Gustav II Adolf suffered a fate in every war. Civilopedia online - Gustav II Adolf. War with Russia

Gustav Adolf - triumph and death

Trium and death of the ancient lion

Gustav Adolf turning Sweden into a storm in Europe

Speaking about the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf, Napoleon was interested in putting him on a par with the greatest commanders of old.

It is important that Petro will defeat the imperial ambitions of Sweden, making it a regional power. A hundred years before this, the turning point took place. Gustav II Adolf lived from a modest land to the glory of the powers that ruled European politics.

Gustavus Adolphus was born in 1594 and was the first child to see King Charles IX of Sweden. The country was going through difficult times. There was a huge war between Catholics and Protestants. Charles, as soon as he had encouraged the Reformation, was against it, the Swedish aristocrats and the Polish king Sigismund III united.

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Charles was Sigismund's younger cousin, and the Riksdag voted him king, and Gustavus Adolf - the only legitimate descendant.

The prince was placed under the guardianship of the most enlightened people of Sweden and foreign scholars. With each of them, the yunak mav speak only his words. So Gustavus Adolphus not only became one of the most enlightened rulers of his time, but also became the leader of German, Dutch, French, Italian and Latin languages.

Karl, having learned that neighbors most often become enemies, is also the prince who learned the Polish from the Russian, although not so kindly. His favorite subjects were mathematics and history, which he called “the teacher of life.” All military disciplines were given to him miraculously. Before the burial of his readers, the young prince not only carefully trimmed himself at the saddle of Volodya with all sorts of armor, but also independently navigated the folding engineering works.

The greatest influence on Gustav Adolf in his youth came from the commoner Johan Schutte and the politician Axel Oxenstierna. The first cheruvav was enlightened and courted by the prince, having entered into delicate diplomatic missions, including wooing Elizabeth Stewart under his name. The other is the permanent chancellor for the reign of Gustavus Adolphus and his daughter, the actual leader and guide of the king’s current and internal policies.

Three wars and recessions

Since the 11th century, Gustavus Adolphus has been present at royal receptions for foreign ambassadors, at meetings of the Riksdag and at meetings with ministers. The same prince was insured before the guard by the young officer rank and learned not only from military theory, but also from practice. Familiarity with the life of a soldier and the ability to share with his troops the entire burden of military life ensured Gustavus Adolf's popularity in the army.

In 1611, a generation of young men had escaped their first battle baptism - commanding the enclosure under the hour of obligation and the storming of the Danish fort of Christianople. That's when Charles IX died. At this time, Sweden was waging three wars: with Denmark, Poland and Russia.

For Swedish laws, until the king reached the 24-year century, he was appointed regent. But the popularity of the young prince was so great that after a few years it was decided to transfer all the power to him through the supra-government of Sweden.

This is how the aristocrats relied on the Riksdazi. Ale Schutte prepared the text of the “guarantee agreement”, which would reconcile the two. Oxenstierna was pleased to accept the minds - from them you can then step by step learn when things start to change.

That fatefully, the Riksdag appointed Gustav Adolf as king, after a while not appointing a regent. The rights of the monarch were still demarcated: only after years of encampments could laws be passed, and the most important positions were assigned to the nobles.

We immediately needed to change the course of the war that had recently developed in Denmark. The Kalmar fortress fell to Charles IX after a bloody battle. On the side of Denmark stood a talented and energetic monarch - Christian IV. On May 24, 1612, the Danes sacked Elfsborg, the only Swedish port in the Kattegat proto-city, and destroyed it all the way to Jon-Keping. The enemy fleet threatened Stockholm. The Danes' offensive came with great force.

The success of Denmark was also due to the fact that the strongest Swedish forces were committed to the war with Russia. Young Gustav Adolf went to the middle of England, Holland and Prussia. The world is not easy for Stockholm. All the conquests were lost to the Danes, and Sweden only had to pay a million talers for the return of Elfsborg.

Walking to Rus'

On the Russian front, the fall of Charles IX was promising. Having suffered through the Troubles, in 1611 the people buried Korela, Yam, Ivangorod, Ko-por'e and Gdov. Later, Novgorod was taken through the river flow of the Moscow voivode. The Novgorodians finally asked the Swedish king to place one of his blues on the Russian throne. Karl immediately highlighted the confessions of the governor, Evert Horn.

Ale then jabbered on the right. Tikhvin's investigation did not produce results. The Swedes suffered a number of minor defeats, and only defeated the army under the leadership of Trubetskoy. Gustav Adolf changed his mind about fighting for the Russian throne, and decided to annex the Novgorod land to Sweden.

Having admired Pskov, which lies between its Volodynia in the Baltic States and Novgorod. Gustav Adolf concentrated all his strength there in 1615. However, the Novgorodians wanted Swedish rule more, and the rest were exhausted by the harsh policies of the occupiers. And in Russia the Time of Troubles ended, so Pskov was ready for taxes.

The place was captured by a garrison of 1,500 soldiers under the command of the commander Vasily Morozov and 3,000 reinforced townspeople behind strong artillery. There were over 16 thousand Swedes. The tax fell for two and a half months. Artillery duels, assaults and forays were fought continuously. The Pskovites repeatedly destroyed the engineers of the Swedes and inflicted great harm on their living forces. Before them, reinforcements made their way several times.

At the beginning of the harvest, a major assault was launched. The Swedes immediately decided to want part of the wall and I know, but before the end of the day they would be knocked out. Just before the approach, the sack blew off the head of Gorn, whom the king had already kissed. Two years later the Swedes, aware of the great losses, advanced.

For breastfeeding 1615 rub. The truce was signed in 1617. The Stolbovo world, behind the minds of which Russia spent its way to the Baltic Sea, aka Novgorod, Porkhiv, Stara Russa, Ladoga and Gdov were turned back.

Army of a new type

Then there was a war with Poland. Victories were interspersed with defeats, and the enemy’s cavalry was especially hostile to Gustavus Adolphus. The same opponent did not spare him again - one of the most talented commanders in the history of Poland, Stanislav Koncepolsky, stood up to the Swedes.

It was only the talent of Gustav Adolf and his authority among the soldiers that allowed Sweden to reduce the conflict with the Poles to nothing. Through the mediation of France, Holland and England, a truce was signed, and then peace. The Swedes spent all their income in Prussia and Pomerania, but saved the Livonian lands. The Polish king seemed to have a claim to the Swedish throne and gave his word not to support the enemies of Sweden.

The hands of Gustavus Adolphus were now freed to help the Protestants in the Thirty-Fold War, especially since the reforms of the army and navy were completed. This innovation was based not only on the world's latest evidence, but also on the latest developments in European military science.

Having quickly become friends with a camp of Catholics who were short-lived by victory, the Swedes landed in Nimechchina. Gustavus Adolf had a small but well-equipped and trained army. 12,500 infantry, 2,000 cavalry, heavy artillery and engineering units - a total of 16,500 people. It was an army of a new type, previously unknown in Europe.

It was formed from the free Swedish villagers, and not from the Naimants, was accustomed to harsh military discipline and was prepared in battle. The principle of recruitment was one recruit in every ten. Greatly in this way there was a simplification, since the convoys had sufficient reserves and order for the transfer of recruits, and the reserves were filled with officers of the new units.

The Dutch and French were able to subsidize the campaign to Europe, and reinforcements arrived from Sweden itself.

Come to Europe!

The innovations in the military mystique and the organization of the army, introduced by Gustavus Adolphus, caused such an attack on Europe that most countries began to adopt the Swedish doctrine.

Gustavus Adolphus reduced the number of pikemen to one-third of all troops, and in 1631 he disbanded the musketeer regiments. In order to make the infantry more maneuverable and more flexible before an offensive battle, the Swedes adopted the Dutch design of the musket, changing the musket, introduced paper cartridges and simplified the loading process.

The cavalry's stench also became lighter, their pikes were cut off, and their muskets were lost. In the artillery, the quality of the artillery was changed and their fragility was increased. In addition, even light, “battalion” artillery was introduced. Moreover, the lighter carriages were always “pulled” by the infantrymen in battle.

For hunting, instead of podudovo, six ranks were introduced in 10 ranks, and for shooting - just three. The four-man battalion became the main tactical unit, and the brigade, which consisted of two or three battalions, became the great tactical unit. Vaughn replaced us with cumbersome, badly corroded and difficult to maneuver forces in a thousand individuals - thirds, battles, etc.

At the cinema Gustav Adolf saw the harmony of three ranks, which made it more fragile. The cavalry relied on attacks with a separate quarry in loose formation and a blow with cold armor, rather than shooting from the horse with the pistols that had been attacked earlier. In artillery tactics, Gustavus Adolf, having staged a coup, first became a massacre, and saw the artillery reserve.

Gustav Adolf is the founder of linear tactics, which was used on the battlefields until the middle of the 19th century. Initially, his army was in two lines, from which the skin was folded from the right and left wings and to the center. The center was formed by infantry brigades, and brigades of other lines were deployed at intervals of the first. The main warehouse was the cinema.

On the march, the army of Gustavus Adolphus was divided into the vanguard, the main forces and the rearguard, and the main forces collapsed in several columns, the skin of which formed a corral from the upcoming battle lines.

Gustav Adolf showed a glimpse of the advancing war in a foreign land with separate interests. Having resolutely prepared for such a war, bravely, clearly and confidently setting the course of action and methodically pursuing its achievements, ensuring success with a master choice and clearing the base, securing operational lines, sweeping marches, regeneration of forces in the decisive battle before the battlefield and energetic re-investigation of the enemy after victory .

The outstanding rice of Gustavus Adolphus was the source of dogmas, including his discoveries, which brought life to life. For example, often they did not collect cavalry from the great masses, but distributed the middle of the lust along the entire front. So we repaired it, if we allowed it, so that the battle was of a defensive nature. This approach allows you to compensate for the speed of the pikemen and allows you to support the infantry (whose muskets are not small in size) in close combat. Gustav Adolf believed that the mutual cooperation of all military families is the key to success on the battlefield.

Maneuvering, Gustav Adolf may have occupied all Protestant German principalities with Catholics. One by one, taking the place, the Naimans and German sovereigns moved to his side. In the spring of 1631, after Breitenfeld, the Swedes and his allies defeated the strongest Catholic army of General Tilly. Now victory loomed before the Protestants.

Gustav Adolf was now called the Lion of the Snow or the Snow King, and his army consisted of about 150 thousand people, scattered throughout Germany. The peculiarities of the war at that time did not allow for general battles, and the sovereign was trying to save his blood. There was no front - armies with 15-40 thousand soldiers were circling throughout Central Europe, hoping to lure the enemy into the fold and strike, having achieved a numerical superiority.

In the spring of 1632, the Catholic army conquered Wallenstein. The Swedes then conquered the great German Empire, devastated Bavaria and successfully kidnapped their allies from the imperials. Wallenstein invaded as far as Saxony, trying to lure the Swedes out of Bavaria, and then launch an attack on the country.

A dozen battles did not lead to a great result, but before the end of the campaign it turned out that Wallenstein had wedged itself between the lands controlled by the Swedes. Gustav Adolf began joking with his terrible enemy on the battlefield. On November 16, 1632, a battle broke out near Lützen. The forces were equal, and the sides fought off each other’s attacks.

Once reinforcements arrived before the Imperials, they were able to suppress the Swedish lust. The king especially stopped the counterattack of the cavalry regiment, otherwise he suffered injuries to his hand and lost his horse. The fog descended, and with it all the person’s mail was lost. Not long after, the imperial cuirassiers ran into them. The midwife was killed, and Gustav Adolf was wounded by a pistol bullet and pierced with a number of swords. An Austrian officer, a very rich man, asked: Who are you? “I was the Swedish king,” the dying man said. The troops were not informed about the death of their idol. Regardless of their important expenses, the Swedes still won.

Over the years, Wallenstein achieved great successes, although he did not recall all the successes of the Leo of the Year. It was only the talent and energy of the Oxenstiers that allowed Sweden to continue the war. Ale will open the edges, the thoughts of the rulers of Gustavus Adolphus, which will be in front.

Mark ALTSHULER

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The famous Swedish king Gustav II Adolf was called the “Snow King”, “The Lion of the Snow”, and the Italian Naimans, who were captured into the Swedish army, called him the “Golden King” for the color of his hair with golden hair. The light-haired, broad-shouldered giant of the mute ancient Vikings stormed the bank 1630 RUR. from the last night in European history, which marked a turn in the course of the Thirty-Fold War, and two years later, on November 16, 1632, dying at the Battle of Lützen, depriving the people of today and the coming generations. Protestant iconography has been depicting for a long time the miraculous moment of the famous landing of the Swedish army on the island of Used on the island of Usedom near the Oder (Peenemünde) near the ancient city of Germany on 4 June 1630. When the ship pressed its nose to the coastal sand, the king slid on a thin plank thrown onto the shore from the bow of the ship, and sank on one knee. This episode was portrayed as a prayer of a Protestant hero for those who would bless him with a just justice, although Gustav Adolf himself never doubted his intention to launch an expedition to Germany.

Gustav II Adolf was seen not only by people growing up, but he could be seen from afar through his passion for the red color. His favorite red suede tunic was shot in many places, becoming the main proof of the death of the Swedish king in the eyes of the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II. The red cloak of Gustav Adolf was immediately admired by his officers and soldiers. In the past, it became rare at that time for the type of “king-commander” who not only ruled and reigned, but like the leaders of ancient German tribes and middle-class kings, who led troops on the battlefield and fate without middle in the battle, inhaling them with a special butt. You can wield not just a sword or a pistol, but a sapper shovel. The Swedish king wore a beaver cap on his head, like his soldiers. With the fate of his white skin his face darkened, and his light-blue eyes resounded. He was starving, freezing in the cold and having lost his time with the soldiers, he could spend fifteen years without a break in the saddle and walk in ankle-deep boots through the mud and blood. Ale Gustav Adolf loved to eat in the same way, through which he stroked and felt the clumsiness and inhandness. He was happy when he had a daughter, Christina, and presented him with raised hands to the members of the State for the sake of it.

Gustav II Adolf was a prominent government figure, reformer and commander, who significantly strengthened the position of Sweden in Europe and gave birth to the Swedish great power of the 17th - early 18th centuries. Swedish historiography has for a long time been confronted with such jabs. The main points in the iconography of this king were the greatness of Sweden and the order of German and European Protestantism, and the role of the Protestant month. Less attention was paid to the fact that the Swedish great power was prepared by Gustavus Adolf and his successors before the Thirty-Fold War for further expansion and the war for the control of the Baltic with Poland and Russia, which accompanied the plunder of conquered territories the latter and direct piracy at sea. Apologetic assessments of Gustavus II Adolf prevailed in Swedish literature until the 60s. last century, and then the emphasis began to shift beyond the problem of his sovereign and economic policies, where the king’s specialties were given even less respect. Just as for Protestants Gustavus Adolphus was a warrior of the Reformation and a martyr for the faith, then for Catholics he was a savior of evil and divine punishment. I want, for example, a Catholic historian of the late XVIII - first half of the XIX century. N. Vogt made Gustav Adolf the hero of a historical drama in which the Swedish king acts as a warrior for Germany and Europe against the tyranny of the Catholic emperor. This was inspired by the statements of the great German poet Friedrich Schiller, who composed his “History of the Thirty-Fight War”. Prodovzhennya

Authors: Ivon Yuriy Evgenovich – Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. Smolensk State University; Oleksiy Anatoliyovich Khodin – senior speaker of the Smolensk branch of the Academy of Management and Law.

Gustav II Adolf.
Reproduction from the site http://monarchy.nm.ru/

Gustav Adolf - Swedish king (1594 - 1632). Having fought extensively with Russia, Poland and Denmark; having taken part in the Central European 30-River War, from which he gained his famous victories. One of the greatest military leaders and commanders of his time, Gustavus Adolphus completely strengthened the organization of the armed forces, which often did not lose their importance until now.

Gustav II Adolf, king Sweden .
Gustav II Adolf the Great
Gustaf II Adolf den Store (Swedish), Gustavus Adolphus (Latin)
Rocks of life: 9 breasts 1594 r. - 6 leaf falls 1632 rub.
Rocky date: 30 June 1611 r. - 6 leaf falls 1632 rub.
Father: Charles IX
Mother: Christina von Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp
Squad: Maria Eleonora Brandenburzka
Daughter: Christina

Gustav was one of the most illustrious rulers of his time. He speaks fluently German, Dutch, French, Italian and Latin. In science, I love mathematics and history the most. For 11 years, I was present at times with my father at the meetings of the state for the sake of and receptions of foreign ambassadors. Two people had a great influence on the young Gustav - Johan Schitt and Axel Oxenstierna. Gustav remained as chancellor at the beginning of his reign and preserved his friendship and affection until his death.
Having ascended the throne, Gustavus Adolphus subsided from his father's rise to the aristocracy and three wars - with Denmark, Russia and Poland. Gustav spared the aristocracy for his own benefit, bestowing upon it a wealth of privileges and obliging it to honor the Riksdag in every way. The sovereign council under Gustav became a permanent institution. In addition, Gustav abolished the tax system, tied up trade with Russia, the Netherlands, Spain and France, revived the University of Uppsala, closed the university at Tartu, founded schools and deprived Just work on historical topics.
However, in world history, Gustav is remembered as a great commander. He was a prodigious tactician, having made the military mobile and actively using artillery in battle. As an individual, I decided to replace the important steel armor of the old style with light and flexible armor. The one with light wines is friendly and simple and deserves the great love of its soldiers. It is not for nothing that such commanders as Carl von Clausewitz and Napoleon Bonaparte exalted Gustavus Adolphus above all military leaders.
At 1613 r. With the light of Knerod, the Danish War, also called the Squid War, ended. The Danzi wanted to follow Kalmar and Elfsborg; Gustav sums stand for two places and for the indemnity of millions of dollars they are lost to Sweden.
The controversy between Sweden and Russia blames Charles IX. The war with Moscow, which was intended to push the Russians across the Baltic Sea and the Finnish Inlet, ended in 1617. With the Stolbovo light, with which the Swedes captured Yam, Ivangorod, Kopor'e, Noteburg and Kexholm. Gustav Adolf was pleased with the achieved results and said before the Riksdag: “Now the Russians have fortified us with lakes, rivers and swamps, through which it will not be so easy for them to penetrate to us.”
After the end of the Russian war, all the respect of Gustav was directed towards Poland; A dramatic dynastic struggle began, which was of minor European significance, like the struggle between Catholicism and Protestantism. The Polish war was a prelude to the war with the Habsburg Budyn. Until 1618, the war was fought on Polish territory. In 1621, after the court truce, the Swedes took Riga and moved the war to Courland. The new truce, until 1625, Gustav dedicated to internal affairs, reorganizing the army and fleet. At 1626 r. The Prussian war, so called, began. England, France and the Netherlands, hoping to get Gustav to take part in the German war, promoted their mediation until his reconciliation with Poland. Austria helped the rest. At 1629 r. The 6-River Truce of Altmark was established between Poland and Sweden: Gustav took over Livonia, and Prussia took over the places of Elbing, Braunsberg, Pillau and Memel.
At 1629 r. Sweden entered the Thirty Years' War for the Protestant coalition, fearing the influx of Habsburgs into the Baltic Sea. The Swedish army is small and has advanced armored rifle and artillery. They used to have Naimans, and from the very beginning they robbed the population. This fact has a positive effect. In 1629, Sweden sent 6 thousand soldiers under the command of Leslie to help Stralsund. Around 1630, Leslie conquered the island of Rügen, and as a result gained control over the Stralsund Channel. And 4 linden 1630 Gustav landed on the continent, in the Oder arm. At Veresna 1631 r. At the Battle of Breitenfeld he defeated the Catholic army under the command of Tilly. Birch has 1632 rubles. At the Battle of Lesya the stinks fought again. Gustav moved again, and Tilly fell into battle. The Swedes took Munich from Travna. Look, at the fall of the leaves near Lützen, the Swedes happened to encounter the numerically strong Catholic army of Albrecht von Wallenstein. At the critical moment of the battle, Gustavus appeared cut from his pens and was killed, against the Swedes they were able to overcome a heavy victory.
The fierce one has 1633 rubles. Riksdag praised that from now on the name of Gustavus Adolphus can be remembered with the epitome of the Great. He was the only Swedish monarch to receive such an honor.
Gustav Adolf deprived himself of his only legitimate child - his minor daughter Christina. His younger brother Charles Philip died earlier, and the thrones of the deposed monarchs Eric XIV and Sigismund lost their right to the throne. In order to preserve the crown in the Vasa family, Christina was elected queen.

Wikipedia material from the site http://monarchy.nm.ru/

Gustav II Adolf (Gustaf Adolf) (12/9/1594, Stockholm, - 11/6/1632, Lützen, Saxony), Swedish king (1611 - 32), commander and eminent military commander. reformer. Having ascended the throne, he carried out a number of reforms, straightened out. on the value of the noble-absolutist d-vi, yogo economic. ta veyskovy. organization. U zovnish. The politicians have abandoned the conquest of Sweden on the Baltic Sea. In this way, he continued and completed his father Charles IX’s war with Denmark and Russia. The first of them was not far away for Sweden and ended with the Light of Knered in 1618. In the war with Russia, it quickly became an important connection with the trivial Polish. and the Swede, intervention, and also internal. social protests, G. II for the Stolbovo Peace Treaty of 1617 r. achieved annexation to Sweden, preserving the Gulf of Finland. And here we cut the Russian state from the sea. As a result of the 8-river war with Poland (1621 - 29), Lifland and most of the Prussians and ports fell. In 1630, having secured funding. I will help France and diplomatically. Supporting Russia, taking part in the Thirty-Few ​​War of 1618-48 in the battle of the Protestants. At the battles of Breitenfeldi (1631) that on the people. Lech (1632) defeated the army of the Catholic League under the command of Count Tilly, burying Pivn. Germany and invaded Bavaria. At the great battle for Lützen (6 sheets. 1632) R. II gained victory over the imperial troops of A. Wallenstein, but died himself. As a result of the reformist army. During the activities of G. II, a strong standing army was created due to the gradual recruitment of volunteers with Primus, the recruitment of soldiers from villagers and burghers. More homogeneous national The warehouse of the army has increased its discipline and efficiency. G. II century suvora corporal punishment and drill. New equipment is thoroughly equipped: the artillery unit is equipped with light 4-pound (80) weights, first in the West. In Europe, a regimental artillery unit was created (2 units per regiment). Bulky and weak police forces of 2-3 thousand. chol. replaced by police of 1300-1400 people, in which 2/3 became musketeers, and Va - pikemen. The reforms of the newly-established army meant that the army of R. II had stopped using the then advanced linear tactics. The sphere of strategy of G. II tends to attack. operations with a small army, immediate preparation for the theater of war, and reliable security of the line of operations (directly for the army).

Wikoristan materials of the Radyansky Military Encyclopedia in 8 volumes, volume 3.

Gustav II Adolf (12/19/1594 – 11/16/1632), King of Sweden (1611 – 1632). 12/5/1620 fate became friends with Maria Hohenzollern (Maria Eleonora Brandenburzka) (1599 - 1655). Gustav II Adolf (Gustav II), known as the Lion of the Lion, King of Sweden, champion of Protestant justice in the Thirty Years' War, one of the most prominent military leaders of all times. Gustav Zyshov came to the throne after the death of his father in 1611, after 17 years of birth and for extremely important circumstances: the region fought two wars - with Denmark and Poland, and also fought in Russia kovu intervention (Division of Troubles), in order to overcome Poland and establish over she has her control. In the War with Denmark, Sweden already knew such important defeats that the king was willing to end the right with a peace signed by Kneredi (since 1613), although his mind was extremely important for Sweden: Elfsborg, a single port, which gave near the Pivnichne Sea, you will lose it in the hands of the Danes as a guarantee to pay a great indemnity, and the Swedes were able to turn over 1619 rubles from borrowing pennies from the Dutch. Gustav's candidacy for the Russian throne was seriously considered in Russia: another 1,611 Novorod boyars stood, and another Russian militia stood in opposition to the Polish applicants. However, when it became clear that neither Gustav nor his brother Charles Philip would be the Russian Tsar, Sweden moved to extract territorial benefits from Russia’s cramped state and placed with it the less friendly Stolbov what a world (1617). Similarly, Sweden added part of Ingria and Karelia, uniting their provinces with Finland and Estland and completely cutting off Russia from the Baltic Sea. In 1624, the crisis in the valleys with Denmark ended with Sweden completely in control. At 1621 r. Gustav resumed the war with Poland, speeding up the fact that the respect of the enemy was restored to the invading Turks. The capture of Riga, also built by the Swedes, was Gustav’s first great military success; The next five years saw the conquest of most of Levonia, crowned by the swift victory of the Swedes at Wallhof (since 1626). The Thirty-Day War in Germany brought new challenges before Gustav. Gustav was keenly aware of the need for strong resistance of all Protestant powers during the Counter-Reformation. Tom in 1626 He transferred his main attack to Polish Prussia, hoping to encourage Sigismund to reach mutual understanding. However, the loss of the truce, laid down in the Altmark in 1629 (with significant pressure on France), freed my hands to invade Germany. For many months after the landing in Nimecchina, Gustav woke up extremely slowly. Through a series of unpleasant situations, he was unable to conquer Magdeburg, and the Imperial Army took the place by storm on May 20, 1631. This caused a heavy blow to Gustav’s prestige, although he didn’t feel guilty about it. However, this support already came from an unsupported side - Catholic France, which did not want the residual victory of the Habsburgs. Now the German Protestant princes began to more willingly pass under the ensigns of Gustav. All this until the great victory under Breitenfeld (the lower part of Lindenthal on the day before Leipzig), when Gustav arrived on September 17, 1631 over Tilly, radically changing the military-political situation. Before Christmas Day, as the king of his house was celebrated in triumph in Mainz, it began to seem that the future of Germany was completely in his hands. In 1632 he planned a grand attack on Viden. It is his duty to lead this army. Spring 1632 rub. Gustav invaded Bavaria on the 5th quarter, achieving a miraculous victory in crossing the Lech River (the first crossing in the history of the military was forced: having taken a strong position on the protilegny birch Tillie, nuty) and without a fight, quietly occupying the closed gate. here they were afraid to take revenge for Magdeburg. But Wallenstein's threat to Gustav's ally, Elector of Saxony Johann Georg, prompted the Swedish king to turn his back. The lack of intelligence led to a serious defeat during the attack on the Wallenstein fortifications near Nuremberg (08.1632). After a stage of complex maneuvers, when each side threatened their communications, the opponents again fought for Lützen on November 16, 1632. In a bloody battle that took place in thick fog, the Swedes achieved victory; the enemy of Gustav II Adolf was driven out.

Gustav II Adolf (Swedish: Gustav-Adolf) - Swedish king, son of the Swedish king Charles IX and Christina, Duchess of Holstein. Born in 1594 in Nicheping. The father ascended the throne after the death (1611) and then a group of boyars ascended to the Russian throne. Charles IX devoted a lot of time to the teaching of G. II A., and he became one of the most illustrious rulers of his time: fluently speaking German, Dutch, French, Italian and Latin languages; Mav statements about Russian and Polish language. Z Sciences G. II A. would like to study mathematics and history. For 11 years, the prince had already taken part in the diets and occasions of his father, being present at the receptions of foreign ambassadors. The two people who most influenced the young man were Y. Schitt and A. Oxenstierna (Oxenstern), whom G. II A. appointed as chancellor at the beginning of his reign and preserved his deep friendship and affection until his death. Having ascended the throne, G. II A. subsided from the old age to the aristocracy and 3 wars - with Denmark, Russia and Poland. The aristocracy has been lured to its side by the privilege of attracting everyone to listen to the parliament's thoughts. The king ended the Danish (Squid) War in 1613. peace treaty at Knerod. The Danes wanted to deprive themselves of the city of Kalmar and Elfsborg, aka G. II A. for a contribution of 1 million thalers, losing them to Sweden. As for the Swedish policy in Moscow, then at the hour of the coronation of G. II A. the great territories on the Evening of Russia were buried by Sweden, and in Novgorod the Great the king's lieutenant, General Count J. P. Delagardie, who often spent here there is power in politics, sometimes needs of the royal booth. Having consolidated complete control over the occupied Novgorod territories, Delagarde wanted to unite the Russian lands around the Novgorod state he had conceived and enlist the support of the king to implement his plans and create a new dynast. ii. Charles IX did not have the ability to implement this problem: if the Novgorod embassy was with the archim. Nikandr arrived in Stockholm to ask the king to let one of his blues (namely Gustavus Adolphus) go to Novgorod, Charles was no longer alive, but the new foreign policy. kerivnitstvo bv united shodo dynastic. Delagardie's plans. G. II A. basically Swedish-Russian. dynasties have studied manually to carry out their operations. politics, but on the other hand, placing the territory. expansion, and not the founding of a new dynasty. Negotiations that began in 1613 with Viborz about the war against Russia ended in failure. throne of Prince Charles Philip. Novg. The representatives hoped to recognize him as Russian. Tsar in the name of all Rus. d-vi. One of the members of the new Embassy guest S. Igolkin stated that Novgorodians should not submit to the Swede. Vlada, as if the Polish had not submitted, Doti, Doki would have lost one child alive, and having coveted the Swedish. military from russian. territory. Forcibly new The ambassadors then decided to arrest him. The Swede caused failure in the negotiations with Viborzy. The king is faced with a problem: what to do with the recuperation of the novg. lands? It is necessary to say that, having conveyed such a result and having previously given instructions to their commissars, they would have punished the failure of negotiations to consolidate into a new one. the Ukrainian land and try to turn it into Swede. provinces. In Sichna. 1614 Swedish The military leaders Delagarde and E. Gorn apparently tried to bring the Novgorodians to the Swedes before the king’s order. crown, but they were convinced at the same stand that they had already sworn allegiance in 1611. Karl-Philip, and the Swedes were called to blame for the broken treaty. Military affairs between Russia and Sweden began across the river after Tsar Mikhailo Fedorovich, and not the Swede, took the throne in Moscow (1613). Prince Karl-Philip, back in 1609, the Treaty of Viborz was signed between Tsar Vasily Shuisky and cor. Charles IX. Until 1617 r. II A. in the Great War with Russia, and in 1615 there were significant injuries under the walls of Pskov, villages, on which the king himself stood, and were defeated by the Russians. Prote the king against Russia as a military action, and carrying out economic. sabotage. Having finished reading the books of Nov. mint for 1611-1617, I. R. Spassky established that during the period of occupation the Swedes were buying up old Russian goods. coins were collected from the population and re-arranged, carbuying 360 kopecks from the hryvnia. 300. G. II A. praising the Swedes. Vladi: one of the king's leaves belongs to the pottery maker Derzh. The Treasury says: “Here in Russia there is a huge waste of pennies, and you yourself are to understand how important it is to deliver them from Sweden for the strengthening of the garrisons. That’s why we appreciate that here in the country they can find money to spend their lives without spending too much money in Sweden. Particularly valuable are coins that look like new copies. If there is a fair amount of money in reserve there, which can be used for carburetion, it will be obvious.” This war ended in 1617. By the Stolbovo Light, according to which the Swedes took Yam, Ivangorod, Koporie, Gorishok and Korela. G. II A. shared his joy with the parliament: “Now the Russians have strengthened us with lakes, rivers and swamps, through which it will not be so easy for them to penetrate to us.” Then the Swedes managed to reach their age-old world: to push the Russians out of the Baltic Sea and the Finnish inlet. After the end of the war with Russia, all the respect of G. II A. was transferred to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the dynasty began to flourish. a struggle of little significance for all of Europe, which entered the period of battle between Catholicism and Protestantism. The war with Poland was "a prelude to the war with the House of Habsburg." Until 1618, military affairs were conducted in Polish. territories. In 1621, after the 2-river truce, the Swedes took Riga and transferred the war to Courland. New truce (until 1625) G. II A. consecrated internal. politics, transforming the military and fleet. At 1625 rub. An embassy arrived to Moscow with promises, “so that the Tsar’s majesty would send its order to the Zaporizhsky Cossacks and their departure from the Polish crown.” At the end of the investigation in Moscow they confirmed that it was impossible to earn anything because of Zaporizhzhia. Cossacks are Polish people. king, but not Moscow. sovereign, and a truce was established between the king and the sovereign. Ale Swede. the king did not calm down and in 1626 r. Having sent new messages to Moscow with lamentations, let them pass to Belarus and Zaporizhzhya. G. II A. There is a war against Poland and they want to get Moscow, or more precisely, the constipated Cossacks, to this justice. But in Moscow they again gave a negative confirmation on the same basis, that “it is not possible to work on a ceasefire [skip afterwords and articles against Poland] because there will be a hellish kiss of evil and sin on the soul.” The same person's face started to grow. Prussian War: England, France and the Netherlands, hoping to get G. II A. before participating in this war, promoted their mediation in reconciliation with the Poles, which Austria assisted. In 1629, a 6-river truce was established between Poland and Sweden: G. II A. took over Livonia, and in Prussia - Elbing Ave., Braunsberg, Pillau and Memel. At 1630 rub. having taken part in the Thirty Years' War. Reasons why they spontaneously encouraged him to rub shoulders with foreigners. chvar, buli politic. and religion. Having noted the destruction of the Germans. Imp. Ferdinand II to establish himself in the Baltic Sea and feared that Ferdinand, having achieved this, would not allow Sigismund III to defeat the Swedes. the throne, G. II A. having united Stralsund in his supercht with the emperor. The victory of Catholics over Protestants undoubtedly threatened Protestant Sweden. For a number of other reasons, we can mention the over-accumulation of germs. Emperor of the List G. II A., application of his title, preventing the Swedes from attending the Lubetsky Congress, helping Poland. I am political and religious. The causes were so closely tied together that it was impossible to separate them. At Nimechchina G. II A. fought with the leading commanders at that time - Tilly, under Breitenfeld (7-17 ver. 1631), and Wallenstein, at Lutzen, de 6 sheet. 1632 the king's fate was hammered in. There were friendships with Maria-Eleanor of Brandenburz, depriving the gate of its unity. daughter - Christina. This 20-year reign is one of the most brilliant periods in the history of Sweden; It was important in the history of the world. The reign of G. II A. creates a whole era in the history of the constitution and in the history of the popular education of the Swedes. internal and out. The greatness of Sweden at this time was directly related to the Thirty-Fight War. Zavdyaki їy G. II A. bringing his power closer to the borders of Europe, giving the country an impetus to progress. We have raised the people. the spirit of the Swedes and placing Sweden on a par with the “first-class” powers of Europe. G. II A. being a great politician and a self-confessed fighter for religion. freedom. The parliament then changed into a permanent system and was divided into the Rikskolegiya. G. II A. having defied the tax system and started trading. contacts with Russia, the Netherlands, Spain and France, renovating the university in Uppsala, closing schools. He was also a formidable tactician, pioneering a new method of waging war. G. II A. deprived, besides the number. sheets, low level of historical space.

Volodymyr Boguslavsky

Material from the book: "Slovenian Encyclopedia. XVII century". M., OLMA-PRES. 2004.

Literature:

Engels F. Vibranі vіyskovі tvory M, 1958. Div. Decree, name;

Strokov A. A. History of military mysticism. T. 1. M., 1955,

Golitsin N. S. Great commanders of history. Part 2. St. Petersburg, 1875.

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Historical figures of Sweden(adviser to the region and to the rulers).

I Khristina Holshtynska, ed. at 1594 rub. at Nikeping; ascended the throne in 1611. His twenty-year reign is one of the most brilliant events in the history of Sweden; It was important in the history of the world. Charles IX (div.) dedicated a lot of turbot and praci to the most beautiful cultivation of R. and what he wanted. G. being one of the most enlightened rulers of his time; speaking fluent German, Dutch, French, Italian and Latin; in news and in Russian and Polish language. In science, G. would like to study mathematics and history. Since the 11th century, R. was already present at the diets and at his father’s houses, at the reception of foreign ambassadors. Two people made a great impact on the young G. - John Schitt and Axel Oxenstierna (Oksenstierna). G. remained at the beginning of his reign, recognizing him as chancellor and preserving his ever-wider friendship and affection until his death.

Having ascended the throne, Gustavus Adolphus subsided from his father's rise to the aristocracy and three wars - with Denmark, Russia and Poland. The aristocracy of G. was taken into his own hands, who bestowed upon them a great deal of privilege and promised to honor the Diet in every way. The Danish War, otherwise called the Squid War, was ended by the king in 1613. peace at Knerod's. The Danzi wanted to follow Kalmar and Elfsborg; G. stood up for two places and for the indemnity of millions of talers they were lost to Sweden. The controversy between Sweden and Russia blames Charles IX. The war with Moscow, which was intended to push the Russians across the Baltic Sea and the Finnish Inlet, ended in 1617. The Treaty of Stolbovo (div. Lizhin, “Treaty of Stolbovo”, 1857), by which the Swedes took Yam, Ivangorod, Koporie, Noteburg and Keksgom. G. Adolf was pleased with the achieved results and said before the Sejm: “Now the Russians have strengthened us with lakes, rivers and swamps, through which it will not be so easy for them to penetrate to us.” After the end of the Russian war, all the respect of Germany was directed towards Poland; A trivial dynastic struggle began, which was of minor and foreign European significance as a moment in the struggle between Catholicism and Protestantism. The Polish war was "the prelude to the war with the House of Habsburg." Until 1618, the war was fought on Polish territory. In 1621, after the court truce, the Swedes took Riga and moved the war to Courland. After the new truce, until 1625, R. devoted itself to internal affairs, reorganizing the army and fleet. RUB 1,626 started so sound Prussian war. England, France and the Netherlands, hoping to get Germany to take part in the German war, promoted their mediation until it was reconciled with Poland. Austria helped the rest. At 1629 r. A 6-river truce was established between Poland and Sweden: Poland took over Livonia, and Prussia took over. Elbing, Braunsberg, Pillau and Memel. At 1630 rub. G. Adolf took part in the 30th war. The reasons that prompted him to rub shoulders with the hidden European superchka were political and religious. Noting the desire of Ferdinand II to establish himself in the Baltic Sea and fearing that Ferdinand, having achieved this, would not allow Sigismund III to conquer the Swedish throne, G. Adolf seized Stralsund. The victory of Catholics over Protestants undoubtedly threatened Protestant Sweden. Other reasons include the Emperor's over-hoarding of G. Adolf's leaves, the application of his title, the exclusion of the Swedes from the Lubetsky Congress, and the assistance of Poland. Both political and religious reasons were closely connected, making it impossible to strengthen one type of another. Sometimes, like Droysen, there are political motives, while others (Gelbig, Gardiner, etc.) are religious. - In Germany, he fought with the leading commanders of that time - Tilly, for Breitenfeld (7-17 ver. 1631), and Wallenstein, at Lutzen. There were killed in the last battle, 6 leaves fell. 1632 rub. Friendship on Maria-Eleanor of Brandenburz, having lost only one daughter, Christina.

The reign of R. creates an epoch in the history of the constitution and in the history of popular education of the Swedes. The internal and external greatness of Sweden during the reign was directly related to the 30th century. war. G. bringing Sweden through it closer to the border of Europe, giving Sweden an impulse to progress. By raising the national spirit of the Swedes and placing Sweden at once among the first-class powers of Europe. G. was a great politician and fighter for religious freedom; not to recognize the doubleness in anyone - they will then grovel obliviously from one side of the room, depriving the posture of respect for everyone else.

The Diet under G. Adolf became a permanent institution and disintegrated into the Reichskollegium. G.-A. eliminating the tax system, tying trade with Russia, the Netherlands, Spain and France, restoring Uppsala University, and closing schools. G. became a great tactician, having discovered a new method of waging war. G.-Adolf deprived, in addition to numerical sheets, a low portion of historical space (vid. Stuffe in 1861). Around the hidden facts about the history of Sweden and the 30-River War, div. Hollenberg, "Svea Rikes Historia under K. G.-Adolf den stores regering" (1790-1796; brought to 1628); Cronholm, "Sveriges Historia under G. II Adolf regering" (1857 et seq.); Droysen, "G.-Adolf" (1869-1870); G. V. Forsten, “The Politics of Sweden in Troubled Hours” (“J. M. H. Pr.” 1889-1890).