dissymmetry that implies the absurdity of an object with its mirror images, taking away the name from chemistry chirality.

Two molecules may be identical behind the scenes, but their structures are actually mirror images of each other. Such objects are presented one by one as right and left hand, or screws from right and left divisions. Therefore, chirality can be seen in the appearance of right-handed R-molecules and left-handed L-molecules. The skin individual molecule is called an optical isomer.

What is the problem of evolution with chirality? In our bodies, proteins and DNA form a unique trivial spatial form and, therefore, their biochemical processes occur in the same way as they do. Chirality itself ensures a unique form of proteins and DNA, and without it, biochemical processes would not operate.

In our body, all the amino acids of all proteins are concentrated in the form of “left” isomers. And Miller wanted to experiment by removing amino acids to combine the “left” and “right” isomers. Amino acids were not chiral. This is a fundamental fact of organic chemistry: homochirality cannot be created in chemical molecules by a spontaneous process. If a random chemical reaction is used to create molecules with chirality, it is equally possible to separate out both “left” and “right” isomers. This is a scientifically confirmed fact that the hydrostatic process that cures the chiral product leads to a proportional (50%/50%) mixture of two optical isomers. There are no culprits. The fact that chirality was observed in amino acids in Miller's experiment is not just an issue for discussion. This fact indicates the catastrophic failure of the idea of ​​originating life from chemical elements and bringing those that life cannot and could not become a natural way.

Let's marvel at the chirality of proteins and DNA. Proteins are polymers of amino acids and skin amino acid is present in proteins as the “left” L-isomer. If the “right” R-isomer is found in inanimate nature and can be synthesized in the laboratory, this isomer is not found in natural proteins. The DNA molecule is made up of billions of foldable chemical molecules called nucleotides, which are the “right” optical isomers of DNA. Again, “left” isomers of nucleotides can be prepared in the laboratory, but they are not present in natural DNA. The fallacy process could not form proteins and DNA with their unique chirality.

As both proteins and DNA were synthesized simultaneously, the skin and silicon component would be mixed (50%/50%) of two different optical isomers. These are not at all what we expect from natural proteins or DNA. How can a random natural process create proteins from thousands of L-molecules, and then also create DNA from billions of R-molecules? Does everything look like a quirk of product design? It seems that we have discovered a magical process that leads to chirality, creating one more isomer. Although such a process has been established, we know nothing about it, nor about those who performed it. Perhaps we discovered how structures with different chirality were created? Since there were two magical processes, what did it mean if one of them was victorious? The idea of ​​two processes requires a control mechanism, but this kind of control is not possible for natural minds.

In fact, the problem with chirality is very serious and profound. When nucleotides come together to form DNA, they form a protein, which gives the DNA the shape of a spiral helix. DNA reveals vitality in the lance, skin fragments and components may be chiral. The chirality itself ensures the DNA helix structure. Even if one DNA molecule were small and had incorrect chirality, the DNA would not form a helix and would not function correctly. The whole process of replication of the earth's bi-rails is like a train leaving the filthy, rotten tracks. In order for DNA evolution to proceed, it is necessary for billions of molecules with the R configuration to be created without interruption in our body at the same time. The probability of billions of nucleotides “coming together” at the same hour, and all with the same chirality, is infinitely small. Since evolution cannot provide a mechanism that creates one product with chirality, how can you explain the creation of two products with two similar chiralities?

Chirality is not just a problem - it is a dilemma. Apparently, before the theory of evolution, everything can be explained by the additional laws of nature and time. However, the process that forms chirality in biomolecules cannot be explained by the laws of nature for any period of time. This is the dilemma: what natural process can explain everything, whose chirality does not exist.

If you doubt it, then marvel at yourself. And yet you are a living example of the reality of chirality. Without it, proteins and enzymes would not be able to complete their work; The DNA did not function forever. Without functional DNA and proteins there would be no life on earth. The foundation of chirality more than other testimonies transformed me into the reality of the Almighty Creator. I am confident that this is converting you.

When creationists begin to talk about God’s supernatural creation, evolutionists will reaffirm, firmly, that everything can be explained by natural processes, and that God’s gift is not science. I know that I have a lot of respect especially for the wise ones. If we demonstrate the unrecognizability of the laws of nature, explain the origin of chirality, and suggest that the very laws of nature stand in the light of their revelation, the evolutionists declare that the process has become a long time ago in an unknown way, about don't know anything. So who can rely on supernatural explanations? Although the stench cannot be called a Divine gift, the stench is strictly relied on faith, and not on scientific facts. Evolution simply assumes that you do not know chemistry.

Another problem with the DNA molecule is how it functions in the human body. As part of the normal process of DNA replication, the enzyme collapses downward with a molecular lanyard to make a copy of the DNA lanyard and reads the sequence of molecules. As soon as an incorrect nucleotide is detected, a “repair mechanism” begins, which uses another enzyme to “revise” the correct nucleotide and insert the correct one, thus correcting the DNA.

Let's marvel at DNA and this mechanism that “repairs”. Is it true that the stench was created by sudden natural processes? Since a mechanism has just appeared that “repairs,” then what kind of waste is there, since the DNA has not yet been established? Since she showed up right away, how did she know that she would have a necessary mechanism that was “repairing”? How can molecules think? DNA is an unstable molecule, and without a system of continuous “repair” it will quickly disintegrate as a result of chemical oxidation and other processes. There is no explanation for how DNA could have survived for millions of years until the “repair mechanism” evolved. The DNA would simply disintegrate back from the “pond” before the transfer of billions of sudden mutations could somehow create the mechanism that “repairs”.

As we understand that the design does not appear in a haphazard way, we also understand that the world and life in this world did not appear as a result of a hapless, vicious process; This is the creation of the Almighty Creator, who created everything with the help of His Word. I suspect that you are starting to solve the problem. Evolution can give you a theory that on the surface may seem plausible, but when modern science begins to come to fruition and nutrition begins to emerge, the problems and wicked logic of the theory of evolution become obvious. That’s why evolution simply suggests that you don’t know chemistry.

Why is DNA itself the basis of everything? Even in the pre-Bilkov era, the basis of life was its “relative” - RNA... This food has occupied them for a long time, and, it seems, they still knew the answer to the new one. The results of the remaining research by American biologists were published in the journal Natural structural and molecular biological.

For now, the United States “sees itself as God”

"World "

Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868 by the Swiss scientists Johann Friedrich Miescher. The term “nuclein” was first used, and its fragments initially appeared in the nucleus of the nucleus. But later it turned out that bacterial cells, which form nuclei, destroy the acids themselves.

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is one of three main macromolecules, including DNA and proteins, that are located in the cells of living organisms. Before the formation of cellular RNAs, a process called transcription occurs, the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template, with the help of special enzymes, RNA polymerase. Messenger RNA (mRNA), in its turn, takes part in the translation process - protein synthesis on an mRNA template with the help of ribosomes. Other types of RNA are modified after transcription and develop different functions that belong to their type, such as the delivery of amino acids to the site of protein synthesis.

RNA molecules are part of the storage of certain enzymes (such as telomerase), but in addition to this they may undergo biological activity. Thus, they can cause disruption in other RNA molecules or, for example, “glue” two RNA fragments together.

The genomes of all viruses are made up of RNA. The fragments of these molecules immediately become information carriers and catalysts for chemical reactions, a hypothesis has been put forward as to why they became the first foldable polymers on Earth.

This is the name of the “RNA-light hypothesis,” which says that at the beginning of evolution, RNA became a catalyst for the synthesis of other similar molecules, and then DNA. This is done in most RNA structures by replacing proteins.

Hoogsteen's bet

Huiqing Zhou at Duke University in Durham (USA) and his colleagues began to develop the so-called “Hugstein couples.” The remaining is an alternative method of linking nucleotides one by one. This method binds the characteristic elements of more than one hundred elements in the sub-strand of DNA.

The spiral spiral can be explained by the fact that its two halves are attracted one to another through water ligaments. The rest, in their turn, arise from the tension between often positively and negatively charged atoms, for example, atoms of acid and water and acidity and nitrogen. So, the buds of water molecules are the bright butt of water bonds.

In a DNA molecule, such connections exist between two head fragments - nitrogenous bases. In mental “letters” A and T there are two such connections, in C and G there are three.

It was initially believed that there was only one natural way of bonding between molecules, and the American biologist Karst Hoogsteen discovered an alternative configuration in which the molecules of the nitrogenous base literally turn over and enter into bonds other atoms.

Since practically nothing changes in the structure of the “A-T” pairs, the “C-G” pairs, as a result of such “perturbations,” lose one of their three connections. They become unstable, the helical structure of DNA is disrupted, and various “non-standard” structures can form.

Durability test

Zhou's group realized that Hoogsteen's pairs, which appear to exist in the DNA helix, can protect the remains from damage, allowing the molecules of the genetic code to preserve their strength when growing wah. They wanted to believe that RNA may have the same power. It turned out that the influx of RNA Hoogsteen pairs quickly led to the molecules being destabilized and the helix collapsing.

“DNA can swell into special forms, so-called Hoogsteen’s wagers, which help the molecules to repair damage and become whole,” said Hoiqing Zhou. “On the other hand, the appearance of similar structural modifications in molecules and bring the RNA until the subfolding helix collapses.”

According to experts, the double helix of RNA is “twisted” much more strongly than that of DNA. This results in the “inversion” of nucleotides during the formation of Hoogsteen pairs and leads to the molecules “breaking”. In addition, RNA molecules are more fragile to the point of destruction. There is nothing surprising in the fact that their DNA is highly stable.

Let's talk about DNA. It’s not about biological DNA, as we have been studying for a long time, but about DNA as a global information program that produces the genomes of species, including humans.

The biological ball of DNA is a concentrated virus of information components that formed under the influx of the singing minds of the Earth. It is impossible for a biological sphere to display the entire body of information that is the basis of the creation of species.

As cosmic entities, you have access to all informational DNA programs in your galaxy and in your universe. It is common to mentally see 12 DNA balls (24). The diagram of the structure of DNA as a Divine information program has already been simplified.

In other worlds there are up to 36 or more pieces of DNA, and many of you come from these very worlds (Lydia is responsible for such facts). This means that from the DNA balls received from your galaxy, there will be additional DNA balls that you can activate as needed.

In many infused cosmic entities, the entire divine genome is simultaneously activated. This is necessary in order for the cosmic essence to recognize itself as a single whole, including the manifestations of the aspect of the physical body. This is how Tetyana started the process of generating DNA from an intergalactic species, which includes a set of 144 pairs of DNA strands (typical for our All-World).

A lot of cosmic entities, as a result of such activation, can move into very high-vibration spaces and destroy your home, which lies beyond the borders of your galaxy.

This is very important, because before a lot of cosmic essences were dissolving, they were going to be lost in the coloplanetary expanse of the Earth, and the time had come for them to be able to activate all their DNA balls, floating around the disintegrated state.

These processes are accelerating, and the Earth is absorbed with the essence of the active 12-24 balls of DNA and the eternal portals, which are the Earth and the Sonny system, receive information and light codes of the Great Central Sun. This brings about the accelerated evolution of the entire solar system, including the Earth.

We were talking about those who had infused essences on Earth, how hundreds of thousands of people (and more) were engaged in the selection of DNA for the creation of planetary species. And now, on the subtle planes, we are again engaged in the creation of new / modification of existing genomes and, being in the physical body, can protest the modifications that are obtained from DNA on the subtle plane .

For this purpose they have to establish and activate the connections between the biological sphere and the core of all DNA spheres.

Nowadays, new viral programs are appearing on the planet, which cause DNA mutations and can lead to new illnesses. Thus, a cosmic cry was thrown at the biological sphere - how much biological DNA is capable of reacting and resisting these viruses.

The human genome is more stable, but it may become more capable of forming new components of the physical body.

Planet Earth is now undergoing an unprecedented cosmic influx of high-frequency energies. These factors also indicate an increase in the influx of the Sun in that range that was not active until the current hour.

The atomic warehouse of the sunny wind and coronary vids of the sun is also changing. The Earth's magnetic field is becoming increasingly unstable.

People must learn to assimilate these energies on the cultural level in order to survive. And your life will be ensured by adequate DNA change.

The more people activate all 24 pieces of DNA, the better they will adapt to new minds on Earth and the Sonya system. On Earth, as always, people who have 1 or 2 pieces of DNA are most important. From an information point of view, people must activate the 3rd ball of DNA under the influx of energy that is coming to the planet. Everything on the right is in accordance with our needs.

Resilience and increased vitality are in the middle, which is changing, toiling people with activated 6-balls of DNA. Those who have activated 12-24 shares of DNA represent the vector of human evolution. Unfortunately, there are only 200 such people on the planet.

We found that in one part of the fasted rodent there were more mutations than in the genes of other rodents. All genes involved mutations in DNA rich in cytosine and guanine, and mutated structures that were important to detect using standard methods. A supernatural mutation often interrupts the operation of a gene, but thus the genes of the bee-eater continue to play their roles, regardless of a radical change in the DNA sequence. This is a much more complex collection of geniuses. This is how you sing “Katyusha”, the vikorists are less vocal.

This type of dark DNA was previously found in birds. It has recently been discovered that 274 genes are “unknown” in the currently sequenced bird genomes. Among them is the gene for leptin (a hormone that regulates energy balance), which has not been known for many years. Once again, these genes are high in contrast to cytosine and guanine and their products are found in the body tissues of birds, since the genes themselves are absent in genomic sequences.

Swap the light from the dark DNA

In most species, there is a significance, which means that evolution takes place in two stages: mutation is followed by natural selection. DNA mutation is not an expansion and a trivial process that occurs occasionally. Natural selection determines which mutations are required to undergo and which ones are not, depending on what result they showed during the creation process. In short, a mutation creates a variation in the DNA of an organism, and natural selection is lost or eliminated, and thus evolution occurs.

If the average number of mutations in the genome is high, it means that genes in different places have a greater chance of mutating than others. This means that such disruptions may be an underappreciated mechanism that may also indicate a reversal of evolution. And then, natural selection may not be a single destructive force.

Much dark DNA apparently existed in two different and broader types of creatures. Ale until now it’s unconscious, as much as it’s been widened with a halo. How can the genomes of all creatures remove dark DNA, but what makes piping and birds so unique? The most difficult puzzle lies in understanding the influx of dark DNA that has impacted the evolution of creatures.

In the butt with a squealing squint, the rot of the mutation, perhaps, led to the adaptation of the creature to the minds of the empty. Or, on the other hand, the mutation may have developed so quickly that natural selection could not be applied quickly to put this defect into the DNA. If this is so, then undesirable mutations can spoil the life of the food industry outside the boundaries of this deserted middle ground.

The revelation of such a wondrous phenomenon inevitably calls to mind the knowledge of how the genome evolves, and what we could discover in other genome sequencing projects. Maybe we should turn around and look more respectful.

Since the mid-19th century there have been a number of important turning points in the history of evolutionary biology. The first key point is that genetics appeared right away. Mendel discovered the law of decline long ago, even before Charles’s watch. The English naturalist also collaborated with Wallace on the ideas of natural selection, which is to say about those that were brewing in the minds of the descendants of the ancient partnership.

And the Mendelian axis was ahead of its time, which was not properly assessed, and then many fates were transferred to the beginning of the 20th century. Just then, classical genetics began to take shape. However, it was not immediately clear how this genetics could be related to Darwinism, since Darwin mainly wrote about increments and smooth changes, and early geneticists worked mainly with such gross and visible mutations with a phenotypic effect, which created the appearance of stribco-likeness. The stench stirred in bursts of discrete languor.

From the very beginning it seemed that genetics and the ideas of Darwinists would be a bad match, and without any inextricable contradictions. And it took over 20 years for the scientific partnership to become aware that genetics is miraculously united, complementing and developing evolutionary history.

At the beginning of the 30s of the last century, the so-called synthetic theory of evolution was formed - the genetic theory of natural selection, which explains what mechanisms emerge on the basis of genes.

That the gene had not yet been fully understood at that time, it became clear that there were discrete units of decline, which became angry and broken up, and calmed down discretely, combining in different ways. This explained one of the serious aspects of Darwin’s theory. It was also known that these genes were located in the chromosomes, because of which they were formed as the genetic information was absorbed and recorded there, as they reproduced in the genes - but this knowledge was inaccessible.

On this basis, it would be possible to develop the genetic theory of evolution, evolutionary genetics, develop the laws of changes in the frequencies of genetic variants in populations, etc.

The revolution of evolutionary manifestations began in the 50s, when the structure of the DNA molecule was deciphered, the fragments at which stage Darwinian ideas turned out to be incorrect, then they would definitely be destroyed.

During the retellings of Francis Crick, when James Watson and James Watson realized how the molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid was melted, F. Crick boomed: “We have opened the secret chamber of life.” This emotional reaction was entirely justified, because those who smelled it were themselves influenced by the way in which the recession information multiplies and the skin tissue before the cell replication of the rootstock It has the same chromosomes and copies the genetic information contained in it.

What’s even more important is that DNA was found to be mixed in the same way as the molecule on which the life that Darwin is evolving is based on. Or, in other words, a life in which the molecule of sluggishness is controlled by such a rank - it simply cannot help but evolve.

Crick and Watson discovered that DNA is a helix made up of two strands made up of four types of nucleotide sequences, designated by letters: “A,” “T,” “G,” and “C.” Opposite the skin "A" there is a "T" of the other thread, and opposite the skin "G" there is a "C".

This is based on the principle of specific pairing of nucleotides, or otherwise the principle of complementarity, which ensures the mechanism of copying the genetic material. So, the skin of these threads of the sub-spiral codes another complementary thread.

In this way, through the mechanism of thread propagation, a single thread from the skin can be obtained based on the principles of complementarity to another thread, which rejects two molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid from one. This is how she has been laid down until she multiplies.

In some cases, the copying mechanism can be absolutely accurate, but the process involves mutations, the mutations themselves, the origin of which geneticists have long known only from the molecular level. The fragments in the DNA that record the peculiarities of the organism, it is clear that these mutations contribute to the efficiency of the organism’s reproduction, and therefore a natural selection is inevitably produced.