Five greatest harmats in history. Artillery of the XXI century Maximum firing range of artillery shells

The following new thing happened today:

The artillery squadrons of the Combined Military District (VVO) took a batch of 203-mm self-propelled artillery mounts “Pivonia”.

The head of the district press service, Colonel Oleksandr Gordeev, told Interfax-AVN about this. “Today, the self-propelled gun “Pivonia” is respected as the most important self-propelled artillery unit in the world. The main structure consists of 203 mm of frame, which has a weight of more than 14 tons. The boat has been moved in the aft part of the installation. The Garmata is equipped with a fully automatic hydraulic charging system, which allows this process to be carried out at any time during the delivery of the drill,” said A. Gordiev.

He noted that during the development of the chassis of the installation, the components and assemblies of the T-80 tank were dismantled. “The self-propelled gun has an individual torsion bar suspension,” the officer specified.

Let's find out more about this plant:

On September 29, 1949, the first Radyansky atomic bomb was tested: mothers of resentment against the anti-insurgency grouping became nuclear weapons. As both sides intensified the strategic nuclear defense conflict, it became obvious that a total nuclear war was low-proliferation and foolish. The theory of a “boundary nuclear war” with a borderline tactical nuclear war has become relevant. At the beginning of the 1950s, the workers of the opposing sides were faced with the problem of delivering their goods. The main delivery vehicles were strategic bombers B-29, on one side, and Tu-4, on the other; They could not effectively launch attacks on the advanced positions of the enemy forces. Corps and divisional artillery systems, tactical missile systems and harmless weapons were seen as the most suitable.

The first Radian artillery systems armed with nuclear ammunition were the 2B1 self-propelled mortar and the 2A3 self-propelled harmata; these systems were bulky and could not provide high mobility. With the beginning of the rapid development of rocket technology in the USSR, work on most of the elements of classical artillery was attributed to M. S. Khrushchev.

Photo 3

After the dismissal of Khrushchev from the imprisonment of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, work on artillery topics was renewed. In the spring of 1967, a preliminary design of a new heavy-duty self-propelled artillery installation (SAU) based on the “Object 434” tank and a life-size wooden model was finalized. Project of a closed-type self-propelled gun with a cutting installation of a projectile for the design of OKB-2. The model, having rejected negative influences from representatives of the Ministry of Defense, was opposed to the proposal for the creation of self-propelled guns of special importance by the Ministry of Defense of the USSR, and on June 16, 1967, by order No. 801 of the Ministry of Defense Industry The main part was issued to scientific research work based on the type and basic characteristics of the new self-propelled guns. The main factor that was added to the new self-propelled guns was the maximum shooting range - no less than 25 km. The selection of a rational caliber according to the order of the GRAU was decided by the Artillery Academy named after M.I. Kalinina. During the course of the work, various assembled and dismantled artillery systems were examined. The main boules are 210 mm harmata S-72, 180 mm harmata S-23 and 180 mm harmata MU-1. According to the development of the Leningrad Artillery Academy, the most suitable solution was found to be the ballistic solution of the 210 mm Harmati S-72. However, regardless of this, the Barikadi plant, in order to ensure the availability of technology for the production of already divided B-4 and B-4M rounds, changed the caliber from 210 to 203 mm. Such a proposition detracted from the praise of the GRAU.

Simultaneously with the choice of caliber, work was carried out with the selection of the chassis and layout diagrams for the upcoming self-propelled guns. One of the options was the chassis of the multi-wheel tractor MT-T, based on the T-64A tank. This option has been selected as “Object 429A”. The same option was revealed with the recovery of the important T-10 tank, which won the designation “216.sp1”. Based on the results of the work, it was determined that the installation of the armor would be optimal, in which the placement of the new armor does not require any other types of chassis due to the high force of the podkatka support of 135 tf when firing. Therefore, a decision was made to develop a new chassis with the maximum possible unification between units and tanks, such as those in the newly formed Soviet Socialist Republic. The results obtained formed the basis of the DKR under the name “Pivonia” (GRAU index - 2С7). "Pivonia" is unlikely to be used in the formation of artillery divisions in the reserve of the Supreme High Command to replace the 203-mm towed howitzers B-4 and B-4M.

Photo 4

Official work with the new self-propelled guns of special importance was approved on June 8, 1970 by resolution of the Central Committee of the CPRS and for the Ministers of the SRSR No. 427-161. The lead design 2S7 was assigned to the Kirov Plant, the 2A44 harmata was designed by OKB-3 of the Volgograd Barikadi plant. 1st February 1971 the fate was seen, and until 1973 the tactical and technical capabilities for the new self-propelled guns were confirmed. Apparently, the self-propelled gun 2S7 was able to ensure a rebound-free firing range of 8.5 to 35 km with a high-explosive fragmentation projectile weighing 110 kg, which ensured the ability to fire nuclear weapons. Ilom 3VB2, intended for the 203-mm howitzer B-4. The speed of traffic on the highway is low, but not less than 50 km/year.

The new chassis with a stern installation received the designation “216.sp2”. In the period from 1973 to 1974, two additional prototypes of the 2S7 self-propelled guns were produced and sent for testing. The first aircraft was undergoing testing at the Struga Chervoni training ground. Another image, having been tested with a shotgun, did not survive the shooting range. The problem arose with the selection of the optimal powder charge and type of shot. In 1975, the Pivonia system was adopted by the Radian Army. In 1977, the All-Union Scientific Research Institute of Technical Physics for the 2S7 self-propelled guns was divided and used for the production of nuclear ammunition.

Photo 5

Serial production of the 2S7 self-propelled gun was launched in 1975 at the Leningrad plant named after Kirov. The Garmata 2A44 was manufactured at the Volgograd plant "Barikadi". Virobnitstvo 2S7 tried until the collapse of the Radyansky Union. In 1990, the remaining batch of 66 2S7M vehicles was transferred to the Radyanskiy region. In 1990, the price of one 2S7 self-propelled artillery unit was 521,527 rubles. Over 16 years of production, over 500 units of 2S7 of various modifications were produced.

In the 1980s, the need arose to modernize the 2S7 self-propelled guns. The pre-design work was issued to him under the code “Malka” (GRAU index - 2S7M). We were immediately asked to replace the power plant, since the V-46-1 engine did not provide sufficient power and reliability of the robot. For the "Malka" the V-84B engine was created, which differed from the one developed in the T-72 tank due to the peculiarities of the engine layout in the engine-transmission section. With the new engine, the self-propelled gun could be refueled not only with diesel fuel, but also with gas and gasoline.

Photo 6

The chassis of the car has also been modernized. In 1985, self-propelled guns with a new power plant and modernized chassis were tested. As a result of the modernization, the service life of the self-propelled guns was increased to 8,000-10,000 km. To receive and display information from the vehicle of the senior battery officer, the position of the guide and the commander was equipped with digital indicators with automatic reception of data, which made it possible to speed up the hour of transferring the vehicle from the combat position and back. There have been a number of changes to the design of the ammunition stowage, which will be increased to 8 rounds. The new charging mechanism makes it possible to charge armor at any point of vertical pumping. Thus, the rate of fire was increased by 1.6 times (up to 2.5 shots per shot), and the fire mode was increased by 1.25 times. To monitor important subsystems in the car, regulatory control equipment was installed, which provided continuous monitoring of the armored components, engine, hydraulic system and power units. Serial production of the 2S7M self-propelled gun began in 1986. In addition, the crew of the vehicle was changed to 6 people.

At the end of the 1970s, on the basis of the harmati 2A44, a project for a naval artillery installation under the code “Pivonia-M” was developed. The theoretical weight of an artillery installation without ammunition was 65-70 tons. The ammunition load becomes 75 rounds, and the rate of fire is up to 1.5 rounds per round. The Pivonia-M artillery mount was to be installed on Project 956 ships of the Suchasny type. However, due to the adversity of the Navy's lack of success with large-caliber units, work on the Pivonia-M artillery installation did not get through to the project.

Photo 7

Armor Corps

The self-propelled gun 2S7 “Pivoniya” was built in a foolproof manner with an open armored installation in the aft part of the self-propelled gun. The crew must enter the warehouse with 7 (for the modernized version 6) people. During the march, all crew members are located near the self-propelled gun building. The body is divided into four sections. At the front part there is a separate control unit from the commander's seat, the driver's seat and the seat for one of the members of the engine. The engine-transmission section of the engine is under control. Behind the engine-transmission vehicle there is a separate structure, in which the arrangement of shells is arranged, the place of the guide from the march and the place for 3 (in the modernized version 2) members of the structure. The stern section has a folding plate-coulter and a self-propelled gun. The 2S7 hull is made of double-spherical anti-bullet armor with a thickness of external sheets of 13 mm, and internal thickness of 8 mm. Rozrakhunok, floating in the middle of self-propelled guns, thefts from the legacy of stagnation of the mass destruction. The housing reduces penetrating radiation. Loading the head armor during the operation of the self-propelled gun is carried out from the ground or from retracting with the help of a special lifting mechanism installed on the platform, from the right side of the main armor. The charger has a left-handed hand, carrying out the process using an additional control panel.

Photo 8

Ozbroennya

The main equipment is the 203-mm harmata 2A44, which has a maximum rate of fire of 1.5 rounds per line (on the modernized version up to 2.5 rounds per line). The stovbur is a straight pipe connected to the breech. The breech has a retracted piston bolt. The stovbur is built and anti-rolling devices are located in a wheel of rotating parts. The part that oscillates is fixed on the upper surface, which is mounted on an axis and secured with bastings. Anti-rollover devices are made up of a hydraulic roller and two pneumatic knurls, moved symmetrically along the drill channel. This scheme of anti-rolling devices makes it possible to reliably mount the movable parts of the guard in the extreme position before shooting in case of any bends in the vertical guidance of the guard. The length of the rollout during shooting is 1400 mm. Sector-type lifting and rotating mechanisms ensure gun guidance in the cut range from 0 to +60 degrees. vertically and from -15 to +15 degrees. along the horizon. The guidance can be operated either by hydraulic drives, which are located at the pumping station of the SAU 2S7, or by additional manual drives. The pneumatic pressure mechanism serves to compensate for the moment of unimportance of the part of the armor that is shaking. To ease the work of the members of the decommissioning system, the self-propelled gun is equipped with a loading mechanism, which ensures the supply of shots to the loading line and their loading in the firing chamber.

The hinged base plate, located in the rear of the hull, transfers the force of the shot to the ground, ensuring greater durability of the self-propelled gun. On charge No. 3, “Pivonia” can fire directly without installing a coulter. The military ammunition load of the self-propelled gun "Pivonia" contains 4 rounds (for the modernized version 8), and the main ammunition load of 40 rounds is transported to the self-propelled gun of the transport vehicle. The main ammunition includes 3OF43 high-explosive fragmentation shells, in addition, 3-O-14 cluster shells, concrete and nuclear ammunition can be fired. The Dodatkovo 2S7 self-propelled gun is equipped with a 12.7 mm NSVT anti-aircraft gun and 9K32 Strila-2 man-portable anti-aircraft missile systems.

Photo 9

For targeting the target area, the gunner is equipped with a PG-1M artillery panoramic sight for shooting from closed firing positions and an OP4M-99A direct aiming sight for targeting targets that are being guarded. To guard against misplacement, the separate control system is equipped with prismatic periscope guard devices TNPO-160, and two more TNPO-160 devices are installed in the hatch covers to ensure expansion. For operation in low-level applications, some of the TNPO-160 devices can be replaced with TVNE-4B night tank devices.

External radio communications are received by the R-123M radio station. The radio station operates in the UHF range and ensures stable communication with similar stations at a distance of up to 28 km, depending on the height of the antenna of both radio stations. Negotiations between crew members take place through the internal communication equipment 1B116.

Photo 10

Engine and transmission

The power plant in the 2S7 is a V-like 12-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine V-46-1, cooled and supercharged with a power of 780 hp. The V-46-1 diesel engine is based on the V-46 engine, which is installed on T-72 tanks. The most important features of the B-46-1 were minor changes in the layout due to its adaptation for installation in the engine-transmission section of the self-propelled gun 2S7. The main tasks involved a change in the selection of tension. To make it easier to start the engine in the winter, the engine-transmission department has a heating system installed, based on a similar system of the important T-10M tank. During the modernization of the 2S7M self-propelled guns, the power plant was replaced with a high-burning V-84B diesel engine with a power rating of 840 hp. The transmission is mechanical, with hydraulic steering and a planetary rotation mechanism. There are seven forward and one reverse gears. The torque of the engine is transmitted through the final gearbox with a gear ratio of 0.682 to two onboard gearboxes.

Photo 11.

The 2S7 chassis is based on the main T-80 tank and consists of seven pairs of double rubber bearings and six pairs of single support bags. The rear part of the car has straight wheels, the front part has drive wheels. In the combat position, the straight wheels are lowered to the ground to give the self-propelled gun greater durability before engaging during firing. Lowering and lifting are carried out with the help of two hydraulic cylinders secured along the wheel axles. Suspension 2S7 - individual torsion bar with hydraulic shock absorbers.

Photo 12.

Specially equipped

The preparation of the position for shooting was carried out behind the additional opener at the aft part of the self-propelled gun. The lifting and lowering of the coulter was assisted by two hydraulic jacks. The additional self-propelled vehicle 2S7 is equipped with a 9R4-6U2 diesel generator with a power rating of 24 HP. The diesel generator is used to ensure the operation of the main pump of the hydraulic system of the self-propelled gun during an hour of parking, if the engine of the vehicle is stuck.

Cars based on

On May 27, 1969, in the Tula NDEM, following a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPRS and for the sake of the Ministers of the SRSR, work was launched on the creation of a new anti-aircraft missile system S-300B on the front line. Investigations carried out in NDEMI together with the Leningrad VNDI-100 showed that it was not suitable for vantage, internal dimensions and agility of the chassis. The KB-3 Leningrad plant named after Kirov was given the task of developing a new unified tracked chassis. Before the development, the following advantages were available: weight – no more than 48 tons, lifting capacity – 20 tons, safety of the robot and the crew in the minds of a large mass level, high maneuverability and throughput. The chassis was designed almost instantly from the 2S7 self-propelled installation and was unified with it as much as possible. The main improvements include the rear expansion of the engine-transmission section and the drive wheels of the caterpillar track. As a result of the work, the following modifications of the universal chassis were created.

- “Object 830” - for the 9A83 self-propelled launcher;
- “Object 831” - for the 9A82 self-propelled launcher;
- “Object 832” - for radar station 9С15;
- “Object 833” - for the base unit: for the multi-channel missile guidance station 9S32; at Vikonanny "833-01" - for radiolocation station 9С19;
- “Object 834” – for command post 9С457;
- “Object 835” - for launching and charging installations 9A84 and 9A85.
Preparation of the final parts of universal chassis produced by the Leningrad plant named after Kirov. Serial production was transferred to the Lipetsk Tractor Plant.
In 1997, following the approval of the Engineering Forces of the Russian Federation, the BTM-4M “Tundra” trenching machine was split into pieces for digging trenches and digging in frozen ground.
After the collapse of the Radyansky Union of Russia, funding for the armed forces dropped sharply, and military equipment practically ceased to be purchased. In these minds, at the Kirov plant, a program for the conversion of military equipment was carried out, within the framework of which, on the basis of the 2S7 self-propelled guns, civil engineering machines were broken up and began to be destroyed. In 1994, the high-mobile crane SGK-80 was dismantled, and after a few years a modernized version appeared - SGK-80R. The cranes weigh 65 tons and have a small capacity of up to 80 tons. In 2004, upon the request of the Department of Safety and Ecology of the Ministry of Railways of Russia, self-propelled tracked vehicles SM-100 were divided into units, intended for the elimination of the fallout of the dry warehouse from slats, as well as for carrying out emergency response operations after natural and man-made disasters.

Photo 13.

Boyove zastosuvannya

During the hour of operation in the Radyansk Army, the self-propelled guns “Pivonia” were never stuck in any armed conflict, but were intensively fought in the artillery brigades of great strength of the DSVG. After the signing of the Treaty on Emergency Armor Forces in Europe, all self-propelled guns “Pivonia” and “Malka” were withdrawn from the warehouse of the Armored Forces of the Russian Federation and redeployed to the Shidnoe Military district. The only episode of combat use of the 2S7 self-propelled guns was the war near Pivdeniya Ossetia, where the Georgian side of the conflict fought a battery of six 2S7 self-propelled guns. Just before the Georgian army arrived, they captured all six 2S7 self-propelled guns near the Gori area. One of the 5 self-propelled guns 2S7 discovered by the Russian military was buried as a trophy, the others were lost.
At the end of the fall of 2014, Ukraine, in connection with the ongoing conflict, began to open up the conservation and bring into combat the 2S7 installations it had.

In the 1970s, the Radyansky Union attempted to re-equip the Radyansky army with new elements of artillery equipment. The first highlight was the self-propelled howitzer 2S3, introduced to the masses in 1973, followed by: 2S1 in 1974, 2S4 in 1975, and in 1979 the 2S5 and 2S7 were introduced. Thanks to new technology, the Radyansky Union has improved the survivability and maneuverability of its artillery troops. At the time of serial production of the 2S7 self-propelled gun, the United States already had a 203-mm M110 self-propelled gun hull. In 1975, the 2S7 completely outperformed the M110 in terms of the main parameters: OFS firing range (37.4 km vs. 16.8 km), ammunition load (4 shots vs. 2), power supply (17.25 k.s./t vs. 15, 4), in this case the self-propelled gun 2S7 served 7 osib versus 5 on the M110. In 1977 and 1978, the US Armed Forces found highly developed self-propelled guns M110A1 and M110A2, which increased the maximum firing range to 30 km, but they could not m parameter to turn over the self-propelled gun 2S7. The prominent feature of the “Pion” in the M110 self-propelled guns is that the chassis is armored, just as the M110 is armored except for the engine-transmission section.

In 1978, the DPRK built a 170-mm Koksan self-propelled gun based on the Type 59 tank. The armor made it possible to conduct fire at a distance of up to 60 km, but there were a number of disadvantages: low survivability of the drill, low rate of fire, low cruising characteristics of the chassis and lack of ammunition. In 1985, a series of upgraded variants were developed, this design and layout resembled the 2S7 self-propelled gun.

The creation of systems similar to the M110 and 2S7 was attempted in Iraq. In the mid-1980s, the 210-mm self-propelled gun AL FAO was released. The Garmata was designed like a version of the Iranian M107, and it is difficult to understand this self-propelled gun in all parameters. As a result of preparations, and in the early 1989 demonstrations, the last example of the AL FAO self-propelled gun. The self-propelled artillery mount was a G6 self-propelled howitzer chassis, on which a 210-mm armor was installed. The self-propelled unit was designed to develop speed on flights of up to 80 km/year. The length of the barrel became 53 caliber. The Strilyanina could be fired either with 109.4 kg high-explosive fragmentation shells with a bottom chamber and a maximum firing range of 45 km, or with shells with a bottom gas generator with a maximum firing range of up to 57.3 km. However, economic sanctions against Iraq, which were imposed at the beginning of the 1990s, prompted further development of the problem, and the project did not reach the final stage.

In the mid-1990s, the Chinese company NORINCO, based on the M110, developed evidence of a 203-mm self-propelled gun with a new part of the artillery. The reason for the breakdown was the unsatisfactory firing range of the M110 self-propelled gun. The new artillery unit allowed the maximum firing range of high-explosive fragmentation shells to be increased to 40 km, and active-reactive shells to 50 km. In addition, the self-propelled gun could fire ceramic shells, nuclear shells, as well as cluster shells that lay anti-tank mines. After the final preparation, the cracks did not appear.

As a result of the completion of the DKR “Pivonia”, the formation of the Radian army found a self-propelled gun that incorporated the most advanced ideas for the design of self-propelled projectiles of great difficulty. For its class, the 2S7 self-propelled guns do not have high operational characteristics (maneuverability and, obviously, a short time for transferring the self-propelled guns into combat position and back). Despite the caliber of 203.2 mm and the maximum firing range of high-explosive fragmentation shells, the self-propelled gun “Pivonia” has low combat effectiveness: for example, for 10 minutes of fire, the self-propelled gun can be “delivered” to a mark close to 5 00 kg of vibukhovaya rechovina. Conducted in 1986, modernization to the level of 2S7M allowed this self-propelled gun to become capable of advanced artillery systems built for the period until 2010. The only thing that stands out to the attackers is the installation of an armored weapon, which allows the crew to be protected from shell fragments and enemy fire during the hour of operation. Further perfection of the system was to carry out the firing of ceramic shells of the “Smilivets” type, the firing range of which could be up to 120 km, as well as the reduction of the minds of the robotic crew of self-propelled guns. In fact, after the withdrawal from the warehouse of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and redeployment to the Similar Military District, most of the self-propelled guns 2S7 and 2S7M were sent to be saved, and in operation they were lost This is their part.

Photo 14.

And the axis will marvel at such a beautiful flower:

Photo 16

Experimental self-propelled artillery installation. The development of the self-propelled guns was carried out by the central design laboratory of the Uraltransmash plant, the chief designer was Mikola Tupitsin. The first prototype of the self-propelled guns was launched in 1976. In total, two copies of self-propelled guns were produced - with shells from the Akatsiya self-propelled gun of 152 mm caliber and with shells from the Giatsint self-propelled gun. The self-propelled gun "ob'ekt 327" was disbanded as a competitor to the self-propelled gun "Msta-S", but having become even more revolutionary, it lost its experimental self-propelled guns. The self-propelled gun was equipped with a high level of automation - reloading of the armor was carried out routinely by automatic charging when the armor was repositioned with the ammunition stowage located in the middle of the body of the self-propelled gun. During testing of two types of self-propelled guns, the self-propelled guns showed high efficiency, but the advantage was given to a more “technological” design - 2S19 “Msta-S”. Testing and design of self-propelled guns was carried out in 1987.

The name of the object “puck” was unofficial. Another instance of self-propelled guns with 2A37 shells from the self-propelled gun "Giacinth" from 1988. After standing at the training ground, he was saved in the museum of the Uraltransmash Association.

There is also a version that the images of self-propelled guns are presented in the photo - a single mock-up image, which itself follows the themes “object 316” (prototype self-propelled gun “Msta-S”), “object 326” and “object 327". During testing, components with different ballistics were installed on the platform that is being wrapped. Representations of images from the harmata of the self-propelled gun "Hyacinth" were tested in 1987.

Photo 17

Photo 18.

dzherela

http://wartools.ru/sau-russia/sau-pion-2s7

http://militaryrussia.ru/blog/index-411.html

http://gods-of-war.pp.ua/?p=333

The axis will marvel at the self-propelled guns, but the axis will marvel at the self-propelled guns. Marvel at what I looked like before The original article is available on the website InfoGlaz.rf Sent to the article, for which this copy was made -

Country: Nimechchyna

disbanded: 1998

Caliber: 155 mm

Trunk depth: 8.06 m

Fire rate: 10 wstr/hv

Range: up to 56,000 m

The mysterious letters PZH about the name of the self-propelled howitzer, which is important today due to the advanced knowledge of self-propelled systems that are being mass-produced, can be deciphered simply and in a business-like manner: Panzerhaubitze (armored howitzer).

If you don’t take into account the exoticism of the “Paris Harmati” installation and the experimental American-Canadian HARP armor, which threw shells at a height of 180 km, the PZH 2000 is the light record holder for the firing range - 56 km. True, this result was achieved during an hour of test firing near Pivdennya Africa, where a special V-LAP projectile was fired, which generates not only the energy of the powder gases in the storm, but also the high-pressure jet thrust. In “primary life”, the firing range of a German self-propelled gun is between 30-50 km, which corresponds to the parameters of the Radian important 203-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S7 “Pivonia”.

PZH 2000

It is understood that the rate of fire of the "Pivonya" is up to PZH 2000, as before the month - 2.5 vitres/xv versus 10. On the other hand, the "classmate" of the German howitzer-suspense "Msta-S" with 7-8 shots for the appearance It’s completely nasty , wanting to give up the shooting range.

The zone was divided by the German company Krauss-Maffeu Wegmann within the framework of the so-called Compulsory Memorandum on mutual frost in the Baltic States, established between Italy, Great Britain and Germany. The self-propelled gun is equipped with 155-mm L52 projectiles manufactured by the Rheinmetall corporation. An 8-meter (52 caliber) chrome-plated steel drill has been equipped with a muzzle mount and an ejector throughout its entire history. The aiming drive is electric, automatic charging, which ensures a high rate of fire. The car is equipped with a high-burning diesel engine MTU-881 with a hydromechanical transmission HSWL. Engine power - 986 hp. The PZH2000 has a range of 420 km and can travel at a maximum speed of 60 km/year on roads and 45 km/year in cross-country terrain.

Fortunately, the great warriors, like before PZH 2000, were stagnant today, the world has not yet died, due to the fact that the self-propelled gun was stagnated in combat at the warehouse of international forces in support of peace in Afghanistan є. This evidence brought with it reasons for criticism - the Dutch did not deserve that the system of protection against radioactive, biological and chemical influx appeared to be a dry saw. It was also necessary to equip the vehicle with additional armor to protect the crew from mortar attacks.

Karl-Gerat

The most important self-propelled weapon: the Karl-Gerat self-propelled mortar

Country: Nimechchyna

cob of geranium: 1940

Caliber: 600/540 mm Weight: 126 t

Trunk depth: 4.2/6.24 m

Fire rate: 1 shot / 10 shots

Range: up to 6700 m

The tracked vehicle with its heavy-duty large-caliber armor looks like a parody of armored vehicles, but the machine has become aware of its stagnation. The production of six self-propelled 600-mm mortars of the “Karl” type became an important sign of the militaristic revival of Nazi Germany. The Germans took revenge for Persha Svitova and prepared superior equipment for the future Verdenivs. However, the fireplaces happened to be distributed at the other end of Europe, and the two of “Karliv” - “Toru” and “Odin” were destined to live in Crimea in order to help the Hitlerites capture Sevastopol. Having fired dozens of concrete-piercing and high-explosive shells at the heroic 30th battery, the mortars launched out of line with their shells. The mortars were indeed self-propelled: they were equipped with tracks and a 12-cylinder Daimler-Benz 507 diesel engine with a power rating of 750 hp. However, these communities could collapse under their own power at a speed of up to 5 km/year, and even over small distances. Of course, there was no way to know how to maneuver in battle.

Msta-S

The current Russian self-propelled armored vehicle: “Msta-S”

Country: USSR

adopted: 1989

Caliber: 152 mm

Vaga: 43.56 t

Trunk length: 7.144 m

Fire rate: 7-8 wstr/hv

Range: up to 24,700 m

“Msta-S” - self-propelled howitzer (index 2S19) - the most advanced self-propelled armored vehicle in Russia, regardless of those that were built back in 1989. "Msta-S" is intended for the reduction of tactical nuclear weapons, artillery and mortar batteries, tanks and other armored vehicles, anti-tank forces, manpower, air defense and missile defense systems, control points, as well as for the destruction of fields their fortifications and interference with the maneuvers of enemy reserves glybinu yogo defense. You can fire at targets that are wary and not wary, from closed positions and direct aiming, including work in the city’s minds. The reloading system allows firing at any point of aiming directly and moving the gun at maximum rate of fire without turning to the charging line. The weight of the projectile is 42 kg, so to make the robot lighter, the ammunition that it charges is supplied automatically. The mechanism for supplying drink charges is automatic type. The presence of additional conveyors for supplying ammunition from the ground allows shooting without wasting internal ammunition.

Head caliber of the battleship "Yamato"

The largest naval armor: the head caliber of the battleship Yamato

Country: Japan

adopted: 1940

Caliber: 460 mm

Vaga: 147.3 t

Trunk depth: 21.13 m

Fire rate: 2 wstr/hv

Range: 42,000 m

One of the remaining dreadnoughts in the history is the battleship “Yamato”, equipped with nine gunmetals of unfueled caliber - 460 mm, and was not able to effectively speed up its fiery mission. The main caliber was fired only once - on June 25, 1944 on the island of Samar (Philippines). The surpluses given to the American fleet turned out to be extremely insignificant. At that time, the aircraft carriers simply did not allow the battleship to reach them when it was due to be fired and, they decided, they captured it with the forces of carrier-based aircraft on the 7th quarter of 1945.

ZIS-3

High-quality lamp Other light: 76.2 mm field lamp ZIS-3

Country: USSR

dismembered: 1941

Caliber: 76.2 mm

Trunk depth 3.048 m

Firing rate: up to 25 wstr/hv

Range: 13,290 m

Zbroya design V.G. The harvester was distinguished by the simplicity of its design; it was not very capable of using materials and metalworking, so it was ideal for mass production. The Garmata was not a masterpiece of mechanics, which was primarily noted for its accuracy of shooting, but was rather respected for its precision.

Little David

Largest mortar: Little David

Country: USA

cob viprobuvan: 1944

Caliber: 914 mm

Trunk depth: 6.7 m

Fire rate: no data available

Range: 9700 m

Even though the Americans, under the hour of another world, have not been labeled as a harmonious giantomania, but still there is one visible achievement ahead of them. The giant Little David mortar with a meager 914 mm caliber was the prototype of an important armor with which America was going to storm the Japanese islands. The 1678 kg projectile, initially, “nav bi sharudinnya”, aka “little David”, suffered from the illness of the middle mortars - it hit close and inaccurately. As a result, it turned out to be much more effective for the Japanese to get rid of them, and the super-mortar never fought.

Dora

The most interesting zbroya: Dora

Country: Nimechchyna

testing: 1941

Caliber: 807 mm

Trunk length: 32.48 m

Firing rate: 14 vitres/day

Range: 39,000 m

“Dora” and “Heavy Gustav” are two super monsters of light artillery with a caliber of 800 mm, which the Germans prepared to break through the Maginot Line. Ale, like before the self-destruction of “Thor” and “Odin”, “Dora” was driven to Sevastopol. Garmata was thoroughly servicing a staff of 250 individuals, and ten times as many soldiers performed additional functions. The accuracy of firing 5-7-ton shells was even greater; shells fell from them without exploding. The main effect of the Dory shelling was psychological.

Howitzer B-4

The 203.4-mm howitzer, melodiously, is one of the leading contenders for the title of “Break Victory.” While the Army of Chervona was advancing, there was no need for such armor, but when our troops went in, the howitzer was already needed to break through the walls of the Polish and German places, transformed into “festungs”. The nickname "Stalin's sledgehammer" was rejected, although it was not the Germans who gave it, but the Finns who knew the B-4 on the Mannerheim Line.

Country: USSR

adopted: 1934

Caliber: 203.4 mm

Trunk length: 5.087 m

Fire rate: 1 shot / 2 strokes

Range: 17,890 m

Obligation mortar M-Gerät

The largest armor that is towed: the M-Gerat tax mortar

Country: Nimechchyna

adopted: 1913

Caliber: 420 mm

Trunk length: 6.72 m

Fire rate: 1 shot / 8 strokes

Range: 12,300 m

“Great Bertha” became a far compromise between strength and mobility. This is exactly what the designers of the Krupp company sought, inspired by the successes of the Japanese, who stormed Port Arthur with the help of large-caliber naval shells. In front of the front were Gamma-GerKt mortars, which drove from a concrete cradle. The Great Bertha did not require a special installation, but was towed by a tractor to the combat position. Their 820-kg shells successfully crushed the concrete walls of the forts of Liege, the fort at Verdun, where the reinforced concrete was placed in the fortifications, but were not so effective.

Kaiser Wilhelm Geschotz

Longest ranged weapon: Kaiser Wilhelm Geschotz

Country: Nimechchyna

adopted: 1918

Caliber: 211-238 mm Weight: 232 t

Trunk length: 28 m

Firing rate: 6-7 vitres/day

Range: 130,000 m

Stovbur is a set of pipes inserted at the drilled mouth of the sea shield. This “batig”, so that it would not wobble too much during the shooting hour, was stretched, similar to the material that is used to support the crane booms. And all the same, after the shooting, the trunk shook with a shaking sound that did not die out for a long time. In the spring of 1918, fate decided to scare the residents of Paris, who thought that the front was far away. The 130 km 120 kg shells that flew hit 250 Parisians during the second month of shelling.

For hundreds of years, artillery has been an important warehouse for the Russian army. The power of this power came to fruition in the hands of the Other Light - they themselves were not casually called the “god of war.” The analysis of the rich military company allows us to identify the most promising directly for this type of military for decades to come. As a result, today's Russian artillery has the necessary strength both for the effective conduct of combat operations in local conflicts and for the manifestation of mass aggression.

The decline of the past

New symbols of the Russian army “date back to the 60s of the 20th century”, since the Russian army took a course towards a clear re-invention. Dozens of leading design bureaus, worked by prominent engineers and designers, laid the theoretical and technical basis for the creation of a new innovation.

Evidence from front-line wars and analysis of the potential of overseas armies have clearly shown that it is necessary to rely on mobile self-propelled artillery and mortar installations. Following decisions centuries ago, the Russian artillery has acquired a solid fleet of missile and artillery armor on tracked and wheeled tracks, the basis of which is the “kvitkova collection”: a nimble 122 mm howitzers "Gvozdika" to the terrible 240 mm.

Stovburov's Field Artillery

The Stowburn artillery of Russia has a large number of shells at its disposal. The smells are formed on the formed artillery units, parts of the Land Forces and the basis of the firepower of parts of the Marine Corps and internal forces. Stowburn artillery achieves high fire rate, accuracy and efficiency of shooting with simplicity of design, mobility, increased reliability, fire resistance, and fire resistance This results in cost-effectiveness.

There are a lot of light vehicles that can be towed and are designed to meet the requirements of the BBB. The stinks in the Russian army are gradually being replaced by self-propelled artillery shells, disintegrated in 1971-1975, which are optimized for the military task of bringing about a nuclear conflict in the minds. The towed shells are transferred to the vicinity of fortified areas and other theaters of military operations.

Zrazky ozbrojen

At this hour, Russia's cannon artillery displays the following signs of self-propelled projectiles:

• Floating howitzer 2S1 “Gvozdika” (122 mm).
• Howitzer 2SZ "Akatsia" (152 mm).
• Howitzer 2S19 "Msta-S" (152 mm).
• Garmata 2S5 "Hyacinth" (152 mm).
• Garmata 2S7 “Pivonia” (203 mm).

A self-propelled howitzer with unique characteristics and the ability to shoot in the “flurry of fire” mode 2S35 “Coalition-SV” (152 mm) is undergoing active testing.

For fire support of the ignition elements, 120-mm self-propelled projectiles are used: 2S23 “Nona-SVK”, 2S9 “Nona-S”, 2S31 “Viden” and their analogues, which are towed by 2B16 “Nona-K”. The special features of these projectiles are those that can perform the functions of a mortar, mortar, howitzer and anti-tank gun.

Anti-tank artillery

The development of highly effective anti-tank missile systems is due to the development of anti-tank artillery shells. Their advantages over anti-tank missiles lie ahead in their obvious cheapness, simplicity of design and compactness, and the ability to fire quickly no matter the weather.

Russia's anti-tank artillery is progressing towards increased strength and increased caliber, improved ammunition and sighting devices. The pinnacle of this development was the 100-mm anti-tank smoothbore harmata MT-12 (2A29) “Rapier” with increased projectile velocity and an effective firing range of up to 1500 m. The gun can be fired with a pro-tank weapon 9M117 "Kastet" missile, 660 mm.

With even greater armor penetration, Volodya is also towed by the PT 2A45M “Sprut-B”, which is deployed in the Russian Federation. With a dynamic defense, it is possible to destroy vehicle armor up to 770 mm. Russia's self-propelled artillery in this segment is represented by 2S25 "Sprut-SD" projectiles, which are still available for paratroopers.

Morometi

The current artillery of Russia is inconceivable without mortars of various types and calibers. Russian expressions of this design include an effective method of suffocation, weakening and fiery support. The military has the following signs of mortar formation:

• Automatic 2B9M “Voloshka” (82 mm).
• 2B14-1 “Pidnos” (82 mm).
• Mortar complex 2S12 "Sani" (120 mm).
• Self-propelled 2S4 "Tulip" (240 mm).
• M-160 (160 mm) and M-240 (240 mm).

Characteristics and particularities

While the “Pidnos” and “Sleigh” mortars replicate the designs of the Great German War models, the “Voloshka” is a fundamentally new system. It is equipped with automatic reloading mechanisms, which allows you to fire at a high rate of fire of 100-120 VT/H (compared to 24 VT/H for the “Pidnos” mortar).

The artillery of Russia can rightfully be represented by the self-propelled mortar "Tulip", which is also an original system. In the stowed position, the 240-mm barrel is mounted on the back of an armored tracked chassis; in the combat position, it rests on a special plate that rests on the ground. In this case, all operations are carried out with the help of an additional hydraulic system.

The Coastal Forces of the Russian Federation, as part of the independent forces of the Navy, were formed in 1989. The basis of its firepower is formed by mobile missile and artillery systems:

• "Ridut" (rocket).
• 4K51 "Rubizh" (missile).
• 3K55 "Bastion" (missile).
• 3K60 "Bal" (rocket).
• A-222 "Bereg" (artillery 130 mm).

These complexes are truly unique and pose a real threat to any enemy fleet. The new “Bastion” has been equipped with Oniks/Yakhont hypersonic missiles since 2010. In the hour of the Crimean attacks, a number of “Bastions”, which were defiantly placed on the river, disrupted the plans for a “show of force” on the side of the NATO fleet.

The new artillery of the Russian coastal defense A-222 “Bereg” effectively operates against small-sized Swedish ships that move within 100 knots (180 km/year), and medium-sized surface ships (at 23 km from the complex), and ground targets.

Important artillery at the Beregovykh military warehouse is now ready to support the tough complexes: self-propelled guns “Giacinth-S”, harmata-howitzer “Giacinth-B”, harmata-howitzer “Msta-B”, howitzers D-20 and D-30, RSZV.

Multiple rocket launcher systems

Since the beginning of the VBB, the reactive artillery of Russia, as the right-offender of the USSR, may be increasingly grouped by the RSZV. In the 50s, the 122-mm 40-barreled BM-21 “Grad” system was developed. The Russian Ground Forces have 4,500 such systems.

BM-21 "Grad" became the prototype of the "Grad-1" system, created in 1975 to equip tank and motorized rifle regiments, as well as the more advanced 220-mm "Uragan" system for artillery units of the army. This line of development was continued by the long-range "Smerch" system with 300-mm projectiles and the new RSZV of the "Prima" divisional tank with an increased number of direct and propelled rockets with a warhead that strengthens to be.

The purchase of new RSZV “Tornado” is underway - a dual-caliber system mounted on the MAZ-543M chassis. The "Tornado-G" variant fires 122-mm rockets against the Grad RSZV, overriding the effectiveness of the third. The "Tornado-S" variant, designed for firing 300-mm rockets, outweighs the "Smerch" by 3-4 times in terms of combat effectiveness. The “Tornado” attacks the target with a salvo and single high-precision rockets.

Anti-aircraft artillery

Russian anti-aircraft artillery is represented by the following self-propelled small-caliber systems:

• Four self-propelled gun "Shilka" (23 mm).
• Self-propelled twin installation "Tunguska" (30 mm).
• The Pantsir (30 mm) self-propelled system is paired.
• The ZU-23 (2A13) (23 mm) twin unit was towed.

The self-propelled units are equipped with a radio control complex, which ensures the storage and auto-support of debris and the compilation of data for guidance. Automatic targeting is carried out behind additional hydraulic drives. "Shilka" includes an artillery system, and "Tunguska" and "Pantsir" are also equipped with anti-aircraft missiles.

The current system of military cannon artillery formation was formed from the knowledge of Another World War, new minds of a possible nuclear war, the great knowledge of current local wars and, obviously, from the possibilities new technologies.

Another World War brought a lot of changes to the artillery system - the role of mortars sharply increased, anti-tank artillery rapidly developed, and the stock of some “classic” guns was supplemented with bullet-free shells, The self-propelled artillery, which accompanied tanks and infantry, was quickly completed, and the task force, etc., was established. d.

Those who grew up to the point of support can be judged from two very distant Radian “virobs” of the same caliber and the same designation (both created under the supervision of F.F. Petrov) – the 122-mm divisional howitzer M-30 1938 roku ta 122- mm howitzers (howitzers-harmati) D-30 1960 roku. In the D-30, both the barrel length (35 calibers) and the firing range (15.3 kilometers) increased again, equal to the M-30.

Before speaking, howitzers themselves have become the most “working” shells of cannon military artillery, first before divisional artillery. This, of course, did not affect other types of projectiles. Fire-armed artillery is a long list: the reduction of missile systems, artillery and mortar batteries, the strength of tanks, armored vehicles and enemy manpower, direct or indirect (at long ranges) targeting, the reduction of targets at the gates. heights, ukrittyakh, ukrittyakh, field fortification disputes , installation of a fire fence, smoke curtains, radio overcode, remote control of locality, etc. Therefore, various combat complexes are being developed on the armed artillery. The complexes themselves, the fragments of a simple set of ammunition, are not yet artillery. Such a complex includes armor, ammunition, equipment and transport equipment.

For distance and capability

The “power” of the army (this term may sound a little strange to a non-military ear) is signified by the rise of such powers as far-reachingness, abundance and purchase battle, rate of fire, the ability of the projectile to hit. Many of these characteristics of the artillery were clearly changed more than once. In the 1970s, for the main shells of military artillery, which served as 105-155 mm howitzers, the normal firing range was up to 25 kilometers with a basic one and up to 30 kilometers with an active-reactive projectile.

A longer firing range was achieved by the new solutions that had long been known - increased barrel strength, a better charging chamber, and a shorter aerodynamic shape of the projectile. In addition, to change the negative influx of “subversion” that responds to the rarefied and vortex winds behind the projectile to fly, a bottom vim was used (increasing the range by another 5-8%) or installing a bottom gas generator (3. increase to 15-25%). To increase the firing range, the projectile can be powered by a small rocket engine - this is what is called an active-reactive projectile. The firing range can be increased by 30-50%, and the engine takes up space in the body, as the robot introduces additional force into the flight of the projectile and increases dispersion, which significantly changes the radiation of the shot. bi. That is why active-reactive projectiles are used in all sorts of special settings. In mortars, active-reactive missiles give a greater increase in range - up to 100%.

In the 1980s, due to the development of intelligence, control and attack capabilities, as well as the increased mobility of military forces, the range of shooting advanced. For example, the adoption within NATO of the concept of “ground-surface operations” by the United States and “fighting against other echelons” resulted in greater depth and effectiveness of hitting the enemy on all levels. The development of foreign military artillery has been greatly influxed by the research and development work of the small company Space Research Corporation under the supervision of a prominent artillery designer J. Bulla. Vaughn, on the lookout, crushed projectiles of the ERFB type with a long-range shape of approximately 6 calibers with a cob velocity of approximately 800 m/s, with ready-made conductive protrusions instead of thickening in the head part, with a special conductive belt This gave an increase in range by 12-15%. To fire such shells, you need to tighten the barrel to 45 calibers, increase the depth and change the twist of the rifles. The first shells based on the developments of J. Bull were released by the Austrian corporation NORICUM (155-mm howitzer CNH-45) and the African ARMSCOR (howitzer G-5, which is towed, then self-propelled G-6 with a firing range of up to 39 kilometers).

1. Stovbur
2. Stovbur cradle
3. Hydraulic galmo
4. Vertical guidance drive
5. Torsion suspension
6. Platform rotates 360 degrees
7. Balloon of compressed air for turning the trunk in the cob position
8. Compensatory cylinders and hydropneumatic knurler

9. Ammunition, separate charger
10. Important to the shutter mechanism
11. Trigger mechanism
12. Shutter
13. Horizontal guidance drive
14. Place of the guide
15. Anti-skid device

At the beginning of the 1990s, NATO praised the decision to switch to a new system of ballistic characteristics for field artillery shells. The optimal type was identified as a 155-mm howitzer with a long barrel of 52 caliber (that is, in essence, a Harmat howitzer) and a charging chamber volume of 23 liters, instead of the previously adopted 39 calibers and 18 liters. Before speaking, the same G-6 from Denel and Littleton Engineering was modernized to the level of the G-6-52, installing a 52-caliber barrel and automating loading.

The Radyansky Union also flared up robots from a new generation of artillery. It was decided to use different calibers - 122, 152, 203 mm - switch to a single caliber 152 mm in all artillery lines (divisional, army) with unification I have ammunition. The first success was the howitzer "Mista", created by the Central Design Bureau "Titan" and the VO "Barikadi" and adopted for production in 1989 - with a 53-caliber barrel refurbishment (for renewal - the 152-mm howitzer 2S3 "Akatsiya" has a barrel refurbishment 3). The howitzer's ammunition load reflects the assortment of daily shots of separate cartridge charges. A high-explosive fragmentation projectile 3OF45 (43.56 kilograms) of a painted aerodynamic shape with a bottom recess enters the ammunition warehouse with a long-range metal charge (cob velocity 810 m/s, firing range up to 24.7 kilos meters), with a further change of 4 kilometers), from with a changed charge (up to 14.37 kilometers). A 3OF61 projectile weighing 42.86 kilograms with a gas generator gives a maximum firing range of 28.9 kilometers. The 3O23 cassette projectile carries 40 cumulative-ultimate combat elements, 3O13 - all fragmentation elements. Є 3RB30 radio transceiver projectile in the UKH and HF bands, 3VDTs8 special ammunition. The 3OF39 “Krasnopil” and “Centimeter” shells, which are being adjusted, can also become stuck on one side, on the other hand, the heavy-duty howitzer D-20 and “Akatsia” were fired. The firing range of the “Msti” modification 2S19M1 reached 41 kilometers!

In the United States, when modernizing the old 155-mm howitzer M109 to the level of the M109A6 (Palladin), they added an additional 39-caliber barrel - like the M198, which is towed, and increased the firing range to 30 kilometers with a powerful projectile. The program of the 155-mm self-propelled artillery complex XM 2001/2002 “Crusader” was designed with a barrel capacity of 56 calibers, a firing range of over 50 kilometers and a separate-cartridge charging with such ranks "modular" transitions. This “modularity” allows you to quickly collect the required charge, varying it over a wide range, and uses a laser ignition system - a test of bringing the fire capacity of a hard metal vibrator to the theoretical capacity of such metallic speeches. An equally wide range of interchangeable charges with an increased combat rate of fire, fluidity and pointing accuracy allows you to fire on the same target for a number of trajectories - p The approach of projectiles to the target from different directions greatly increases the intensity of their impact. And although the Crusader program was burned out, the divisions within its ammunition may be found in other 155-mm guns.

The possibility of increasing the power of missile projectiles within the same calibers is far from exhausted. For example, the American 155-mm M795 projectile has a casing made of steel with coated detailing, which, when exploding, produces fewer overly large cracks with a low fluidity of dispersion and a fine grain “saw”. The original African XM9759A1 is equipped with a pre-set crushed body (ready parts) and a guard with a programmed opening height.

On the other hand, there is increasing interest in the combat parts of volumetric vibration and thermobaric. For now, stinks are detected mainly in low-velocity ammunition: this is due both to the sensitivity of combat weapons to overpowering, and the need for time to create a foul aerosol. If you thoroughly refine the mixtures (exposure, transfer to powder-like mixtures) and initiating methods, you can resolve these problems.

152-mm quenched projectile "Krasnopil"

On your own

The scale and high maneuverability of combat operations for which the armies were preparing - before the stagnation of mass expression in the minds that was emerging - encouraged the development of self-propelled artillery. In the 60-70s of the 20th century, a new generation was coming to the formation of the armed forces, elements of which, having undergone low modernization, were lost on the developed dossier (Radyansky 122-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S1 “Gvozdika” and 152-mm 2S3 “Akatsia”, 152- mm harmata 2S5 "Hyacinth", American 155 mm howitzer M109, French 155 mm harmata F.1).

In due course, it seemed that almost all of the military artillery would be self-propelled, and the guns that were being towed would go into. But the skin type has its advantages and disadvantages.

The advantages of self-propelled artillery shells (self-propelled artillery shells) are obvious - protection, the best flexibility and permeability, the best protection against destruction from the culture of intricacies and disruptions of mass destruction. Most current self-propelled howitzers are mounted on a turret, which allows for the most advanced fire maneuver (trajectories). This installation can be based on either air transportable (and the maximum lightness of this, of course) or long-range long-range SATs, whose armored hull can still protect the deployment on the march or in position.

Most of the current self-propelled guns have chassis, obviously, caterpillar ones. Since the 1960s, the development of special chassis for SAT has been widely practiced, often from the sub-assemblies of serial armored personnel carriers. However, there are also tank chassis - the French 155 mm F.1 and the Russian 152 mm 2S19 "Msta-S" are used. This provides equal flexibility and protection of the units, the ability to bring the self-propelled gun closer to the enemy’s advanced attack depth, and the unification of the formation’s equipment.

Also, larger Swedish, economical and less bulky all-wheel drive wheels are also being tightened - for example, the African 155-mm G-6, the Czech 152-mm "Dana" (one in all Organization of the Warsaw Pact wheeled self-propelled howitzer) and 155-mm Zusanna" , as well as a 155-mm self-propelled howitzer (52 caliber) “Caesar” of the French company GIAT on the “Unimog” 2450 (6x6) chassis. Automation of the processes of transferring from a marching position to a combat position and back, preparing data for shooting, aiming, loading allows you to harden, fire up an armor in a position from the march, complete six rounds and abandon the position yu stretch out approximately hvilini! With a shooting range of up to 42 kilometers, there is a wide range of possibilities for “maneuvering with fire and wheels.” A similar story is with the “Archer 08” of the Swedish “Bofors Defense” on the Volvo chassis (6x6) with a long-barreled 155-mm howitzer. Here the automatic reloader allows you to fire five shots in three seconds. Although the duration of the remaining shots is doubtful, it is unlikely that it will be possible to restore the shape of the barrel in such a short hour. The actions of the self-propelled guns can be seen simply by looking at the installed installations on the base of the self-propelled version of the African towed G-5 - T-5-2000 "Condor" on the "Tatra" chassis (8x8) or the Dutch "Mobat" - 105-mm howitzer on the DAF YA4 chassis 400 (4x4 ) .

Self-propelled guns can carry even the same amount of ammunition - less important than the safety of the armor, many of them, in addition to an automated or automatic life mechanism, are provided with a special system for supplying shots from the ground (like the "Pivon" chi "Mste-S") or with others machine. A number of SATs have been deployed and an armored transport-charging vehicle with a conveyor feed is installed - a picture of the possible operation of, say, the American self-propelled howitzer M109A6 "Palladin". In Israel, up to the M109, they created the reason that it was towed at 34 shots.

For all its achievements, SAT has a few shortcomings. The stench is great, it is difficult to transport by air, it is easier to camouflage in position, and with a damaged chassis, it is practical to get everything out in order. In the mountains, let’s say, “self-propelled guns” won’t get stuck. Moreover, the SAT is more expensive for the armored vehicle that is towed, due to the safety of the tractor. Therefore, the most important, non-self-propelled components will be lost at the disposal. Not surprisingly, in our country since the 1960s (when, after the decline of “rocket mania,” “classical” artillery regained its rights), most artillery complexes were divided into both self-propelled and variants What were towed? For example, the same 2S19 “Msta-B” has an analogue that is towed, 2A65 “Msta-B”. Light howitzers that are towed, as previously required by the Swedish response forces, airborne forces, and airborne troops. The traditional caliber for them outside the cordon is 105 millimeters. This is how you can get a variety of things. Thus, the LG MkII howitzer of the French GIAT has a 30-caliber barrel and a firing range of 18.5 kilometers, the light armor of the British Royal Order has a 37-caliber and 21-kilometer range, "L" eo" of the African "Den".

However, the loaders are showing increasing interest in vehicles that are towed, with a caliber of 152-155 millimeters. An example of this is the American light 155-mm howitzer LW-155 or the Russian 152-mm 2A61 “Pat-B” with all-round fire, which was created by OKB-9 under 152-mm shot with cartridge loading of all types.

In general, before the field artillery shell that is towed, its range and strength are not reduced. The need for the Swedes to change firing positions during the battle and at the same time the complexity of such a movement led to the appearance of a self-destructing projectile (SDO). For this purpose, a small motor with a drive to the carriage wheels, a ceramic frame and a simple control panel are installed on the carriage, and the carriage itself, when folded, takes on the appearance of a carriage. Do not confuse such an armored vehicle with a “self-propelled gun” - on the march it is a towed tractor, and the platform itself is small and will pass through, but with little speed.

From the very beginning, they used self-propelled paint to create a projectile at the leading edge, which is natural. The first SDOs were created in the USSR after the Great German War - the 57-mm SD-57 and 85-mm SD-44. With the development of power generation capabilities, on the one hand, and the capabilities of light power plants, on the other hand, important and long-range projectiles began to operate self-destructively. In the middle of the current SDO we are satisfied with 155-mm howitzers - British-German-Italian FH-70, African G-5, Swedish FH-77A, Singaporean FH-88, French TR, Chinese WA021. To enhance the survival of the armor, approaches to increase the speed of the self-propelled gun are used - for example, the 4-wheeled carriage of the latest 155-mm howitzer LWSPH "Singapore Technologies" allows movement of 500 meters with speed up to 80 km/year!

203-mm self-propelled gun 2S7 “Pivonia”, USSR. Barrel depth - 50 calibers, weight 49 tons, maximum firing range of an active-reactive high-explosive fragmentation projectile (102 kg) - up to 55 km, crew - 7 osib

By tanks - direct guidance

Neither harmless missiles nor more effective anti-tank missile systems could replace the classic anti-tank missiles. Of course, the cumulative warheads of bullet-proof harmata shells, rocket-propelled grenades or anti-tank ceramic missiles have many advantages. Ale, on the other hand, the development of armored tanks directly against them and straightening. Therefore, the most important thing is that it is not bad to supplement it with an armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile of primary harmonics - this very “brucht”, against which, apparently, “there is no reception.” You yourself could ensure a reliable defeat of current tanks.

Characteristics in this regard are the Radyansky 100-mm smoothbore harmati T-12 (2A19) and MT-12 (2A29), and with the remaining ones, around the sub-caliber, cumulative and high-explosive fragmentation shells, a complex of ceramic oxide can be jammed armored brass knuckles. Turning the projectile to smoothbore is not at all an anachronism and not an attempt to “cheap” the system. A smooth steel drill is more durable, allows you to fire feathered cumulative projectiles without wrapping around, with reliable obturation (preventing the leakage of powder gases) to reach high cob liquids due to the greater pressure of the gas To give less support to the ruk, shoot with ceramic shells.

However, with the current methods of reconnaissance of ground targets and fire control of the anti-tank armor, which has revealed itself, very soon it will be subject not only to the fire of tank guns and rifle armor, but also to artillery strikes aviation industry. In addition, the development of such a harmony will by no means be welcomed and will be “caught” by the fire of the enemy with great confidence. The one that self-destructs, naturally, has a greater chance of survival than the one that stands stationary in place, but at a speed of 5-10 km/year, such an increase is not so significant. This limits the possibilities of stagnation of such devices.

Then, as before, there is great interest in armored self-propelled anti-tank tanks with a turret-mounted armor. Tse, Settlement, I Swede-90-mm IKV91 Tu 105-mm IKV91-105, I Rosiyska swimmers Avіadesan, APTP 2C25 "SPRU-SD" 2005 Rock, prompted for the basics of 125-mm tank Garmati 2A75. Its ammunition includes armor-piercing sub-caliber shells with a pallet that is supported, and a 9M119 ATGM that is launched through a harmonic drill. Meanwhile, here self-propelled artillery already stands alongside light tanks.

Computerization of processes

The current “additional development” transforms artillery complexes around them and expands them into independent reconnaissance and strike complexes. Let's say, in the USA, when upgrading the 155-mm M109 A2/A3 to the level of the M109A6 (in addition to a barrel upgraded to 47 calibers with a changed rifling, a new set of charges and an improved chassis), a new control system was installed It is based on an on-board computer, an autonomous navigation system , new radio station.

Before speaking, the integration of ballistic solutions with current reconnaissance systems (including unmanned lethal vehicles) and control allows artillery complexes and drones to ensure hitting targets at a range of up to 50 kilometers iv. And who also appreciates the widespread use of information technologies. The stench itself became the basis for the creation of a unified reconnaissance-fire system at the beginning of the 21st century. Ninya is one of the main directions for the development of artillery.

The most important thing in our mind is an effective automated control system (ACS), which manages all processes - target reconnaissance, data processing and transmission of data to fire control centers, continuous collection of data about the fire sources, production of zavdan, viklik, koriguvannya and pripinennya fire, evaluation of results. The end devices of such a system are installed on command vehicles of divisions and batteries, reconnaissance vehicles, command and control posts, command and control and command post posts (known as “control machines”), other missiles, as well as on surfaces. in casual ways - for example, flying or an unmanned aerial vehicle - and connects to radio cable lines. Computers collect information about targets, meteorological conditions, the position and position of batteries and other fire protection systems, the safety system, as well as the results of firing, generate data from the balance of the ballistic characteristics of the projectile and launchers, monitor the exchange Otherwise encoded information. Without changing the range and firing accuracy of the ACS projectiles themselves, the fire efficiency of divisions and batteries can be increased by 2-5 times.

According to the assessments of Russian military officers, the lack of current automated control systems and sufficient intelligence capabilities and communication does not allow the artillery to realize more than 50% of its potential capabilities. In an operational-combat situation that is rapidly changing, the non-automated control system, with all the efforts and qualifications of its participants, promptly processes and recovers no more than 20% of the available information ii. It’s simply not possible to respond to a large number of identified goals in a harmonious manner.

The necessary systems and features have been created and are ready for widespread use, not just a single reconnaissance-fire system, but also reconnaissance-fire complexes. Thus, the combat robot howitzer "Msta-S" and "Msta-B" at the warehouse of the reconnaissance-fire complex will be supported by the self-propelled reconnaissance complex "Zoo-1", command posts and caravan vehicles on self-propelled armored chassis. The radar reconnaissance complex "Zoo-1" serves to determine the coordinates of enemy artillery positions and allows one to detect up to 12 firing systems with a range of up to 40 kilometers. Koshti “Zoo-1”, “Credo-1E” technically and informationally (both behind the “climb” and software security) are obtained from the methods of combat control of the barrel and rocket artillery “Machine-M2”, “Kapustnik-BM”.

The fire control system for the "Kapustnik-BM" division allows a fire to be opened against an unplanned target 40-50 seconds after it is identified and can simultaneously process information about 50 targets, working with What about power and ground-based and airborne reconnaissance methods, as well as information? like a great boss. Topographic mapping is carried out immediately after the call for taking a position (here the satellite navigation system of the GLONASS type is of particular importance). Through the ACS terminals on the fire departments of the fire department, the target and data for shooting are determined, and through them, information about the camp of the fire engines themselves, ammunition, etc. is transmitted to the control machines. The division's fully autonomous automated control system can detect targets at a distance of up to 10 kilometers a day and up to 3 kilometers at night (which is quite sufficient in the minds of local conflicts) and conduct laser detection identification of targets from a distance of 7 kilometers. And at the same time, due to the new methods of reconnaissance and divisions of cannon and rocket artillery, such an automated control system can transform into a reconnaissance-fire complex with a significantly greater depth and reconnaissance, and shocks.

They fire 152-mm howitzers: a 3OF61 high-explosive fragmentation projectile with a bottom gas generator, a 3OF25 projectile, a 3-O-23 cassette projectile with cumulative-ulama combat elements, a 3RB30 projectile for setting up a radio

About shells

The other side of the “intellectualization” of artillery is the deployment of high-precision artillery ammunition aimed at a target at the end of the trajectory. Despite the fact that the artillery has been thoroughly trained for the last quarter of a century, the expenditure of basic shells for the highest standard missions has become even greater. The use of kerated and corroded shells in 155-mm and 152-mm howitzers allows one hour to reduce the wastage of ammunition by 40-50 times, and the hour of targeting targets – by 3-5 times. Two main directions were visible from the control systems - projectiles with active guidance along a damaged laser interface and projectiles with automatic guidance (self-aiming). The projectile is “steering” at the end of the trajectory with the help of folding aerodynamic kermas or a pulsed rocket engine. Naturally, such a projectile is not required to differ in size and configuration from the “emergency” one - and it should not be fired outside the emergency armor.

Guidance along a broken laser beam is implemented in the American 155-mm Copperhead projectile, the Russian 152-mm Krasnopil, 122-mm Kitoliv-2M and 120-mm Kitoliv-2. This targeting method allows the use of ammunition against different types of targets (combat vehicle, command and guard post, fire suppression, budova). The "Krasnopil-M1" projectile with an inertial control system on the middle front and guided by a laser beam on the end at a firing range of up to 22-25 kilometers has a target intensity of up to 0 ,8-0.9, including goals that collapse. However, a guard-guide with a laser illumination device is to blame for this. We will pour out the guide, especially for the evidence of the enemy of the laser penetration sensors. The “Copperhead” projectile, for example, generates target detection for 15 seconds, “Copperhead-2” with a combined (laser and thermal imaging) homing head (GOS) - for 7 seconds. Another limitation - at low temperatures, for example, the projectile may simply not reach the target area.

Perhaps in the NATO countries there will be a desire to deal with ammunition that will self-aim, ahead of the anti-tank ones. Coated anti-tank and cassette shells with combat elements that self-aim, become an integral part of the ammunition load.

The butt can be a SADARM type cluster munition with elements that are self-aiming to defeat the enemy. The projectile is flying near the area of ​​the known target along the initial ballistic trajectory. On its lower deck, at a given height, combat elements are thrown through. The skin element removes the parachute or opens the wings, which increases its decrease and switches to autorotation mode from the cut to the vertical. At an altitude of 100-150 meters, the warhead sensors begin scanning the area in a spiral. When the sensor detects and identifies a target, its “impact cumulative core” is directly detected. For example, the American 155-mm cassette projectile SADARM and the German SMArt-155 each carry two combat elements with combined sensors (infrared dual-band and radar channels), they can be fired at a range of up to 2 2 and 24 kilometers. The Swedish 155-mm BONUS projectile is equipped with two elements with infrared (IR) sensors, and travels up to 26 kilometers behind the bottom generator shell. The Russian “Motiv-3M”, which is self-aiming, is equipped with dual-spectral IR and radar sensors, which allows one to detect camouflaged material in the minds of crossing codes. Its cumulative core penetrates armor up to 100 millimeters, which is the motive for investing in promising tanks with enhanced defense.

Diagram of the installation of a ceramic projectile "Kitoliv-2M" with guidance along a damaged laser beam

The main portion of ammunition that self-aims is a high-tech specialty. They are insured to destroy only tanks and combat vehicles, and the ability to “kill” predatory targets is still insufficient. For current local conflicts, if the targets are important to hit, they can be very powerful, but the “bunny” system is still insufficient. It is significant that the foreign-made ceramic shells have a higher cumulative warhead, and the Radyanskiy (Russian) shells have a high-explosive fragmentation warhead. In the minds of local “anti-partisan” actions this appeared even more pre-river.

In the framework of the program for the 155-mm Crusader complex, a fire was discovered, and the XM982 Escalibur keratinized projectile was fragmented. They are equipped with an inertial guidance system at the middle part of the trajectory and a correction system with the help of the NAVSTAR satellite navigation system at the end part. The combat part of the Escalibur is modular: it can include, behind the furniture, 64 fragmentation combat elements, two combat elements that self-aim, and a concrete element. The fragments of this “intelligent” projectile can plan, the firing range moves up to 57 kilometers (from the “Crusader”) or 40 kilometers (from the M109A6 “Palladin”), and the shortest possible navigation range and get help from the emergency lighting authorities in the area.

The 155-mm TCM projectile of the Swedish "Bofors Defense" has a correction at the end of the trajectory as well as with satellite navigation and with pulsed kerma thrusters. Alternatively, the enemy’s installation of targeted signals on the radio navigation system can significantly reduce the accuracy of the attack, and advanced spotters may still be needed. Before adjustments with pulse (rocket) correction at the end of the trajectory, both the Russian high-explosive 152-mm projectile “Centimeter” and the 240-mm mine “Smilivets” are launched, or on navigate along the laser-etched menu. Coremed ammunition is cheaper for cored ammunition, and in addition, it can be stored in hot atmospheric tanks. The flight of the stink proceeds along a ballistic trajectory and, depending on the correction system, falls closer to the target, the lower cerated projectile, which is in line with the trajectory. Short distances - shorter shooting range, fragments at a greater range, the correction system may not return with the accumulated pressure from the target.

It is possible to change the spread of the pointer by securing the laser long-range target designator with a stabilization system and installing it on an armored personnel carrier, helicopter or UAV, increasing the burial area of ​​the seeker of the projectile or mini, - thus providing You can work in Russia. It is impossible to fight in the face of such artillery fire.

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Cheap, reliable and targeted - these classic components not only do not compromise the positions of tactical missile systems, but at certain points they can be outplayed.

For example, it is practically impossible to detect and hit a projectile from behind that will fly. Ale is still y. Meanwhile, the war of technology is underway and here - designers of ammunition and ammunition are fighting for every centimeter of accuracy and range. Russia is considered one of the world leaders in the development and production of cannon artillery.

Sticked through the ballistic calculations of the current howitzers, they take care of the non-personal parameters: starting from the tabular corrections to the weather minds in the stratosphere. About those that traditional artillery “barrels” cannot guide the world in peace, see the materials of RIA Noviny.

For this period of time, the artillery stationed in Buryatia, the united military district of the Similar Military District, has been using the new radio direction-finding meteorological complex “Umishka-M”, which allows measuring atmospheric parameters at altitudes up to 40 k ilometers. The removal of data can also be used to adjust the fire of long-range cannon artillery.

Far action

Apparently, today Russia has in its operational order artillery systems, the shells of which, when fired at maximum range, can rise to a considerable height. In fact, part of the trajectory of its current flow lies near the upper spheres of the stratosphere, where it is again very rarefied and its support is minimal. This factor contributes positively to the shooting range.

Self-propelled artillery installation (SAU) "Coalition-SV"

“If we talk about cannon artillery, then we can have shells from the Coalition-SV and Pivonia systems coming out at stratospheric altitudes,” said Viktor Murakhovsky, chief editor of the Arsenal of Vitchizny magazine. - For example, the “Peon” projectile rises to 30–32 kilometers. If you shoot at great distances, you will be exposed to the winds at heights.”

It is noteworthy that since the firing range of the self-propelled artillery 203-mm armored vehicle 2S7 “Pivonia” reaches 47 kilometers, then the self-propelled 152-mm howitzer “Ko” is promising Alitsia-SV" during testing sent the experimental projectile to the platform.

Moreover, the meta was successfully attacked.

To date, self-propelled artillery of this caliber has an unbroken record of fire. Coming as close as possible to operational-tactical missiles, the robotic high-speed howitzer is ideal for attacks on enemy command posts, strangling air defense and missile defense capabilities, destroying supply channels, destroying great highways and counter-battery warfare. What’s great, with such characteristics the range will be beyond the reach of the enemy’s artillery.

A battery of self-propelled artillery mounts 2S5 "Hyacinth" under an hour of firing at a complex fire control training unit of the 5th Zagalnovian Army of the Far-Russian Military District

To put things into perspective: the American M109 Paladin self-propelled gun can reach targets with an active-reactive projectile at a distance that does not exceed 30 kilometers. The maximum firing range of the British self-propelled gun A S90 Braveheart is 40 kilometers, and the French AMX AuF1T is 35 kilometers.

Vivid decision

According to experts, there is still no adequate replacement for the classic barrel artillery and will not be transferred in the near future. Regardless of high accuracy and efficiency, current operational-tactical missile systems, such as Tochka-U and Iskander, are complex and inexpensive, so as to directly compete with the minds of large-scale military operations. Yini. The stench of the place is overwhelming.

“A rocket is not a very expensive weapon. “We, as a rule, stand for the most important targets at the base of great command posts,” says Murakhovsky. - Multiple launch rocket systems are more suitable for such purposes. This could be an airfield, a radar field with several stations, positions of air defense systems. “Almost artillery, at distances close to maximum, it usually fires at point targets, such as missile launchers, nuclear ammunition depots, etc.”

The artillery of Saudi Arabia will shell the territory of Yemen. Kviten 2015

In other words, “sophisticated” ammunition is used for patrolling, and drones are good in these situations, unless the enemy has in his order the intense capabilities of radio-electronic warfare and anti-aircraft defense.

“And the axis, when faced with a well-equipped technologically advanced enemy, quickly disrupts all radio bands and GPS-GLONASS signals,” the expert said. “It’s going to be so much fun.” Once again, you’ll get to see topographical maps, shooting tables, view meteorological data by altitude, and figure out the good old artillery.”

Stowburne High Accuracy

However, Russian armorers do not stand still and are constantly working on improving the accuracy of the equipment and ammunition. There are a number of types being created for artillery mounts, including promising ones that are still at the pre-design stage.

There are shells being adjusted at the Krasnopol base, split to reduce the fortification of objects in one shot. The classic laser pointing mechanism involves illuminating the mark with a tweezer, which is located at a distance of direct visibility.

In addition, it is planned to introduce into the ammunition load of the new howitzers projectiles that are adjusted with miniature hanging aerodynamic kermas and a support to accommodate the GLONASS chip.

The principle of correction is the same: the shot is carried out from a distance and a slight kill, after which the projectile begins to “steer” to the target, the coordinates of which is placed in the chip. What’s important is that such a reserve practically does not affect the availability of ammunition.

Military servicemen of the Russian Army on the self-propelled artillery installation "Msta-S"

Another new way to increase the accuracy and frequency of artillery fire is to install a radio-balistic station or, in simple words, a radar on the self-propelled gun.

In real time mode, the projectile that is flying is identified along the entire trajectory and the vertical coordinates of the point of impact. The offensive ammunition is deteriorating to the point of being properly corrected. This system is completely autonomous - it does not get lost in satellite navigation and can be used to jam GLONASS signals.

Due to mutual interaction on the battlefield, most current Russian self-propelled guns are equipped with a unified set of on-board equipment and integrated into a single tactical tank control system. It will provide a comprehensive survey of locality, the use of digital targeting, autonomous adjustment of firing settings and automatic targeting of fire.

Andriy Stanavov