Simbionti. What is symbiosis and what types of species exist? What are such symbiosis in biology?

Symbiosis is a form of mutual relationship when the body’s resentment rejects each other’s core. Otherwise, it seems, there is mutual coexistence. The organism that lives in a symbiosis is a symbiont.

Types of symbiosis

In biology, the term symbiosis can have two different meanings. As it was said, this form of spivzhittya is visible to everyone. However, biology has a much older meaning – mutualism. The word “symbiosis” was first coined in 1879 by the German botanist and microbiologist Heinrich Anton de Bary. The term has meaning as it is obvious that various organisms are born in the same way. Symbiosis is divided into:

The third type represents symbiosis, in which one organism removes the bark, and for the other it is of neutral significance. This type of life can be divided into: zoochory (creatures and plants interact, creatures help the plants to bear fruits), blue (lodging, for one - perhaps, for another), phoresia (symbiosis of different species, with Which symbiont of larger size should carry the smaller one) , epibiosis (settlement of one organism on another), epibiosis (a symbiont rests on the surface of another without causing harm), entoikia, paralysis. All of them have one similarity: one of the symbionts forms for another a special form of living.

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Why don't mushrooms grow?

Apply symbiosis

Mushrooms and trees

A lot of mushrooms (porcini mushroom, giltweed) grow in a tight bundle with the roots of trees, potentially benefiting both themselves and the plants. With this symbiosis, the ancient roots of song trees are entwined with threads of mycelium (hyphae), which penetrate the roots and grow between the cells. This light is called mycorrhiza. Mycorrhiza was discovered by the Russian botanist Franz Mikhailovich Kamensky in 1879, and the name of this type of symbiosis was given by the German scientist David Albertovich Frank.

In 1877, Albert Bernhard Frank coined the term “symbiosis,” which had previously been used to designate people who live together in partnership, to describe mutual relations in lichens. This was due to the fact that they may not be able to reach a stable reciprocity, just as others have long been concerned with stagnating until there is some type of stable biological reciprocity. .

After 130 years of debate, current assistants from biology and ecology are becoming more widespread in what symbiosis means all types of mutualism.

It has always been argued that symbiosis is the main destructive force of evolution. They respect that Darwin's concept of evolution, meaning competition, is not true. And also the stink is strong, so evolution is based on spivpratsi, interactions and mutual relationships between organisms

What is symbiosis?

we can talk about it, then one or another of the symbionts will remain one type of one or optional (necessary), if the organisms can live independently.

Symbiosis is also classified with physical grace; A symbiosis in which organisms form a physical union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and a symbiosis in which there is no union is called a disjunctive symbiosis. When one organism lives on another, it is called ectosymbiosis, and when one of the partners lives in the middle of the tissues of another, it is called endosymbiosis.

Obovyazkovy and facultative symbiosis

The containers can be oblique, if one or the other symbionts are lying on the same side. For example, in lichens, which are formed from fungal and photosynthetic symbionts, fungal partners cannot live independently. Algae and bacteria in lichens such as Trentepohlia can live independently of each other, and their symbiosis is facultative.

Physical interaction

Endosymbiosis is any kind of symbiotic relationship, in which there is one symbiont live on other textiles Either there is a clit in the middle, or a pose with clitins. Stocks include:

nitrogen-fixing bacteria that hang around the root nodes on the roots of legumes;
actinomycetes - nitrogen-fixing bacteria, called Frankia, live at the nodes of the velvet root;
single-lane seaweeds that live in the middle of reef-building corals;
bacterial endosymbionts, which provide essential life support in approximately 10-15% of comas.

Mutualism and interspecies mutual altruism are interactions between different species. Even pre-natal relationships involving close physical and biochemical contact can become symbiotic. Mutualism can be either obligatory for both species, obligatory for one, or optional for the other, or optional for both.

A large number of herbaceous creatures have a mutational intestinal flora, which helps them to poison the algae. This is the intestinal flora of the simplest and bacteria. Coral reefs are the result of mutualism between coral organisms and the various algae that live in their midst. Most terrestrial algae and terrestrial ecosystems are founded on the reciprocity between algae, which degrade coal from the wind, and mycorrhizal fungi, which help extract water and minerals from the soil.

Butt of mutual symbiosis There are interactions between clown fish and sea anemones. The clown fish ventilates the water, with its black, the sensitive tentacles of the anemone snatch the clown from the huts. A special mucus on the clown captures it from the tentacles.

Smelling butts of obligatory interchange occur between tubular parts and symbiotic bacteria that live near hydrothermal ventilation openings. Chrobak does not allow the herbal tract to remain in the presence of internal symbionts for food. Bacteria oxidize either the dry water or the methane that it brings to the atmosphere.

There are also a lot of species of tropical and subtropical moors, which have developed even folding trees with songlike species of trees.

Comensalism

Commensalism describes the interaction between two living organisms, in which one has priority, and The other does not provide any valuable rewards or assistance. This term is similar to the English word commensal, which is used for human social interaction.

Amensalism is a type of vein that exists there, there is only one type suppresses and completely reduces the other. The butt is a sage plant grown under the shade of a mature tree. A mature tree can save so much of the necessary dormouse light, and if a mature tree is even large, it can absorb water from the board and extract living water from the soil.

Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis, with new interactions between species inexpensive for both acquired organisms. This unsatisfactory mind will lead to destruction of the fragments of mutual cooperation. This term is rarely used.

Coevolution

Symbiosis is increasingly recognized as an important selective force of evolution, and many species have a long history of mutual coevolution. According to the endosymbiotic theory, evolution is the result of symbiosis between different types of bacteria. This theory is supported by certain organelles that are divided independently of the cell, and by the observation that these organelles seem to influence the genome.

Symbiosis played an important role in the revolution of flowering plants and the creatures that cut them down. A lot of growths, filled with mosquitoes, cauldrons and birds, are filled with highly specialized cells, modified to stimulate the filing of the song, which is also necessary for adaptation.

The first flower growths in the chronicle of rocks are little clearer than simple flowers. Adaptive modification The outbreak gave birth to a number of different groups of plants, and at the same time a new species emerged in various groups of comas. Different groups of algae developed nectar and large sticky sawdust, while mosquitoes developed more specialized morphologies for accessing and collecting these rich urchins. In certain taxa, sprouts and coma ligaments become stale, and devided sprouts can be cut down by only one type of coma.

Without them, it would be impossible to pickle to the roots (the butt of the orchids, whose files can be expanded only by one, the singing species of comas). Such relationships will always be successful if they increase the chances of both partners to survive. Acting in the course of symbiosis, the development of speech is essential and indispensable for partners. The commonwealth has such a symbiosis - a crotch between each other and the other.

This theory easily explains the basis of a double-spherical membrane. The inner ball is similar to the membrane of the clayey tissue, and the outer part of the membrane of the clay, which has become clay, is turned around the client's tissue. The presence of mitochondrial DNA has also been well understood - and it is nothing more than surplus DNA from cellulite cells. Also, many organelles of eukaryotic cells were close organisms at the beginning of their inception, and nearly a billion of fates combined their efforts to create a new type of cells. Well, our powerful bodies are an illustration of one of the oldest partnerships in nature.

It should also be remembered that symbiosis is not the same as the creation of different species of living organisms. At the dawn of evolution, symbiosis was the engine that united single-celled organisms of the same species into one richly celled organism (colony) and became the basis for the diversity of living flora and fauna.

Apply symbiosis

Endophytes live in the middle of the growth, grub on their words, seeing in this way what is best for the growing organism of the master.
The transportation of the crops is carried out by creatures that eat the fruits and are seen to be unpoisoned now and then in another place.

Komahi/roslini

Mushrooms / algae

Lichen consists of fungi and algae. The water content resulting from photosynthesis vibrates organic substances (carbohydrates), which are digested by the fungus, which supplies water and mineral substances.

Creatures/algae

Gribi/roslini

A lot of mushrooms keep the tree alive and provide it with mineral substances (mycorrhiza).

Komahi/Komahi

These ants steal (“graze”) the pope and take away from her instead of the vision to take revenge

Symbiosis) is a psychological state in which the peculiar unknowns of one person are experienced in another.

Symbiosis manifests itself in unknown interconnections, dynamically it easily breaks down and is established, but it is important to stop it. Jung pointed to symbiosis in the context of extraversion - introversion. There, where one of these installations dominates, the other, appearing unknown, is automatically projected,

"<...>In relationships, it is important to make friends with people of different types, and - unknown - for mutual complementarity. The reflexive essence of an introvert encourages him to gradually calm down and collect his thoughts before taking action. Tim himself, understandably, will come to his senses. His fear of objects and distrust of them lead him to the point of insensitivity, and in this way he will continue to have difficulties in dealing with the outside world. An extrovert, however, has a more positive attitude towards speeches. Stink, so bi moviti, attract yogo<...>As a rule, you start thinking about it first and then think about it. That's why these Swedes are not shy to doubts and colivans. These two types are created for symbiosis. One takes on obscurity, and the other takes initiative and practical action. Therefore, a relationship between representatives of these two different types may be ideal. While the stench is occupied with the present needs of life, the stench miraculously suits one alone. If, for example, a person has already earned enough pennies, or if his share has dealt him a great downfall and thus the difficulties of life fall away, then they have an hour to do one thing at a time. Until then, the stench stood with their backs to their backs and was consumed by consumption. Now the stinks turn one after another to each other and want to understand one another - and cry out that they have never understood one another. The smells break their prayers in different language.

This is how the conflict between the two types begins. This super-rechka is obvious, connected with violence and mutual values, as if it is conducted even quietly and in the most intimate way. The value of one is the negative value of the other. It would be reasonable to respect that one, having realized his power value, could calmly recognize the value of the other and in this way any conflict would become clear. I was on guard against a lot of outbursts when such an argument was presented, and nothing satisfactory was achieved. There, where we are talking about normal people, such a critical transitional period goes much less smoothly. A normal person is respected who can take care of absolutely all circumstances in order to ensure her the necessary minimum of life opportunities.

However, there is a lot of wealth in this place; That’s why there aren’t too many normal people. Those who are considered by us to be a “normal person” - that is, with power, like an ideal person, and happily eaten rice, which signify their character - is a rare thing. What is important is that more and less differentiated people need living minds that provide more, less secure food and sleep. The end of the symbiotic relationship means the importance of shock" ("The problem with the type of installation", PB, pp. 92-93).

SYMBIOSIS

Understand what the relationship between a child and its mother means. In psychoanalytic theory, introduced by Alice Balint (1949) and Teresa Benedek (1949), the term symbiosis reflects the mutually interconnected needs and ways of satisfying the child and mother. Regardless of the knowledge of most authors, the concept of symbiosis was expanded in the works of Mahler and his colleagues in something else - a metaphorical sense (Mahler, 1952; Mahler & Gosliner, 1955, Mahler & Purer, 1968). Mahler used this term not only to describe the mother's experience of giving birth to her child, but also not to express the biological concept of the unity of two nominally independent principles, as for the description of "...merging with the mother" when I to whom I have not yet been differentiated “I am, and the difference between the inner and the outer is beginning to be felt less and less.”

In 1975, Mahler, Pine and Bergman tried to expand the definition of symbiosis to include Benedek’s: “Symbiosis is a manifestation of the sociobiological relationship between children from one to five months and mother... in case of any intrapsychic manifestations, one should not be aware of The mother and her mother are differentiated From the next month of life, the child begins to develop into a dual unit in the middle of the cogal cordons (“symbiotic membrane”) (p. 290-291).

SYMBIOSIS

A biological term that means two parts, or mutually dependent organisms. Mahler uses this method to describe the type of objective veins characteristic of the two-fourth-five-month period; It is important that in this case the child still lacks the strength of his mother. So, as soon as we know that the child of the people has a sense of familiarity and familiarity, which allows us to separate the concepts of “in the middle” and “in the middle”, to differentiate oneself from the other, and that the child is popular even with let's stop at social interaction, Mahler's point of view is better expressed in terms of optimal affective periods during the period that is discussed: mother and child are finely “tuned” one on one. In our opinion, it is important that this term retains its meaning as a metaphor that characterizes an effective ideal, as long as there is an effective unity between mother and child. Fantasy in the fact that childhood is a symbiotic state of constant gratification of consumption is rare in children, and the fantasy of a symbiotic mother and child is often encouraged in a female wife. A person can similarly fantasize about those who had such experience with their mother in early childhood and try to relive it again in the same way.

SYMBIOSIS

from Greece "sym-biosis" - "at once") - a union between two different organisms, a relationship between two people, a relationship between a child and a mother, which requires one of the same. In biological terms, symbiosis is a connection between the mother and the embryo in her womb. In a mental symbiotic relationship, the bodies are independent of one another, but are psychologically interconnected with each other.

Statements about symbiosis took place in many robots of psychoanalysts, as they wove hundreds of hours between their mothers and their mothers. Zokrem, understanding the symbiosis, was advocated by such psychoanalysts as A. Balint, T. Benedict, M. Mahler. However, on a larger scale, we thought about symbiosis in a small place in E. Fromm (1900-1980), who tried to look at the specifics of masochism and sadism after S. Freud. In the work “The Flow of Freedom” (1941) he showed that, regardless of the obvious importance, between sadistic and masochistic tendencies, between hatred for unbounded power, pandering over other people and right to lie with others, to feel suffering, and to sleep better. From the point of view of psychology, there is a tendency to take its seed from that very thing - incompetence, weakness of specialness, inability to tolerate isolation. Coming from this, we began to call the secret place for sadism and masochism symbiosis. “In the psychological sense of this word, symbiosis is a unique union, so that there is mutuality and interdependence, one characteristic with another (or with a force external to the individual), in which The skin on both sides is enriched with its individuality, its “I”.

According to E. Fromm, a sadist and a masochist will urgently demand their object. In both episodes, the main role is played by the failure to bring about the originality of the powerful self. Although both sadistic and masochistic tendencies appear to be mutually exclusive, the psychological stench is richly fragrant. Their primary basis is the very need to eliminate self-identity. It rarely happens that a person is either a sadist or a masochist. In truth, “between the active and passive sides of the symbiotic union there is a constant flow and evolution into one side or the other.”

Further, the concept of symbiosis was expanded by E. Fromm to the incestuous relationship between mother and child, which is also the central concept of S. Freud. It is important to note that the connection with the mother is one of the most significant insights in the science of people. However, in line with Z. Freud, who viewed the incestuous relationship between mother and child through the prism of sexuality, E. Fromm concluded that in the incestuous relationship with the mother, it is not only ї kohannya ta zakhist , and fear of her. If either the daughter is married to a cannibalistic, vampire-like mother, or to a necrophilic mother and does not break the bond with her, then they will inevitably suffer from intense fears of the depleted value of the mother. Discussing nutrition, E. Fromm distinguished between the benign form of mating with the mother and the evil form of incestuous coupling, which he called “incestuous symbiosis.”

In the work “The Soul of a Human” (1964) E. Fromm emphasizes that there are symbioses of a different level, and then there is one thing: a peculiarity, symbiotically linked with another peculiarity, becomes part of its “master”, That's what she's tied to. When this connection is under threat, the individuality falls into fear and fear. We are not necessarily talking about the physical connection, but about that cleverness, which, due to its nature and connection, looks like a fantasy. A person may feel that she is partly another person. “The more extreme the symbiosis, it is more important to draw a clear line between the two features.” This symbiotic unit can be shared between the mother and the fetus.

According to E. Fromm, the tendency to marry with one’s mother or its equivalents (family, tribe, region, nation) is in power for all men and women. There is a conflict with the trends of the people, growth, and the movement forward. With normal development, the tendency to growth takes over; with pathology, the “regressive tendency to symbiotic unification” prevails. The more evil form of incestuous relationship and the closer it comes to necrophilic and narcissistic orientations, most people are characterized by what E. From called “breakup syndrome.”

For many psychoanalysts, symbiosis promotes the relationship between child and mother. Thus, M. Mahler (1897-1985) under the symbiosis understood such a relationship between child and mother, in which there is still no difference between the external and the internal. Investigating the problem of the child's separation from the mother in the first months of her life, she revealed the continued presence of the child from the mother with “symbiotic psychosis.” Such an understanding of symbiosis was developed in the article by M. Mahler and B. Gosliner “About symbiotic infantile psychosis” (1955). At the same time, this symbiotic relationship was characterized by psychoanalysts as the relationship between the child and the mother, and the relationship between the mother and the child. In a word, symbiosis does not reflect one-sidedness, but mutuality and mutual infusion, understanding of biological, social and psychological unity.

View συμ- - sleepy + βίος - Life) is a form of mutual relationship, in which case there is any resentment of the partner or only one takes away the harm from the other.

Nature has a wide range of applications of mutually beneficial symbiosis (mutualism). Types of shlankovyh and intestinal bacteria, without which it would be impossible to pickle, to growths (the butt of which is to serve as an orchid, whose files can be expanded only by one, the song species of coma). Such relationships will always be successful if they increase the chances of both partners to survive. Acting in the course of symbiosis, the development of speech is essential and indispensable for partners. The commonwealth has such a symbiosis - a crotch between each other and the other.