Pier Gasendi. Pierre Gasendi - biography, photographs. The lesson that characterizes Gassendi, Pierre

Pierre Gassendi(Pierre Gassendi) (1592-1655), French philosopher of thought, known for his propaganda Epicureanism and atomism and the failure of their reconciliation with Christianity. Born in Chantersieux near Day in Provence on 22 September 1592. The nickname Gassendi is the Italian form of the Provencal nickname Gassend. Having acquired minor church lands in 1612, in 1614 he became a doctor of theology in Avignon; He was also the rector of the cathedral near Dini. For napolagannyam Mersenne taking up philosophy, becoming a professor of philosophy at the College of Aix-en-Provence.

In 1624, he published a series of drawings in Grenoble under the title “Paradoxical Rights Against Aristotelians” (“Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos”), declaring that he wanted to blame Aristo for his development TV philosophy, which will once again take up nutrition about its weaknesses . Having carried on the polemics with the scholastics, this could have caused enemies to appear in the church stakes, leading them to become vicious. Epicurus. In 1626, Pierre Gassendi came up with the idea of ​​​​the practice of life, moral manifestations and the life of Epicurus. There are some interpretations that the ancient philosopher’s devotion can be benefited from his current theology. In 1632, Gassendi published a work about the passage of the planet Mercury, transferred Kepler, and in 1641 rock tried to experimentally develop the theory of the fall of the body Galileo. However, Gassendi’s main contribution to the history of culture was his philosophy.

In 1641, the birth of Gassendi was confirmed on "Rozdumi" Descartes A number of things are listed, the essence of which is that philosophical speculation is modest. In 1644 his book “Disquisitio Metaphysica” (Disquisitio Metaphysica) was published. In 1645, Gassendi took over as professor of mathematics (astronomy) at the Collège-Royal near Paris. The lecture at the entrance to the landing (“Institutio astronomica”, 1647), although openly did not show sympathy for the ideas of Galileo, showed sympathies before them. In 1647, his work “About the Life and Moral Views of Epicurus” (“De vita et moribus Epicuri”) appeared, which changed the secret thought about Epicurian ethics. In 1648, with his family suffering from tuberculosis, Gassendi went to Provence. In 1649, he published “Respect for the tenth book of Diogenes Laertii” (“Animadversiones in decimum librum Diogenis Laertii”) (about Epicurus) together with the “Collection of the philosophy of Epicurus” (“Syntagma philosophiae Epicuri”). In 1653, turning to Paris. Pierre Gassendi died in Paris on June 24, 1655.

The new collection of the work was published in 1658. Pershi two volumes of Mistyati "Strezid Filosofiofi" ("Syntagma Philosophicum", publ. Posthumously in 1658), stern it is storage: Logіki, ​​Fiziki (Zagalal Nature, Cosmology, Fiziology, Psychology). Logic is the main principle of the inductive method of investigation; Prote in it, Gassendi tries to establish equality between knowledge and reason. Physics is dedicated to the description of light (which is made up of atoms and empty ones), created by God, which is based on the manifestation of light harmony. God is the first cause; all secondary reasons are conveyed to the ruk, which is internally attached to the atoms. The most fragile atoms become the souls of creatures, built to the point of having a “sensitive mind.” The human soul is intangible and full of abstract ideas, resting on sensory data. People strive for happiness (peace of mind and the absence of bodily suffering), as it is possible to reach (in some world - only in an incomplete form) a virtuous way of living and love for God.

Based on your new belief. Basically, the “Star of Philosophy” (1658) divides philosophy into three parts: 1) logic, which analyzes the problem of the reliability of knowledge and criticizes skepticism and dogmatism; 2) physics, in which both ground and atomistic theory, Gassendi brought objectivity, non-creation and lack of simplicity to space and time; 3) ethics, de Gassendi spoke out against ascetic church morality and, after Epicurus, affirmed that being satisfied with oneself is good, and all honesty is good for the rest, as long as it delivers “non-turboity.” Gassendi must pay attention to important cautions and conclusions in the field of astronomy (about the passage of Mercury by the solar disk, through the five satellites of Jupiter, in addition to the ones discussed earlier, and others.) and from history. ii sciences. In the historical minds of the 17th century, Gassendi played a progressive role as a philosopher and thought. However, his materialism is inconsistent, his concept has low religious ideas. Having recognized, for example, God as the creator of atoms, he appreciated that in addition to the materialistic understanding of “creatures,” humans also have a supersensible “reasonable soul.”

Philosophical Dictionary. Per ed. I.T. Frolova. M., 1991, p. 81.

Gassendi Pierre (22.1.1592, Chantersieux, near Digne, - 24.10.1655, Paris), French philosopher-materialist. Professor of Philosophy at the College of Aix-en-Provence, certificates for philosophical transformations in 1623 degrees. From 1626 he became a canon, and then rector of the cathedral in Dini. Gasendi also engaged in astronomical and mathematical research. In 1645, Gassendi moved to Paris, becoming a professor of mathematics at the Royal College. In Paris Gassendi connected with F. Bacon , T. Hobbes , G. Grociem , T. Campanello .

The first philosophical work of Gassendi - “Paradoxical rights against the Aristotelians” (published anonymously in 1624, Russian translation 1968) - a pamphlet against scholastic pseudo-Aristotelism. Gassendi set the task of developing philosophy on a scientific basis, remaining in line with the atomistic materialism of Epicurus, which is similar to the principles of natural science. The main philosophical works of Gassendi - “The Star of Philosophy” (Russian Prov. 1966) and “The Star of the Philosophy of Epicurus” (Russian Prov. 1966) - were published posthumously in 1658. “The Star of Philosophy” consists of three parts: “Logic”, “Physics” and “Ethics”. Gassendi’s “Logica” adheres to the principle of materialistic sensationalism, which is the foundation of his epistemological belief. In “Physician” there is a material unit of light, which consists of a variety of atoms that self-collapse. Gassendi’s “Etica,” following Epicureanism, views happiness as the greatest good, affirming the inseparability of happiness and common sense, based on “prudence” - the criterion of good. Gassendi's philosophy is a unique form of devotion to the eternal truth. According to Gassendi, the truth is revealed in two different ways of light - proof and revelation; The first of them is based on the knowledge of reason, which illuminates natural phenomena, the other - on divine authority, which illuminates supernatural phenomena. Following the words of K. Marx, there, de Gassendi comes up with the materialistic belief of Epicurus, “... it is wrong to work in order not to follow your religious changes of mind” (Marx K. and Engels F., Works, T. 40, p. 44). However, this compromise did not save Gassendi from the attacks of orthodox theologians and the rich ignorance of historians of philosophy.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M: Radyansk Encyclopedia. Goal. editor: L. F. Illichov, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalov, V. G. Panov. 1983.

Create: Opera omnia, v. 1-β, Lugduni, those, v. 1-6, 1658; Floren-tlae, 1727; among the Russians. Per.-Soch., T. 1-2, M., 1966-68.

Literature: Konyo J., P. G. - pioneer of epicuracy, "VF", 1956, M 3; Bikhovsky B. Ege., Gassendi, M., 1974; Rochot St., Les travaux de Gassendi..., P., 1944; P. Gassendi, 1592-1655. Sa vie et son oeuvre, P., .

Gassendi spoke against Cartesius (Descartes) about the innateness of ideas. Having said that, mathematical concepts may have a proven similarity, clarity and versatility, as Descartes hoped to show the innateness of geometric axioms, even though, over time, these ideas seem to Where they appear clear, they may appear incomprehensible. Gassendi tried to revive the philosophy of Epicurus. For whom it is important to rehabilitate Epicureanism before Christianity. Therefore, the central point of the great Gassendi’s mind is his ethical views. It is important that Epicurus's belief about hedonism has been misunderstood. We are first confronted with the concept of contentment, which means not as feeling contentment, but as pure happiness. The head honesty that a person may have is reasonableness. The result is the main line of Gassendi: “The philosophy of happiness is worth nothing else, like the philosophy of health” [Op. T. 1. P. 318]. The main idea of ​​a happy life is that Gassendi respects the absence of fear of death, and respects the fact that it is necessary to get out of the situation: death cannot subdue suffering, neither living nor dead.

Blinnikov L.V. Stylized dictionary of philosophical personalities. M., 2002.

Descartes' metaphysical system was subject to criticism from materialist positions back in the first half of the 17th century. The main opponent of Descartes's idea about the innate idea was the greatest representative of materialism directly from French philosophy. ї 17th century, prominent thinker and natural scientist Pierre Gassendi (1592-16).

Marx described this ideological polemic in the following way: “The metaphysics of the 17th century, whose main representative in France was Descartes, has been around since the day of its emergence as its antagonist, materialism. Materialism came out against Descartes in the particular Gassendi, which reinvigorated Epicurean materialism”*. Gassendi, who was born in 1624 having written a work entitled “Against the Aristotelians,” acting as an ally of Descartes in the fight against middle-century scholasticism. At the same time, he sharply criticized the dualistic nature of Descartes's philosophy, attempting to distinguish between knowledge and matter. Gasenda materialistically focused on food for the fulfillment of thoughts and thoughts, and stated that the main goal was the knowledge of empathetic knowledge.

Gassendi’s words about his mother’s life come from the views of Epicurus. Having learned that matter is eternal and indestructible, we draw from space and time to objective categories of action, emphasizing their infinity. Substantiating the right of people on earth to be happy, to truly satisfy their needs, Gassendi followed Epicurus in the nutrition of ethics. Gassendi clearly contrasted his ethical views with the ascetic worldview that is imposed by the church. Representatives of the reactionary camp, trying to destroy the Epicurean philosophy of Gassendi at any cost, called them immoral. In his work (the main one is the “System of Philosophy” - published after the death of the philosopher, in 1658), Gassendi set his tasks to break, test and reaffirm a truly humanistic view of moral views. in Epikura.

Gassendi was not consistent in his philosophical aspirations. Strong materialistic tendencies were aroused in his philosophy with the actions of theology, and with the knowledge of divine providence. However, these actions are of little significant external and impious nature.

Regardless of the obviousness of the song's contradictions, Gassendi's philosophy played an even more significant historical role. It was very early days when we poured into the development of advanced French literature. Gassendi's follower was such a creative and progressive writer as Cyrano de Bergerac. A serious influx was caused by Gassendi's opinion on the thoughts of Molière and La Fontaine. Thus, the influx of Gassendi into the literary life of the region immediately before the development of realistic trends and this becomes especially noticeable in the other half of the 17th century.

Notes

* K. Marx, The Holy Family, or Critique of Critical Criticism, K. Marx and F. Engels Works, T. 2, page 140.

Cited for the view: World History. Volume IV. M., 1958, p. 242-243.

Continue reading:

Philosophers, lovers of wisdom (biographical indicator).

Create:

Opera omnia.v. 1-6. Lugduni, 1658;

Works, vol. 1-2. M., 1966-68.

Literature:

Bikhovsky B. E. Gassendi. M., 1974;

Konyo J., P. G. - pioneer of epicuracy, "VF", 1956, M 3;

Brett G. S. The philosophy of Gassendi. L., 1908.

Rochot St., Les travaux de Gassendi..., P., 1944; P.

Gassendi, 1592-1655. Sa vie et son oeuvre, P.,
A dark-haired adjutant boy with long hair, his hands not letting go of the droplets, he sighed importantly, galloped there, killing people.
Napoleon stood up, called Caulaincourt and Berthier, and began to talk to them about justice, so as not to hesitate in battle.
In the middle of the river, which was beginning to occupy Napoleon, Berthier’s eyes turned towards the general with his retinue, who galloped to the mound on a sleepy horse. That's biv Beliar. Vin, having gotten off his horse, quickly walked up to the emperor and boldly, loudly began to convey the need for reinforcements. He swore on honor that the Russians died because the emperor would give another division.

Gasendi, or Gassend(French: Pierre Gassendi, 22nd day, Chantersieur near Day in Provence - 24th day, Paris) - French Catholic priest, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and descendant of ancient texts. Having contributed to rhetoric in Denis, and later becoming a professor of philosophy in Aix-en-Provence.

Biography

In his course, Gassendi was in such a position that he first laid out his veneration of Aristotle, and then showed his wickedness. The views of Copernicus and the works of Giordano Bruno, as well as the reading of the works of Peter Ramus and Louis Vives, left Gassendi with the inadequacy of Aristotelian physics and astronomy. The fruit of this exercise was a skeptical one “Exercitationes paradoxicae adversus Aristoteleos” (Grenoble, ). Once your work is completed, you will be encouraged. Even before the publication of his book, Gassendi, having lost his chair, lives either in Den, as a canon of the cathedral, or in Paris, making a trip to Belgium and Holland. During this trip, we became acquainted with Hobbes and saw () an analysis of the mystical devotion of the Rosicrucian Robert Fludd. He later wrote a critical analysis of Descartes' Thoughts (“Disquisitio adversus Cartesium”), which called for new polemics between both philosophers. Gasendi was one of the few people of the 17th century who were involved in the history of science.

Scientific activities

The philosophical system of Gassendi, published in his "Syntagma philosophicum", is the result of his historical research. These investigations led him (as later than Leibniz) to the realization that the thoughts of different philosophers, who are considered absolutely dissimilar, often differ in form. Most often, Gassendi leans towards the side of Epicurus, differing from him only in theological diets.

To be able to know the truth, we must find a middle ground between skeptics and dogmatists. With additional understanding we can recognize both the appearance and the very essence of speech; It is impossible to perceive, however, what is hidden, inaccessible to the human mind. Gassendi divides philosophy into physics, the subject of which is to trace the true meaning of speeches, and ethics - the science of being happy and doing it right with honesty. The introductions before them serve as logic, which is the mystery of correctly representing (idea), judging correctly (proposition), correctly arranging concepts (sylogism) and correctly developing concepts (method).

Gassendi's physics stands close to dynamic atomism. All natural phenomena are discovered in the open air at any time. This is the essence of “speech among one’s own family”, which is characterized by a number of positive attributes. How spacious, and the hour can be lost only in bodies: first, it is felt by the body, the other - by the hand of the body.

Translation of the works of P. Gassendi by the Russian language:

Gassendi P. Op. In 2 volumes - M., 1966-1968.

Translations of the Russian Gasenda

Memory

U 1935 r. International Astronomical Union named after Gassendi