Carthage - empire - history and death. Carthage: from its greatness to its fall Territorial expansion of Carthage

Visiting the ruins of Carthage is one of the most important excursions in Tunisia. Vlasna, on the territory of this region, Carthage is the only ancient monument. However, today the ruins of the thermal baths, which at one time served as a public hut for soldiers, are no longer accessible to tourists. It’s no less important to discover the ruins, take photographs and get to the current culture after all. And as we celebrate a good Russian year, we discover the history and legends of Carthage alive, with humor and with a strong sense of pride in our land.

Carthage is an old Phoenician power that was founded in 814-146. BC It was founded 70 years ago, near Rome! The capital of the state was Carthage. In Phoenician language this name is translated as “new place”. However, these bastards were reprimanded by the Punic Moya. Carthage was considered the most powerful power in the Western Mediterranean, stretching for several hundred years. But there is very little reliable information about him, and all that remains has been taken away from the warlords of Carthage. There are no letters, only stories about the Carthaginian commanders and sailors: Hannibal and Hamilcar. I, especially – about the founder of the empire, Queen Elissa (Didon).

Elissa

A long time ago, on the territory of the present Lebanon, the Phoenician city-state of Tire was reclaimed. After the death of the king, the throne went to the full-age princess Elissa and her brothers, the young prince Pygmalion. Aside from the fact, the power was ruled by the man Elisha Sikhei. Pygmalion, having grown up, ordered the death of the ruler, and his sister, fearing the man’s fate, fled from Tyre.

The princess's ships reached the shores of Deep Africa, and Elissa decided to rule here. Vaughn donated an expensive stone to the Libyan prince in exchange for the required plot of land. Having accepted the stone, the cunning king allowed the princess to occupy the land, as flat as the skin of a bik. Ale Elissa outwitted him. She ordered the skin to be cut into cords, stretched them out and fenced them off with a large territory.

The king was amazed at her ingenuity, and the princess had already deserved it, so he ordered to give her a fenced-off plot near Volodymyr. In this place there was a citadel called Byrsa (skin), and then on the hill and adjacent to the sea birch there was the place of Carthage with exits to the sea on day and night. Such expansion of the place allowed him to become a leader in maritime trade, and the remains of all the ships that sailed the Mediterranean Sea went between Sicily and the Tunisian coasts.

Before the speech, the residents of the place, like the founder, were famous for their business acumen. There were shipyards, a small port, two parts of which were connected by a narrow canal, so the place became the largest trading center of its time. Carthage became a monopolist in the sphere of imported metals. At the borders of the place, two artificial harbors were dug. One was intended for commercial trade, the other for the military fleet. Before it, there were 220 military ships!

On the isthmus, which separated the harbors, they built a majestic vault and carved out 37 km with its massive wall. The height of the town walls on some plots reached 12 m. The fortresses reliably seized the place from the side of the sea, and the monopoly on trade was supported by hired troops and a strong fleet.

Besides, the Carthaginians planted olive trees, harvested wheat, caught fish, planted orchards, planted vineyards, built houses, engaged in science, worked on various mechanisms, and wrote books. You know that the miraculous purple fabrics were visible far beyond the borders of Carthage! And before speaking, the Phoenicians themselves produced 22 letters, which later became the basis of the Latin and Greek sheets.

Carthage was divided into several identical living areas. The Birsa citadel stood in the center. The place had other ancient times, places of worship, a municipality, markets, a theater and a magnificent city.

And Elisha’s fate was tragic. The Libyan king would have wanted to take her away for his army, otherwise threatening to lose Carthage. The princess was worried, but for the record, the king would not, under any circumstance, attempt to take her place. After the merry ceremony, the proud queen, who did not disdain to be a retinue of an unloved man, threw herself out of the window. And Carthage was lost... It was considered one of the greatest places of old!

Religion

Since their Phoenician ancestors, the Carthaginians were declining the Canaanite religion. The main deity is Baal Hamm. It was noted that the Meskans soon made sacrifices to Carthage at the temple of Melqart near Tire. According to legends, the Carthaginians slaughtered slaves in the ancient times and traditionally sacrificed children - the first leaders of noble families; It is hardly possible to treat them 100%. Before that, the Romans had always presented their enemies as idiots.

Some historians confirm that the children who were born dead in Carthage were buried not in the necropolis, but on the grave, which archaeologists have identified as a place of sacrifice, since the remains of sacrificial creatures were found there. Also, there is no documented confirmation of the legend about those who, in their native land, the Carthaginians sacrificed the first born boy.

Perhaps the remaining role in the escalated situation was played by Christian priests, who, even negatively regarded as paganism, treated the parishioners with terrible legends about sacrifice. However, there is no doubt about the fact that troops were sacrificed to the gods. The Carthaginians also fought, and the Phoenicians fought on the walls of Tire when the place was invaded by the Greek-Macedonian armies in the 4th century AD. Such cruelty is a holon in the veins of blood, and not history.

Rozkvit to Carthage

After the death of Elisha, the monarchy in Carthage was reduced and became an oligarchic republic. The Carthaginians became friends with the local inhabitants and began to be called not Phoenicians, but Punics. Vlada belonged to the aristocracy. The main body was the Council of Elders, which initially consisted of 10 people, and later – of 30 people. Formally, I mean the role of public gatherings, but in reality they have rarely taken place before.

Then, in order to resist the need to deny all power, Carthage created a panel of judges, which consists of 104 individuals. His task is to bring justice to the possible owners after the completion of their re-importance. Ale zgod glad suddiv herself became a zoseredzhennyam of power. Two sufeti respected the Vikonav and the ship's power, their voices in which they were openly bathing. Rada 104 was designated as pentarchy - special commissions of people who belong to noble families. The Commander-in-Chief instructed the group of elders to use uninterpretable terms and give them broad duties. Officials made their bundles for free.

The peoples who inhabited Carthage had few different social rights. There were Libyans on the lower side. They paid the highest taxes and were recruited to the army. Sicilian residents were subject to "Sidonian law". At that very hour the stench could trade freely. Those who came from the Phoenician places annexed to Carthage received new civil rights. Peoples who were not related to the Phoenicians were also subject to “Sidonian law.”

Army

The Naiman served with great importance in the army of Carthage. The basis of desire was African, Gallic, Greek and Spanish Naiman. Honorable Carthaginians served at an important kinonot, which was called the “sacred corral.” In antiquity, the Numedians were respected as masters. The Voni, as well as the Iberians, became the basis of the hired cavalry. Light hunting was carried out by the Iberians, Citrates and Balearic slingers, and heavy hunting was carried out by the Skuta. The important Spanish cavalry was also highly valued.

The Celtiberian tribes fought long double swords in battle. Elephants played an important role; there were about 300 of them. Technically, the army was equipped with ballists, catapults and other projectiles. Until the end of the founding of Carthage, the commander-in-chief became a military man, so to speak about monarchical tendencies.

At the hour of the Punic wars, the democratic opposition gained strength, but it began to play a major role in the rebirth of Carthage. Regardless of the corruption of the system, the country has little colossal state income that allowed it to develop successfully. Before that, despite the fact that Carthage was actually ruled by an oligarchy, the decisions were praised by the plebs - the people.

Carthaginian merchants gradually conquered new markets. In 480 BC seafarer Gіmilkon diyshov to British Cornwall, rich in tin. After 30 years, Hanno left his homeland of Carthaginia, leaving for the great expedition. 60 ships carried 30,000 men and women. The stench settled in various parts of the coast and founded new colonies. It is important that Hanno could reach the Guinean inlet and the shores of Cameroon.

After the Phoenician influx at the end of the Mediterranean Sea weakened, Carthage supported itself with numerous Phoenician colonies, adding to the Spanish Spain, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia, Pivna from early Africa to the 3rd century BC. becoming the largest power in the Western Mediterranean. Carthaginian battle galleries and trade wars sailed along the Atlantic Ocean, reaching the shores of Ireland, England and Cameroon.

Carthage was respected by another power for its wealth, after Persia, and the first military power. At that time, the flow of Greece, which had been the constant enemy of Carthage, changed significantly. Rome became a strong power.

Having heard the story about Carthage, one cannot help but guess Hannibal. He was the son of Hamilcar Bark. After becoming a military leader, Hannibal himself began to look for the drive for war.

In 218 BC Hannibal buried the Spanish city of Saguntum, an ally of Rome. The Carthaginian commander-in-chief led the army into the territory of Italy bypassing the Alps. He achieved victories at Trebia, Ticinus and Lake Trasimene. A 216 BC Hannibal crushed the Romans at Cannae, as a result, until Carthage acquired a significant part of Italy, including another important place - Capua.

Fall to Carthage

After a series of Punic wars against the Roman Empire, Carthage lost its conquests in 146 BC. once established and became a province of Africa. Marcus Porcius Cato in the Roman Senate repeatedly repeated the phrase “Carthage is about to be destroyed!”, which became famous, and he achieved his goal. The place was taken by attack by Roman troops under the conduct of Emilian Spicion, who, watching the death of a mighty power, wept. 55,000 Carthaginians died and were sold into slavery. After the death of Julius Caesar, a colony was founded here.

According to the legend, the native lands of Carthage were covered with fire, and nothing could grow on them for a long time. From that moment on, Tunisia’s people are respected with an even filthy sign. Also, the conquerors took all the gold and valuables from Carthage, and burned the place. As a result, the famous Carthaginian library perished and all the chronicles about the Punic wars became available.

The place that previously reigned over half of the ancient world turned into ruins. Instead of the palace of the admiral of the Carthaginian fleet, the columns and blocks of yellow stone were lost. The foundations of the temple of the gods and the acropolis were deprived of stone.

At 420-430 pp. Separatist slaughter began, lands were seized by the German tribe of Vandals, and the Western Roman Empire lost control of the province. Carthage became the capital of the Vandal power.

After the Byzantine Emperor Justinian conquered Eastern Africa, Carthage became the capital of the Carthaginian Exarchate, and after being conquered by the Arabs, it lost its significance.

The historical benefit lies in the fact that the Romans and Carthaginians did not negotiate a peace treaty after the ruin of Carthage, the third Punic War from a legal point of view was in 2131. Just 2 years ago, 1985, the kings of Rome and Carthage, having reborn, signed a treaty of peace and mutual reconciliation.

The death of ancient Carthage

In the first volume of our work we learned about the various directions of the activities of the Phoenicians; We were told that the stinks had begun to smell on the Mediterranean Sea earlier, and that Greek trade had expanded; that the industrious merchants of Tire and Sidon established settlements on all the shores and islands of their sea, caught purple shells, opened mines in localities rich in metals, and carried on an extremely vigilant trade in natural resources. rich tribes; that the riches of Spain and Africa were brought on “Pharcian ships” to the wonderful trading place of Phoenicia, that the tyrants under the intercession of Melqart, the “king” of their “place”, founded factories and places among the for trade in places of the Mediterranean coast. We also believed that, due to internal affairs (I, 505 and so on), some of the rich people left Tyre and slept on the mission of the African coast opposite Sicily, Carthage, “New Place”; that because of the geniality of the surroundings, the development of a place favorable for trade, the adaptability, awareness and business competence of its inhabitants, the place soon achieved great power and became richly rich and the strongest for Tyr.

Expansion of the panorama of Carthage in Africa

From the very beginning, with the head turbo of the Carthaginians, it was possible to increase their control over many more regions. From the very beginning, they were afraid to give tribute and gifts to the kings of land-based agricultural and shepherd tribes, so that the huts would avoid attacks on them. Aside from the stench, often due to Rozum’s overload and secretive policies, sometimes by force they formed the basis of the colonies in the lands of these tribes, they came to subjugate them to themselves. The Carthaginians attracted the Numidian kings to themselves with honors, gifts, and other means, including the fact that they gave them girls for their noble titles.

By establishing their trading colonies, the Carthaginians achieved these same benefits. as the Romans formed the basis of the military colonies: they added peace to the capital of the restless poor people, gave these poor people good fortune, and expanded their language. their religious and civil principles, their nationality, and thereby marked their dominance over the great regions. Migrants from Phoenicians introduced the Canaanite element to ancient Africa, and from them the Livophonicians, a people who resembled the mixed colonists with the Tubilians, becoming dominant in the coastal regions of Zeugitania And Bizakia, and it rises up to the sea. The Phoenician language and civilization penetrated far into the depths of Libya; at the courts of the kings of the nomadic tribes they spoke and wrote in Phoenician.

The Levothinians, who lived all over the country in villages and other unfortified places, were very dear to the inhabitants of the trading places of the seaside. Rejecting a great profit from agriculture, they paid Carthage a significant land tax, supplied trading places with grub and various other goods; Numidian tribes escaped from the raids of shepherds, roamed on ample pastures according to the schema of Atlas, accustomed them to agriculture, a sedentary way of life; became the bulk of the Carthaginian troops and the leading element of the settlers at the base of the colonies overseas; were sailors and soldiers on the Carthaginian pier, sailors and soldiers on Carthaginian ships.

The hired armies of the Carthaginians were recruited in large part from the Lithuanian villagers, the local people, and the natives of the region. Numidian tribes brought food to the Phoenicians and wandered around the deserted outskirts. The Carthaginian giants set up a sacred enclosure, having sent away their military leaders. The Levothian hunt with the Numidian army and with a small number of Carthaginians produced a good army, which fought well under the command of the Carthaginian generals both in Africa and at sea, and in foreign lands. But the greedy merchants of Carthage squeezed the agricultural and shepherd population of Africa, exclaiming on themselves the hatred that was often revealed by the careless rebels, who took fierce revenge.

Ruins of ancient Carthage on the mountain of Birsa

Having achieved great power, Carthage easily gained control over those Phoenician colonies that had been founded earlier: Hippo, Hadrumet, Velika Leptida, Mala Leptida, Thaps and other places on that coast (I, 524) afraid to recognize the ruler of Carthage and pay youmu danina; some of them submitted voluntarily, others submitted by force; Only Utica has preserved its independence. Subject to Carthage, the Phoenician cities of Africa gave you everything and paid taxes, the amount of which became significant; In fact, their inhabitants could gain land power in the Carthaginian Volodynia; Their love affairs with the Carthaginian families were full rights, and they were rewarded by the intercession of the Carthaginian laws.

Navigation of ancient Carthage

Supporting the maritime regions, the Carthaginians made long voyages and carried out trade on a wide scale. Before us, there is a Greek translation of the story about the expedition of Hanno, a brave Carthaginian sailor, who wrote a Phoenician account of his discovery and sent him to the temple of Baal. Out of 60 ships and a great number of settlers, they set off for the Hercules steps, sailing to the last coast of Africa, rounding the “Pivdennyi Mys” and falling asleep on five settlements, most unlike any other stays on the island of Kerne (I, 524). The Carthaginians carried on a lucrative trade there, taking advantage of the smooth-haired, black-skinned women who saved elephant tassels, leopard skins, and leftover skins for the selection of pottery.

It seems that the Carthaginians had seen the island of Madeira, and that they were thinking of moving there, as the enemies would kill them in the Fatherland. Near the hour that Hanno had completed his voyage, another trade expedition of the Carthaginians, having inherited the butt of the Tyrians, went as far as the western coast of Ireland (I, 527). Through the mediation of pastoral tribes, the Carthaginians conducted active trade with central Africa. Caravan routes from Egyptian Thebes, deserted to Carthage, converged near the lower Fezzan; There the Carthaginians traded gold sand, expensive stones and black slaves for dates, palm wine and salt.

Fileni

After a long struggle with the Cyrenian Greeks, the Carthaginians began to talk about what was happening between them; there was a passage through the desert and was clearly marked for the Carthaginians, in recognition of the self-sacrifice of the Philenians, who were ready to die at the expense of the Fatherland.

Mova believed that they would immediately leave Kyrenia and Carthage after facing each other, and they would meet, and there would be a cordon. The Carthaginian ambassadors were two Phileni brothers. The stench came out even more quickly and went a long way, but they started to smell. The Kirensky ambassadors, angry and afraid of recognizing the punishment of the Fatherland, began to call them out for deception and accused them of choosing to choose, or being alive, in the place where the stench was confirmed, that there was a fire here cordon, or allow it to be pushed far away from Kireni; The Kerensk ambassadors themselves called out their prayers at the place where they wanted to recognize the cordon. The Philenians donated their lives for the Fatherland and were buried in whatever place they came to. There it became a cordon. The Carthaginians placed “altars of the Philenians” on their graves and erected monuments in their honor.

Colonies of ancient Carthage

The Carthaginian lands were not bordered by African lands. When the Nineveh and Babylonian kings began to attack Phenicia and their power fell, the Persians subdued them and forced the Phenician sailors to engage in service on military ships instead of trading (I, 509, 534 seq.), Carthage, respecting itself as the descendant of Tire, the giants of which reasons, having taken a fancy to the Phoenician colonies overseas. We learned (I, 517 et seq., 521 seq.) that the destruction of Tire in Spain was already far away, that its inhabitants mined expensive metals there, exported wool and fish for production, and fished along the Spanish shores and purple shells like Farsian ships, on the Persian ships, with their heads, became the pride of Tyre, the peoples who sailed from Phoenicia were amazed; all the Spanish Volodynia of Thira, which had rich Hades as its center, submitted to Carthage either voluntarily or with primus; The Phœnician colonies were also established on the Balearic and Piteous Islands. The wealth of these factories and the treasures of the Spanish mines now went to Carthage; The colonies of Tire in modern Spain began, like the African ones, to pay tribute and give military goods to Carthage. The Phoenician colonies on the Italian islands were subordinated to him. Between 550 and 450, the heads of the Carthaginian fleets and the military Mago, his blues (Gazdrubal, Hamilcar) and onuks subjugated to Carthage all the colonies and factories of Tire in Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily, Malta and There are a lot of Tubil tribes on these islands. The ancient Phoenician colony, on the island of Sardinia, Caralis (Cagliari) was enriched with new settlers; The Libyan colonies began to settle the native coastal parts of the island, the Tubilians went to the mountains of the central part of slavery. From Corsica, the Carthaginians exported honey and wine; on Elba (Etalia), rich in salivary ore, they began to mine salivary.

If the Phocaeans, who had flown from the Persians, wanted to settle in Corsica, the Carthaginians, having met the Etruscans, drove them out (II, 387). The Carthaginians tried their best to prevent their insecure rivals, the Greeks, from settling on the shores of the outer part of the Mediterranean Sea and, if possible, encircling their colonies that were already founded there. For this purpose they arranged a trade agreement with Rome and Latium, about which we had already guessed; Their squadrons sailed from the Spanish islands to attack Masalia; at the same time as Xerxes poured into Greece, Hamilcar flowed from the great army to Sicily; This expedition ended, as we know, with the defeat of Himer (II, 513 f.). The Carthaginians established, under their rule, the old Phoenician colonies in Sicily: Motiu, Solunt and Panormus, Lilybeus slept there; This beautiful island, rich in bread, wine and olive oil, which is such a good place for trade, was considered extremely important for their trade and colonization activities. In the present day, we are proud that the 20th century fought hard against the Greeks for control of Sicily; Already, the stench reached only the back end of the Galika River; Other coastal regions were taken over by the Greeks, and in the mountains of the central part the Tubilians continued to graze their herds: Elimi, Sikani, Sikels, and served as Naimans of either the Carthaginian or Greek armies. On the neighboring islands of Sicily, Lipari, Egypt, and other other islands and in Malta, the Carthaginians had ports and warehouses for goods.

Carthaginian may not exist

In such a way, from the Tyrian factor, Carthage became the capital of a great power, the place is so rich that there were hardly any other trading places equal to its power. From Tingis to the Great Sirta, all the places and tribes of ancient Africa submitted to you: some paid tribute, others gave army, and the crops of the Carthaginian giants were raised. Volodya was rich in places, piers and fortifications along all the shores and islands of the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, the Carthaginians respected their power and deprived there of little space for Etruscan and Greek trade. Having profited from the products of these lands, gaining great wealth from them, they also profited from the forces of the Tubilians for their military. Many of the western tribes served under the Carthaginian ensigns. From the corrals of the Carthaginian giants, who were so rich in armor, there was a long list of Lebanese infantry going on before the battle. Numidian leaders, dressed in skins, rode on small hot horses and fought with javelins; Spanish and Gallic Naimans in their national costumes, lightly dressed Ligurians and Campanians helped them; the terrible Balearic slingers threw leaden bullets with their belts with such force that it was similar to the action of towel shots.

Prosperity of the Carthaginian region

The income of Carthage was greater. Mala Leptida paid him a whopping 365 talents (over 500,000 rubles); From this it can be concluded that the amount of tribute from all regions of the state reached colossal figures; In addition, great incomes were generated by digging pits, mita, and land taxes for the villagers. The state's income was so great that the Carthaginian giants needed to pay taxes. The stink of the kvituchy mill. In addition to the income from the great trade, from factories, they took a penny fee, and part of the product from their marks, which lay in the original native land, occupied the prime plantings of selective tributes and rulers and in places and districts subordinate to Carthage. Descriptions of Carthage and its surroundings by Polybius, Diodorus and other ancient writers show that the wealth of the Carthaginians was even greater. These descriptions say that the Carthaginian region was covered with gardens and plantations, because there were canals running through it, which provided sufficient income. There were endless rows of castle booths, which bore witness to their writing about the wealth of the rulers. The lives of the Carthaginians were filled with all sorts of speeches that required strength and patience. Worried about the travails of the world, the Carthaginians collected large reserves of them. Through the Carthaginian region there were endless vineyards, olive fields, and orchards. With monstrous bows, lines of horned thinness, sheep and cattle grazed; in the lower reaches there were majestic Kinsky creeks. There is delicious rice bread in the fields; There was especially plenty of wheat and barley. Numerous places and small towns of the fertile Carthaginian region were filled with vineyards, pomegranates, fig trees, and all sorts of other orchards. Goodwill was evident everywhere, because the noble Carthaginians loved to live in their own houses and talked among themselves about their improvements. Agriculture was practiced among the Carthaginians at the farmstead; These little agronomic works are so good that the Romans have been transferring these books to mine for years, and the Roman government recommended them to the Italian rural rulers. Just as the segal appearance of the land is indicative of the wealth of the Carthaginians, so the vastness and beauty of the capital, the majesty of its fortification, the richness of the huge buildings, showed the power of the power, the wisdom and generosity of its order.

Geographical expansion of Carthage

Carthage stood on a bridge that connected with the mainland by a narrow isthmus; This place was more convenient for maritime trade and at the same time more convenient for defense. The shore was steep, and after the flood from the sea the place was surrounded by only one wall, but from the mainland side it was surrounded by a third row of walls, which were 30 lects in height and reinforced with ropes. Between the walls there were living quarters for soldiers, food warehouses, film sheds, sheds for fighting elephants. The harbor on the side of the open sea was intended for merchant ships, and the other, which was called Coton, after the name of the island located in it, served for military ships. There were arsenals on the island. Near the military harbor there was a public gathering square. The square is wide, filled with tall buildings, the main street of the place led to the citadel, which was called Birsa: from Birsa there is a climb of 60 steps to the top of the hill, on which stood the rich, famous temple of Esculapius (Esmuna).

Sovereign structure of ancient Carthage

Now we are obliged to learn about the power structures of Carthage, as much as we know about the scanty details.

Aristotle said that in the sovereign structure of Carthage there were united aristocratic and democratic elements, but the aristocratic ones were more important; It is also good to know that the Carthaginians had noble canopies with their power, the people were not at all concerned about their participation in government. From this it is important that Carthage preserved from the Galician rices those installations that were founded in Tyre and lay in all Phoenician places (I, 511, etc.). The most honorable canopies retained all the magistrate's power in their hands, although their wealth contributed not only to their nobility, but also to wealth, the particular merits of their members were also of little great importance. The Uryadova Rada, what the Greeks call gerusia, and the Romans call it the Senate, formed for the aristocrats; the number of its members was 300; he had the greatest power of sovereign rights; The committee was formed by either 10 or 30 members. The ruler was headed by two dignitaries, who were called sufet (judges); old scribes compare them either with the Spartan kings or with the Roman consuls; So people always think that their rank is former, and others that they were taken to the river. Another idea needs to be taken into account by all: the river elections are more in line with the character of the aristocratic republic, rather than the dignity of the rank. The exact right was probably in charge of a council of ten (or thirty) senators with the participation of sufets; Roman writers call the members of the ceremonies for the sake of principles; Important events were immediately tied up in secret elections to the Senate. These meals, the greatest of which the Vladimir Senate perceived, and which the Council and the Senate could not bear to agree with each other, gave decisions to the people's assemblies, which, it seems, lay in the Vlada's power to confirm and elect a dignitary And military leaders, elected by the Senate. Ale seemed to be burning, people's gatherings were flowing in and out. Head to the senate, sufeti. They were in front of the judge. Whether they were sufeti by the commander-in-chief in their rank, or whether they took away the power of the commander-in-chief only for special reasons, we do not know; We also don’t know whether they might have been offended during the campaign, or whether one of them would have been lost in the city for the administration of administrative and judicial rights. The military leadership of the commander-in-chief was uncircumscribed; Proceeding from the hour of the conclusion of the agreements, we will submit to the Duma Committee of Senators, accompanying the army. To protect the power from the power of military leaders, the aristocracy has long been asleep “Rada Sta”, as it was the guardian of the natural order, which has little right to bring military leaders to justice and punish all evildoers.

In the aristocratic powers, there will always be a number of nicknames, which loom as a great influx on the powers to claim their great wealth. If any of these nicknames gain special fame with their merits, there may be great commanders who pass on their military knowledge to their children, then they take away such respect in the power that they can easily be blamed Thoughts about the ordering of Fatherland’s veneration. In the first half of the 6th century, the military leader Malchus (Malchus), punished those expelled for failure in the war on the island of Sardinia, marched from the army from Carthage and rose on the cross ten senators who were warlords of the Youmu. The Senate caught up with this ambitious man, otherwise he might have been afraid of other such tests. The trouble became especially great from that hour, as the majestic nickname of Mago, the founder of the power of the Carthaginians at sea, the first commander who won great conquests beyond the borders of Africa, arose with a great influx; Yogo was gifted with spadkovs in three generations of his offspring. To protect the power from the ambition of the military leaders, the Senate chose from its middle council the Council, which was entrusted with reviewing the actions of the military leaders after their return from war and keeping them in obedience to the laws. Such was the march of the dirty college, which was called the joy of the Sta. It was founded, we believe, to protect the republican order, but later became a political inquisition, before the despotic power of which it is not enough for everyone to bow down. Aristotle equals Stad's joy with the Spartan ephors. She was not satisfied with this, in order to tidy up the maliciousness of military leaders and other ambitious people, giving herself the right to guard the way of life of the citizens. The military leaders, who were recognized by misfortune, were punished with such cruelty that many, having spared themselves a living, were willing to face a cruel trial. Until then, Sta’s good fortune had come well ahead of schedule. "At Carthage". To say to Levi (XXXIII, 46) “The Committee of the Judgments” (that is, the Council of the Hundred), as they get by with the continuity of this life, is complacent. Myno, honor, the lives of each person are in their hands. Whoever makes one of them his enemy is the enemy of all of them, and if people are judged by enemies, then there will not be a shortage of accusers.” Members for the sake of the Sta gave their rank a seniority and increased the strength of the fact that they themselves recruited their comrades for the vacant seats. Hannibal for the consolidation of a democratic party, imbued with patriotism and which attempted to transform the state, taking parental rank from members for the sake of the Hundred and Century ancient elections of its members; This reform was important until the oligarchic government was replaced by a democratic one.

Religion of ancient Carthage

Just as the Carthaginians preserved the order of their sovereignty, which they had found in Tyre, so in their religion they followed the Phoenician beliefs and rituals, although they established in other peoples the deities and forms of cult, controversial and with their names. The Phoenician deities of nature, who had had separate powers, were once again lost to the gods of the Carthaginians. The Tyrian Melqart retained among the Carthaginians the importance of the supreme tribal god, among others, already from the fact that they regularly sent embassies and gifts to his Tyrian temple. At the presentation about him, special attention was paid to the people who were engaged in maritime trade; he had a symbolic union with Astarte-Didon, the patroness of Carthage; serving him was a link that connected all the Phoenician settlements; This is why it was of great importance to the Carthaginians, and its cult was the most important among them. We have already learned (I, 538 et seq.) that the stinks were saved in the deepest fear of the terrible service of the god of the sun and the fire of Moloch, whose sacrifices took away such a tragic development. The national character of the Phoenicians was deeply rooted in the contrasts of cunningness and confusion, low tolerance for flavors and vigor to the extreme, readiness for self-reeling, masculine energy and sloppy distribution, it was understood there is no servility, no love to the delight of pleasure, and coarse cruelty; These contrasts were evident in the servant Astarte and Moloch; Therefore, the Carthaginians loved his table, because their rituals and human sacrifices to Moloch lost all their strength in them, if in Tyria itself there was dissolution and non-humans were already depleted by the influx of Persians, Greeks and Roses a twist of humanity.

“The religious view of the Carthaginians was gloomy and gloomy,” like Betticher: “with a sad soul, and with a hint of amusement at the benefit of the deity, the mother sacrificed her beloved child to a terrible idol; This is the whole character of the people’s life. Just as the religion of the Carthaginians was cruel and servile, so the stench itself was gloomy, slavish to the order, cruel to subjects and strangers, proud in rot, fearful in fear. The vile sacrifices to Moloch drowned out all human feelings in them; “It is not surprising that with cold cruelty they mercilessly tormented and beat down enemies, and did not spare the temples or tombs of the enemy’s land in their fanaticism.” On the island of Sardinia, people of advanced ages also made sacrifices to the god of the war with mortified laughter (from which laughter the deeds derive sardonic laughter). It would have been better for the Carthaginians not to believe in the same gods, but rather to believe in such gods as Plutarch, who had a strong religious desire.

The liturgical rites of the Carthaginians were just as inextricably linked with all the right-wing political and military life as they were among the Romans. The military leaders made sacrifices before the battle and during the hour of the battle; During the military period, the will of the gods was subject to change; trophies could be brought to the temples; when the new colony was founded, they built a temple for the deity who would be its patron; At the hour of the conclusion of the treaties, deities were called upon as witnesses, and especially the deities of fire, earth, wind, water, onion and river; in honor of the people, who gave great services to the witch, altars and temples were built; So, for example, Hamilcar, who sacrificed himself in the battle of Himer to the god of fire, the Phileni brothers, Alet, who discovered the ore in New Carthage, walked around like heroes, and erected temples as altars to them. Like Tire and Carthage, the high priest was the first dignitary after the main rulers of the state.

Character of the Carthaginians

Looking around, it was established by the Carthaginians that they brought to the last development of rice, which is characteristic of the Semitic tribe and especially the Phoenician Galusia. In all families, hisism is clearly manifested: it is revealed in their adaptability to the added income of trade and industry and their fragmentation into smaller, closed powers, poles and families. Having embraced the development of energy and respected the guilt of similar despotism, in which the peculiarity fades into oblivion, involuntarily; He also focused his thoughts exclusively on real life, imagining some ideal and humane concerns, often trying to sacrifice the good of the kingdom for the benefit of the party, or for particular interests. The Carthaginians had a lot of goodies, born in high spirits; Their great adaptability led them to great deeds and discovered trade routes to distant unknown lands; Their practical mind improved the way of development in Phenicia, thereby facilitating the development of human culture; Their patriotism was so strong that they willingly sacrificed everything for the benefits of Fatherlandism; Their army was miraculously blessed; Their fleets were lost in the western seas; Their ships surpassed all others in size and speed; The life of their state was more orderly and less important than that of most other republics of the ancient world; Their places and villages were rich. And along with these important dishes, they enjoyed great wadi and wadi. Since then, they have been trying in all sorts of ways, both by force and cunning, to entice other peoples to participate in their trade and, evil with their strength at sea, they often engage in piracy; they were merciless to their subjects, they did not allow them to take away the rich benefits from the victories that had been gained for their alliance, they did not want to bind them to themselves with kind, fair rewards; the stench was fierce until their slaves, who worked without human beings on their ships, in their mines, in their trade and trade; the stench was savory and unpleasant due to their hired troops. The life of their state suffered from aristocratic despotism, the conquest of many towns in the same hands, the corruption of dignitaries, and ignorance of the hidden good through the benefits of the party. Wealth and the innate sophistication of the sensitive people led them to such luxury and immorality that all the peoples of the ancient world condemned their emptiness; develops from their religious rituals, reaching the stench of abominations. Endowed with a strong mind, they exploited their talents not so much for the development of science, literary and artistic activity, but for the development of cunning, obtaining benefits for themselves by deception. The stinks were so selfishly at the expense of other innate Semitic peoples’ penetrating and fiddly minds that they became “Punic”, so that the Carthaginian “dumbness” became an order, for the purpose of marking a senseless approach i.

Literature and science of ancient Carthage

They gave up on ideal goals and did not value the most profound activities; they did not create culture, like the Greeks, they did not create a legitimate sovereign order, like the Romans, they did not create astronomy, like the Babylonians and Egyptians; There is a stench in the technical mysteries, it seems that not only did not overcome the Tyrians, but they were not equal to them. Perhaps this literature was as worthless as it is when all its creators die; Perhaps the stench of small garni of books, depleted by the terrible military storms that devastated the Carthaginian region; Apart from the fact that all Carthaginian literature perished, one can conclude that there is little great internal goodness; Otherwise, all of this might not have been known without a trace in such hours, as far from the diminution of intellectual interests, more would have been saved from it, no mention of Hanno’s expedition in the Greek translation, Mago’s treatise on agriculture dominion and unimportant news about those that the Romans gave to his allies, the tubal kings, Carthaginian books of historical significance and other literary works. The field of poetry was far from the Carthaginians, philosophy was an unknown secret place for them; Mysticism in them served more than luxury and bliss. Even though they were talking about the reality of life, they did not know the great sorrows, they did not know the peace of mind and happiness that brings love to ideal blessings, they did not know the eternally young kingdom of fantasy, which is not affected by the daily blows of fate.

"Carthage may be ruined" (Latin Carthago delenda est, Carthaginem delendam esse) - Latin crylatian viraza, which means an effortless call to fight the enemy or overcome the enemy. In a more broad sense, there is a steady turn to that same nutrition, regardless of the underlying topics of discussion.

Carthage (Phoenix. Qart Hadasht, Latin Carthago, Arabic قرطاج, Carthage, French Carthage, ancient Greek Καρχηδών) is an ancient place in the territory of Tunisia, near the capital of the region - the city of Tunis , near the capital's warehouse.

The name Qart Hadasht (in the Punic record without the voiced Qrthdst) is translated from the Phoenician language as “new place”.

Throughout its history, Carthage was the capital of the power of Carthage, founded by the Phoenicians, one of the largest powers in the Mediterranean. After the Punic Wars, Carthage was captured and conquered by the Romans, and then recovered and became the most important place of the Roman Empire in the province of Africa, a great cultural, and then early Christian church center. Then it was buried by vandals and became the capital of the Vandal kingdom. After the Arab conquest I fell again.

Currently, Carthage is the capital of Tunisia, where the presidential residence and the University of Carthage are located.

In 1831, the family in Paris had an open partnership with Carthage. Since 1874, excavations of Carthage were carried out under the supervision of the French Academy of Letters. Since 1973, investigations into Carthage have been carried out under the umbrella of UNESCO.

Carthaginian power

Carthage foundations in 814 BC e. colonists from the Phoenician city of Thira. After the fall of the Phoenician tide, Carthage consolidated its large Phoenician colonies and became the capital of the largest power in the Western Mediterranean. Until the 3rd century BC. e. The Carthaginian power is subordinate to Northern Spain, Southern Africa, western Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica. After a series of wars against Rome (Punic Wars), having lost their conquests and the beginning of the 146th century BC. That is, its territory was converted into the province of Africa.

Roztashuvannya

Carthage was founded on a mission with entrances to the sea on evenings and days. The growth of the place made him the leader of the Mediterranean maritime trade. All the ships that move the sea inevitably passed between Sicily and the shores of Tunisia.

Between the place there were two great harbors: one for the military fleet, capable of accommodating 220 military ships, and the other for commercial trade. To the isthmus that overlooks the harbor, I look forward to a majestic look, marked by a wall.

Roman era

Julius Caesar founded a Roman colony on the site of the destruction of Carthage (it was founded after his death). Due to the rapid expansion of trade routes, the place soon grew again and became the capital of the Roman province of Africa, which included the lands of the ancient Tunisia.

After Rome

At the hour of the Great Migration of Peoples and the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, Southern Africa the bula was buried by Vandals and Alans who built Carthage as the capital of their empire. This power arose until 534, when the commanders of the congenial Roman emperor Justinian I turned the African lands into the empire. Carthage became the capital of the Carthaginian Exarchate.

Padinnya

After the conquest of Southern Africa Arabs The new center of the Africa region was founded by them in 670 in the city of Kairouan, and Carthage ended shortly thereafter.

Carthage- An ancient power, founded in 814 BC. e. Phoenicians. Phoenicians- a people who inhabited the shores of the Mediterranean Sea a long time ago. These people created a strong civilization with a rich culture. This civilization evolved from independent local powers. The greatest potential is in the place of Tire (located on the day of modern Lebanon). The axis of immigrants from Tiru also settled in the place of Carthage (translated from Phoenician as “New Place”), which became the capital of the power of the same name.

This is what the city of Carthage looked like

According to legend, Queen Dido (Elissa) fell asleep in the city of Carthage. His brother Pygmalion reigned over Tyre. And Didoni’s man was Sihei, Tire’s richest man. Pygmalion was not given peace of mind by his wealth. On the 7th birthday of his reign, he killed Sychei. The widow did not lose anything as she left Tyre.

Vaughn floated on the ships as they set in with their most faithful people. After many days of sailing, the ship arrived at the shores of Libya (Pivnichnaya Africa). There, the local king Iarbant arrived from the distant lands of the Zustras. Dido became angry again, lamenting to see her piece of earth. The king was surprised to know that the earth was as thick as the skin of an ox.

Then the queen cut the skin into thin strips and sharpened a whole mountain of them. On this mountain a fortress (citadel) was built under the name Byrsa - this is how the history of Carthage began. The expansion of the place turned out to be extremely remote for trade. On evenings and holidays you can go to the sea. There were two separate harbors for military and merchant fleets.

The state of Carthage at the beginning of the 3rd century BC. e. on the map

The place grew up on the snowy edge of Africa, and as of now it was not far from Sicily. Merchant ships scurried back and forth across the Mediterranean Sea and steadily entered this safe and easy to theft seaport. Trade was active, and Carthage began to gain wealth and strength.

A favorable situation arose in the 8th century BC. That is, if Assyria buried Phenicia. As a result, refugees from the Phoenicians poured into Carthage in droves. The status of the place is now viral, and power colonies have begun to be established along the coast of Southern Africa and Western Spain. The Phoenicians called Carthage a “bright place”, and later they found 300 places, surrounding the Phoenician world.

Instructed by Carthage, the ancient Greeks began colonizing the Mediterranean. They ruled in Sicily, gaining complete control over the central regions of the Mediterranean. The largest settlement among the Greeks took the place of Syracuse. Sicily itself became the arena in which the military conflict between the Greeks and Phoenicians swelled.

Carthage Mav with his army of war elephants

This conflict was taking place during the Sicilian War. The small battle of Himera in 480 BC is of great historical significance. That is, for hegemony over Sicily, the Carthaginian army was defeated in this battle. After this, Sicily became an obsessive idea for Carthage. A low, uninterrupted storm began, and until 340 BC. That is, the Phoenicians were able to control the western part of the island. And until 307 BC. That is, the stench was noticeable throughout the entire territory of Sicily.

On the cob of the 3rd century BC. e. Carthage transformed into the most powerful and richest ancient power. The population of the place reached 700 thousand. people The state treasury was simply bursting with gold, and it seemed that there was no power capable of throwing a cry to the Phoenician state. The Roman Republic itself began to lay claim to serious conquest.

The Romans suffered complete panic in the Mediterranean, and their supermundane ambitions clashed with the no less ambitious ambitions of Carthage. The Romans called the Phoenicians Punics in the Latin manner. 264 BC That is, the Persha Punic War began between Rome and Carthage. Trivala won to 241 roku BC. That is, it ended with the loss of Sicily and a great indemnity for the benefit of Rome.

Roman assault on Carthage

The other Punic War lasted from 218 to 201 BC. e. Here the Carthaginian commander Hannibal (247-183 BC) entered the political arena of Viyshov. Before the war, Carthage conquered Spain. There the city of New Carthage (Cartagena) was founded, which turned into a great administrative and commercial center of the Western Mediterranean.

Hannibal chose Spain itself as a springboard for an attack on Rome. I spring 218 rock to star. e. from a strong military, who had 59 thousand. warriors and 37 elephants, through the Pyrenees and Galiya Viyshov to the Alps. Then the historic crossing of the Alps took place and Hannibal’s army settled on the territory of Italy. Initially, this expansion was extremely successful for the Punics. During the military campaigns, serious defeats were inflicted on the Romans.

The very important Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. e. The Roman legions were completely defeated, and Hannibal moved. However, the commander did not dare to march on Rome and was ruled by the Days of Italy. After this, the happiness of the war made him happy. It was in Italy, and at this hour the Romans defeated the Punics in Spain. Once Hannibal was out of trouble, he would deprive Italy and go to Africa with a small army.

The other Punic War ended with the further defeat of Carthage. Having paid Rome a huge indemnity, having spent the entire fleet, the colonies had the right to wage war without Rome’s permission. The 17 Rivers War ended ingloriously for the Punes, and the Roman Republic became the strongest power in the Mediterranean.

The Phoenician state was left in a state of decline as a result of the Third Punic War in 149-146 BC. e.e. The whole war took place due to the invasion of the city of Carthage by the Romans. The trival of the oblog was 3 rocks, and ended with the fall of the great place 146 rocks BC. e. There will be a lot of construction and burning, and the tenth bag of leather will be sold to slavery. The site of the largest shopping center in the Mediterranean has been left in ruins.

Ruins of Carthage, not Phoenician, but Roman

In this manner, Carthage, as the ancient power of the Phoenicians, awoke in 814 BC. e. to 146 BC. e., that is 668 rocks. This is a very great term. And in this hour I recognized both true greatness and wicked downfall. And the Romans, 100 years after their victory, founded their colony at home in the Phoenician capital, with a population of up to 300 thousand. people The newly created place will have a magnificent circus, thermal baths, and an aqueduct.

As soon as the stronghold of the Phoenicians was taken away from each other, life would be no less boring, but in 439 his people were robbed by vandals. Then the Byzantines tried to renew, but the Arabs began to bury 698 and the stones, marmur and granite were poured into Tunisia. Currently, the ruins of Carthage are located on the outskirts of Tunisia and attract countless tourists.

(Arabic: حضارة قرطاجية; French: Carthage; English: Ancient Carthage)

UNESCO site

Godini roboti: Today, from mid-Western to late Bereznya, from 8:30 to 17:00, and from Kvitnya to mid-Wednesday, from 8:00 to 19:00.

How to get there: Carthage is located approximately 14 km from the center of Tunis. This is where the TGM (Tunis – Gulet – Marsa) trail comes from. Required at the station Tunis Marine, as the Anniversary Wall has been retouched nearby on the central street of Habib Bourguiby, take the train. An hour's journey to Carthage is approximately 25 minutes. It is necessary to go to Zupintsi Carthage-Hannibal.

Carthage is an ancient place, located 14 km from the center of Tunis. Those that have been lost from this place represent the still - great ruins that have survived more than a dozen centuries. When it was the largest place of its time, the largest shopping center in the Mediterranean.

The foundation of Carthage is connected with the legend about Princess Dido. Dido was the beautiful daughter of King Mattan, and her husband was an ambitious Phoenician. One day, his brother Pygmalion, king of Tire, killed the man Sychaeus in order to seize him with wealth. Carrying on with her life, Dido flowed from the native Tire to a land unknown to anyone in the depths of Africa. Dido gathered her faithful people and founded a new kingdom with them.

Map of Carthage

When the stinks came to Carthage, saw the bay, marveled at the mountains, swollen the fresh waters of the place where it was possible to build an impregnable fortress, the stinks said: “We will forget our place here.” Dido asked the local merchants to sell her plot of land. Ale, according to the law, a foreigner may rule over land less than the size of a bik’s skin. The intelligent and cunning Dido cut the skin of the bik into the thinnest stripes, tied them up and spread them out, raising the great family. Having taken away a great plot of land, Dido ordered the creation of incredible beauty of the place, which she named Carthage (from the Phoenician “new capital”). So, in 814 years before our era, one of the largest places of all times and peoples was born.

The civilized and rightful inhabitants of Carthage dug artesian wells, there were mortars and stone tanks for water, they grew wheat, they planted orchards and vineyards, they built rich watersheds, they made various wine mechanisms, they looked after the mirrors, wrote books. The Phoenicians themselves developed an alphabet of 22 letters, which served as the basis for writing for rich peoples.

The place needed to be developed. Empowered by strong superiors, not looming over the great territory, the Phoenicians from Carthage rushed to the sea. They were pragmatic people, open to everything new, and endlessly guilty. Carthage was founded on a mission with entrances to the sea on evenings and days. The growth of the place made him the leader of the Mediterranean maritime trade.

The Phoenicians brought knowledge, handicraft traditions, and a much higher level of culture to this land, which is why they quickly established themselves as skilled and rightful practitioners. The smell, as the Egyptians mastered the extraction of stone, was familiar throughout the ancient world, perhaps even more widely, from the Venetian to the Middle Ages. The Phoenicians achieved success in weaving and pottery, spinning hides, embroidery, and making wares from bronze and sawing. The barvy purple fabrics of the Carthaginians, the secret of their preparation carefully possessed, were priced extremely high. All goods produced in Carthage were already sold throughout the Mediterranean.

The place of Didoni - Carthage flourished. Between the place there were two great harbors: one for the military fleet, capable of accommodating 220 military ships, and the other for commercial trade. With the expanding network of trade routes, the place became rich in nationality, as well as in many strategic points at that time.

The Trojan Aeneas, the king's son, was at this hour with his fleet in search of a prominent place to sleep on Rome. After long periods of high wine prices, he landed in Carthage and ended up at Dido. Having lost her wine, she laid hands on herself. This dramatic history has inspired many poets, artists, and composers over the years. This is how devastatingly described by the Roman poet Virgil in his epic work “Aeneida”.

Carthage grew and matured, gradually conquering the surrounding area. More and more people wanted to rule the city. And then a boom in everyday life began here. The Carthaginians were the first to transform the sky over the place into private power, starting to have apartments. The booths sat 6 surfaces high. They were made from vapnyaku - apparently, this is an ideal material for everyday life. The fruits of the war grew even close to Carthage, and the place grew at a rapid pace.

Like the Egyptians, the Carthaginians carved stone blocks using the simplest methods - water and wood. The pressure of the wood, which expands, broke the stone into, perhaps, ideally shaped blocks. Behind the help of columns and panel structures, Carthage is rapidly transforming into a dynamically developing capital.

A skin place, and especially one like Carthage, needs water. In Carthage itself, until 600 BC, a single system of water supply and, most importantly, sewerage appeared. In addition, the place has a small majestic center, places of worship, markets, the municipality, and theatre.

That turbulent hour required security. The place was surrounded by massive walls, the length of which totaled 37 kilometers, and the height in some places was 12 meters. Most of the walls were built on birch trees, and the place was inaccessible on the side of the sea.

Complete the political system of the place. There was an aristocracy in power. The greatest organ is a whole series of elders, on which 10 (later than 30) people stood. People's assemblies formally also played a significant role, but in fact, they were rarely held before.

The Carthaginians subdued the Canaanite religion from their Phoenician ancestors. Perhaps the craziest feature of this religion of Carthage was the sacrifice of children and creatures to their gods. It was believed that the sacrifice of an innocent child was the greatest act of propitiation of the gods. In 310 BC, during the attack of the city, in order to appease the god Baal Hammon, the Carthaginians sacrificed over 200 children from noble families. And in 1921, archaeologists discovered several rows of urns with the remains of animals and small children.

The industriousness and business acumen of this philistine helped Carthage to become, behind the scenes, the richest place of the ancient world. Carthaginian merchants were constantly searching for new markets. The Greek historian Appian wrote about the Carthaginians: “Their power became equal to that of the Hellenic, and their wealth was in another place after the Persian.” Carthaginian merchants traded in Egypt, Italy, Spain, and the Black and Red Seas. Carthage decided to monopolize trade; Because of this, all subjects were hesitant to trade through the intermediaries of Carthaginian merchants, which brought great profits.

Close to 700-650 years before our era, Carthage rises in strength, as soon as it has to be taken advantage of. Everyone knew about him, he was one of the leading places of this era. The Carthaginians fell asleep as trading posts on the Balearic Islands, squatted Corsica, and quickly began to take Sardinia into their hands. Some time ago, the Carthaginians sent their ships to the dusty shores of Deep Africa, conquering the sea and expanding their empire. The new settlement of Carthage was a great deal, which could not but attract the attention of other world powers.

For two centuries, the city-power of Carthage dominated the Mediterranean, but its rival from the seashore transformed into a military machine of unprecedented power: that of Rome. The pearl of the Mediterranean - Sicily - became the apple of the fruition between the two superpowers. Carthage was a place for trade, otherwise it would need Sicily, since it was located on one of the largest maritime trading routes in the world. The one who controls Sicily, lives important trade routes.

The Romans respected Carthage with a reputation that was directly at the heart of their growing trading empire. The supremacy of the two superpowers led to a series of wars that went down in history as the Punics, from the Latin word by which the Romans called the Phoenicians. And, of course, the result of these wars once again changed the history of mankind.

In the 247th century BC, Hamilcar Barka (Bliskavka) became the commander-in-chief of Carthage for many important reasons. He was the first great commander of the Carthaginian Empire. Before this, the Carthaginian Empire, of course, took part in wars, but later it had such a strong rival, especially the Roman Empire. The secret of the military strategy of Carthage was found in the unidentified bud of their sea ships - the Quinqueur.

Quinquerema is a highly maneuverable vessel, moreover, it is equipped with a bronze-plated ship ram. The tactics of warfare is to ram the enemy’s ship. In the open sea, these monsters were “machines of death.” There were 5 rows of oars on the quinquereme. These ships were very fast, and it was not easy to catch the Carthaginian military ship.

A standard quinquereme had approximately 35 meters of cover and 2 to 3.5 meters of width, and could accommodate up to 420 sailors. The well-built ship weighed over 100 tons. This ship was rushing towards the gates with incredible speed. The impact causes the hull of the enemy ship to crack at the seams, and the ship begins to sink.

The Roman fleet lost several naval battles with Carthage, but once, the Romans were spared - they stank of the Carthaginian quinquereme, which sat on the hill, took it and made dozens of copies. Naturally, such ships were not assembled very clearly, and the tree was twisted gray, and within a few months the ships simply fell apart. It was almost time for everyone to win the battle with Carthage.

Scheme for Carthage

10 Birch 241 BC, the two largest powers converged on the Egadi Islands to enter the shores of Sicily, in order to believe that they would become rulers of the Mediterranean. Thus began one of the greatest naval battles in history. The Carthaginians tried to go on the offensive, but they couldn’t, thanks to strong vandalism on the ships - and this resulted in a strategic catastrophe. The Romans won the victory by burying as many as 30 thousand troops. Unable to regain strength, Hamilcar marched to Carthage in turmoil. In the hope of subjugating Carthage Rome, Zobov demanded that he pay a great tribute.

After the defeat, Hamilcar resigned, power passed to his political opponents, who alienated Hanno. Carthage sent Hamilcar Barca to Spain, where he conquered most of its lands. Hamilcar needed 9 long rocks to subjugate the local peoples, but in 228 BC there were murders among the unruly local tribes.

The new commander-in-chief Hanno will expand the range of Carthaginian colonies and connections, and will also have to establish new places in order to control new territories and access to their resources. A small contribution was also made at the developments and the drainage of the place. Although there is no exact data, archaeologists believe that the famous Carthaginian Bay was created and perfected in the hours of Hanno.

The Carthaginian Bay became a source of power and reliability and correct technical thoroughness of these hours. It became the central artery of the place, a part of Carthage, its heart, its lungs, an absolutely necessary element for both trade and the fleet.

Signs of a large naval ship can be seen at the masterfully constructed harbors near Tophet. The most important reminder is Viyskova Harbor. There was a channel near the harbor, 20 meters wide, which could easily be blocked by lances. In the middle of the round bay of the building there is a small island on which the Admiralty huts were built. The military harbor was connected to the great trading port, the entrance to which (over the years) was very difficult. No one had such tightness, such strength and such fluidity. When the harbor was opened, the ships flew into the sea, crushed the enemy, who practically did not repair the support, and were lost in the open sea.

According to the legend, Hamilcar’s 9-year-old son, Hannibal, was fortunate enough to allow him to marvel at how his father led Carthage in the battle for Spain, and Hamilcar once said the same thing, but for the same reason: his son is guilty of guilt, because forever hated Rome and will defeat this republic. And in 221 years before our era, a new chance arose: in the 26th century, he took command of the army of Carthage. Thus, in the history of mankind, an implacable enemy of the Roman Empire appeared, who gained much in his life.

Rome controlled the Mediterranean Sea, and Hannibal was able to reach the enemy on ships. If it was necessary to swear the oath given to the father - to conquer Rome, it was all but impossible, and Hannibal decided to achieve the impossible: to go through the dry land through the Alps and go to the very heart of the Roman Empire. You need to lead the army to Italy and fight the Romans from their territory.

This campaign began in the 218th century BC. Hannibal took with him 50 thousand warriors, 12 thousand horses and 37 elephants deposited with African countries. Before the end of the day, thousands of kilometers of roads had covered the stinks, and they disappeared from a serious disturbance - the turbulent Rhone River near France. Here the intelligence of the Carthaginians did not disappoint, the stinks of a number of giant rafts, for which purpose the creatures were delivered to the far shore at a record time. The flesh was 60 meters long and 15 meters wide. The soldiers covered them with sticky logs and covered them with earth, so that the elephants thought they were still on a hard surface.

2 Serpny 216 BC By the city of Canni in ancient Italy Hannibal met with the Roman army under the command of Terence Varro at the battle, which marked the share of the two empires. Hannibal marched to Svitanka with 50 thousand troops, against Varro’s 90 thousand Romans. Varro tested the enemy's defenses, sending the main forces to the center of Hannibal's front. Ale, being a wonderful strategist, Hannibal ordered the cavalry to drive the Romans to the ground. The Romans, who were drunk in their breams, perished almost without leaving the place. Usyogo 3.5 thousand were left to die, 10 thousand were completely lost, and 70 thousand were left lying on the battlefield.

This was the greatest defeat of the Romans in the history of the founding of their empire. Hannibal was one of the greatest commanders in human history.

But Hannibal never achieved further victory over the Great Roman Empire. The two great powers of Spain are fighting, and the Carthaginians will lose to the Romans.

And in 204 BC, Scipio Africanus asked Rome to allow him to attack Carthage head-on. He is heading to Africa with his troops, and Hannibal is planning to turn to Fatherlandism and seize his place. Three rocks of Scipio's legions captured Carthage, and even though they carefully built the support of its inhabitants, they could not block the roads to the Romans. The battle for the place lasted six days, and then it was taken by storm. Hannibal was defeated by Scipio at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC. For ten days, Carthage was given plunder - the conquerors took gold, silver, treasures, ivory tassels, keel - everything that had accumulated for hundreds of years at temples, sanctuaries, palaces, and booths. The Romans handed over the library of Carthage to their allies - the Numidian princes, and from that moment it fell into obscurity. The greedy robbers who ravaged the place razed it to the ground.

The defeat of Carthage by another Punic War forced the empire to re-enter the minds of the Romans. Rome again presents its ruins to the world: the Carthaginians are obliged to pay an indemnity to Rome, and Carthage loses all its colonies, and its city is now surrounded by the walls of the city. Alas, the worst thing is that Carthage was going to wage a year-long war without Rome.

Finally, having lost two wars, Carthage will quickly recover and soon become one of the richest places again. In 150 BC, Carthage's former ally Numidia began to advance on the deserted territories of Susida. Rome sends a commission to examine the super-religion between Numidia and Carthage, and decides Marcus Portius Cato, a Roman senator and the great-grandfather of the most unreconciled enemy, Julius Caesar.

When Cato arrived in Carthage, he saw before him a gallant, prosperous place, where great trade lands lay, coins from various powers settled in the screens, the diggers regularly knocked silver, copper and lead, and ships left the slipways. Dangerous fields, lush vineyards, orchards and olive groves stood before the senator, and the designs of the Carthaginian nobility were overshadowed by the luxury and lushness of the Roman ones.

Having enjoyed such a rich and prosperous place, the senator returned home in the most greedy mood. Having hoped to see signs of Carthage's west, a completely different picture appeared before my eyes. Cato miraculously knew about the strategically important position of Carthage and about those that while Carthage is deprived of an independent unit, its proximity to Sicily and Italy is not safe. Turning to Rome, he spoke before the Senate, saying that such prosperity meant only one thing: Carthage would soon appear to Rome with a great army. The confrontation ended with a phrase that became legendary throughout the world: “ Carthage may be destroyed».

І Carthage, realizing that it will soon be razed to the ground, takes up the battle. Women gave up their hair to make skeins for catapults. The Carthaginians released the sick and took the old people into the army. After 2 months of feverish work, 6 thousand shields, 18 thousand swords, 30 thousand spears, 120 ships and 60 thousand cores for catapults appeared. Carthage had a serious armored arsenal, but the Roman forces were outnumbered.

The strongest fortifications in the ancient world were the walls of Carthage, and the townspeople took out insurance on them. The fortification system consisted of three walls, the outer one was very strong, made of stone and was considered impregnable. The Roman legions assembled around the walls of the place, and the Carthaginians quickly formed a new line of defense. There was no sign of a rush for help, huddled behind the fortifications, the townspeople were determined to resist the Roman invasion.

Carthage streamed the Romans 3 rocks. And although the walls could not be repaired, the Romans broke through from the side of the sea. The locals did not give in to fight for the rest of the protests, and there were battles for the streets in the area. In an hour, the taxes killed ten inhabitants of Carthage, the population of the place changed from 500 thousand to 50. Those who were seen in battle were sold as slaves, and they never returned home. In 17 days, Carthage was completely burned. The place has lost nothing.

24 years after the ruin of Carthage, the Romans would rise to a new place - with wide streets and squares, with white stone palaces, temples and huge booths. Not even a few decades pass, and Carthage, having risen from its ashes, is being recreated for its beauty and importance as another power.

At the beginning of the 5th century of our era, the Roman Empire was experiencing a recession, and thus it was fighting against Carthage. And until the middle of the 5th century, the place fell under the rule of Byzantium, and another second century later the first military persecutions of the Arabs came here. During the period of the Arab revolution, when the dynasties that were at war with each other changed often, Carthage slipped into the background.

Infection on the place of the great place - quiet passage to Tunisia. Near the horseshoe-shaped harbor of the huge military fort you can see the columns and blocks of yellow stone - everything that was lost from the palace of the admiral to the Carthaginian fleet.
Excavations have been underway here since the mid-20th century. The ruins of Carthage are located in a number of different places, and the most important excavation sites are spread over a distance of 6 kilometers.Near Bircy, an entire quarter of Carthage was preserved under a ball of ash.

Baths of Antonina - one of the largest resort complexes of that time, compared with the Roman baths of Caracalli and Diocletian. Very little has been lost - mainly underground spaces that support structures and ceilings. Well, when you look at these ruins you can see the scale of these great baths.

The most mysterious place among the dry ruins of Carthage is the veneration of simply the sky, where, according to the accepted version, the Phoenicians sacrificed their leaders to appease the evil gods. The urns with ashes were placed in several rows, and above them hung funeral steles, as can be done today.

Varto look around the Roman amphitheater for 36 thousand spectators, the Maalga water tank and the backwaters of the aqueduct that goes to Carthage and the Temple of Water in Zaguan (132 km). And it is possible to dismiss the phenomenon of Carthage’s forgotten life by visiting the quarter of Roman villas and the Punic quarter of Mago.

At the top of the Bursi Hill, which marks the beginning of Carthage, there is a cathedral in honor of Saint Louis, who died here in the 13th century due to the plague during the Eighth Crusade. I entrust the Museum of Carthage with its marvelous collection of artifacts.

Carthage is a land of unlimited possibilities that appeared over 2 thousand years ago. Wealth, power and ambition allowed these settlers to form an empire, with six hundred rocks in the hands of the entire Mediterranean. Not much was lost from Carthage. And this little girl is a striking testimony to the greatness and luxury that Carthage had for centuries.