Artillery of Russia. Today is the end of Russia. Boy's artillery. Zbroya viku. Artillery, the most powerful guns Maximum firing range from guns

Artillery was designed to be long-range until the war of 1914-1918. characterized by constant neglect of its significance. The shallow depth of the defense, which did not exceed 3 - 4 km, was affected by the distances of the decisive battle at a range of up to 4 km, and the presence of aviation, and therefore the ability to prevent and correct fire. Great ranges, did not stimulate an increase in the range of the projectile.

No one thought about shooting at a range of over 6 km for light field artillery.

According to the testimony of Gascoigne, the French artillery of long-range shooting was condemned as heresy by both the statute and the authorities, and at that time artillery was not practiced among them.

German artillery fired up to 5-5.5 km, and 105-mm artillery shells were fired at no further than 6 km. The very design of the heavy-duty projectiles did not allow fire to spread over 9-10 km.

Russian artillery relied on active fire at a range of approximately 3 - 4 km and was not practiced at long-range shooting. Although the Russian-Japanese war showed the need for great ranges of artillery fire, it is evidence that this plan will lead to insurance and liquidation.

The legacy of this was that of the Russian 3-dm. (76 mm) harmata sp. 1902 could be dated at about 16 °, and at the bottom of the trunk - up to 30 °, which gave the greatest firing range of about 8,500 m; The rifling and sight allowed for fire up to 6,400 m, and shrapnel - up to approximately 5,500 m. The French 75-mm harmata has a small sight up to 5,500 m with a possible grenade firing range of up to 9,400 m (as of today - close 3 39°) ,

World War 1914-1918. I decided to sharply change my view of the significance of far-reachingness. The increasing pressure on the fire and the enormous costs that come with the stagnation of large compact battle formations have dampened the desire to move to new group tactics. The reduced number of fighters who fell on a 1 km front was overcompensated by the introduction of light machine guns and significant increases in the number of mounted troops. As a result, the defensive strength of the battle formation grew significantly, and coupled with the development of engineering defense capabilities, it allowed the depth of defense to be increased to 10 km.

Such a depth could no longer be bombarded by artillery fire from these very firing positions and the need to change them was called out at the onset. Needless to say, this often led to repeated wastage of infantry, heavy artillery support and failure to advance.

With the increasing width of the battlefields, concentrating a large amount of fire along with one point of any kind of defense became impossible, because the batteries, which stood on one flank, lacked the range to concentrate the fire. southern flank.

The army's great influx of technical means produced it even in the middle, and if it was carried out at a deep range, the projectile was rejected.

The answer came naturally: it was urgently necessary to increase the reach of the systems that were in use, so as to immediately ensure the ability to carry out long-range fires.

The growth of aviation became a response to this continued need and made it possible to move the observation point to the aircraft. It was impossible to increase the range of the fire. Throughout the war, this task was determined by the path:

a) stagnation of progressive powders and increase in powder charges,

b) increase in the border zone of the uplifted harmat

c) improved shape of the projectiles.

The increase in powder charges and the preparation of progressive powders could be solidified safely, but it was surrounded by the value of the walls of the steel drill, which were insured for the singing pressure and could vitrify even a small amount increase. No less important was the importance of the carriage, which did not capture the great increase in energy that would inevitably result from an increased charge. In this way, even modest results were achieved: the howitzer range increased to 3 - 4%, the harmat range - from 3 to 8 - 10%. And even the most dangerous creatures, which have a very large reserve of value, were given an increase in the range of a little more than 10%.

The increase in the border zone of the uprising could have resulted in a loss of harmat, since all howitzers have limited vertical fire to the point of greatest range (about 42° - when firing at the initial range). The conclusion of this approach was able to increase the range significantly, and more and more, at the lower end of the day, a little in advance. For example, Russian 3-dm.

(76-mm) harmata, as it was designated, could immediately reach a range of 8500 m, which was close to 30% increased range.

However, such a great angle of elevation (close to 40°) of which the projectile could only be applied by digging the trunk, since the design of the carriage did not allow it to be done otherwise. Dig the trunk even more complicated the preparation of the armor before shooting and improved it. readiness until the fire starts; The shooting itself was also difficult, and as a result, a significant part of its rate of fire was wasted.

It was impossible to increase the presentation without significant changes to the material part. Therefore, the whole world could be sealed only to such a degree that it is less possible to dig up the trunk, then it is important to light systems; For most of the important people, they managed to earn quite a bit of money in this way.

It was found that the lack of focus on the sight for long-range shooting was compensated by shooting along the level (Russia) or quadrant (France).

The enhancement of the modern shape of the projectile by the way of subduing the head part and bevelling the bottom (belt) itself gave a noticeable effect to the harmata. When shooting with small cob guns from a howitzer, the enhanced shape of the projectile results in even a small gain in range.

The new form of shells became especially widespread in France, where even before the war Gen. Désilets saw shells of a painted shape, called in his name shells “D” (Fig. 5). Since the beginning of the war, the reserves of shells from old armchairs had been quickly exhausted, and France began preparing new shells from steel. chavun (for the sake of saving steel), they immediately began to work on new seats, and significantly reduced the value of increased range (Table 13),

As a result, we can say that without the complete reprocessing of the material part during the war, the long-range impact of the harmat was significantly reduced.

Table 14 4 (page 40) shows the increase in the maximum range of the projectile at the end of the war of 1914-1918. Because of this, at the cost of any material changes, an increase is often achieved. From this table we can see that every power for every type of artillery was not satisfied with the increased range, taking away from the expansion of the system and the projectile, and all of them created a new material part due to the increased distance information from 40 - 50 to 80-100%.

The trace also marks the appearance of the German army until the end of the war of 1914-1918. special long-range projectiles, the firing range of which exceeded 100 km. These shells, however, were prepared in single copies on special orders to bombard Paris during the period of the war, when the rest had already become positional in nature and the German army could not push closer to Paris.

A. Polovi lungs harmati

*To increase the accuracy of the results of modernization when folded table values ​​taken from numbers different shells for this armor: before the war - which gives the shortest range, until the end of the war - which gives the longest range.

B. Polish light howitzers

V. Polovi important harmati

G. Polovi important howitzers

D. Vazhki (siege) harmati

E. Important (siege) howitzers

The presence of such good bomber aircraft and the captured Allied military forces prompted the command of the German army to prepare special long-range projectiles, since the shelling of Paris would have a great moral impact This will speed up the possible end of the war.

These hopes of the Germans were not fulfilled despite the significant moral effect of the shelling: the evacuation of government institutions was likely, and about a third of the population of Paris was deprived of it in the panic.

And the very fact of the long technical permission of the Germans to shoot at such a great range as 120 km, following the inheritance in other countries. From them, France alone began to develop a similar long-range 210-mm caliber on the road. installed Mounted on the carriage of a Schneider howitzer (Fig. 6), this unit is small enough to have a range of more than 100 km. Prote, the verification was completed and did not work: the system turned out to be very difficult; What is the primary importance of railways? The bridges along the routes showed that the transportation was insufficient, as the truce was interrupted by the truce of November 11, 1918.

Do you know what type of army is comically called the “god of war”? Look, artillery! Regardless of the developments over the remaining fifty years, the role of high-precision current drilling systems, as before, is extremely great.

Development history

The “father” generally respects the German Schwartz, and many historians agree that his merits in this matter are dubious. Thus, the first riddle about the use of cannon artillery on the battlefield dates back to 1354, but there are many papers in the archives that suggest 1324.

There is no need to respect the fact that they haven’t built it up to this point. Before speaking, the most mysteries about such an armor can be found in old English manuscripts, and not at all in German pendants. Thus, especially noteworthy in this plan is the famous treatise “On the Bonds of Queens”, written to the glory of Edward III.

The author was the king's teacher, and the book itself was written in 1326 (the hour of Edward's killing). The text does not have any detailed explanations of engravings, so one has to rely only on the subtext. So, one of the illustrations depicts, in a pose of all sorts of doubts, a helper who guesses a great vase. It is shown how a great arrow flies from the neck of this “globe”, swirling around the smoke, and in the distance stands a man who has just set fire to gunpowder behind a roasted rod.

Persha appeared

Well, before China, which, in all its history, had the greatest supply of gunpowder (and the middle-class alchemists had discovered it three times, no less), then everything should be allowed in, so that the first artillery shells could have been tried even before the start ku our eri. To put it simply, artillery, like all fire-fighting weapons, is a very old thing, but it is not accepted to be important.

During this period, the shells were already massively stagnated in the face of the situation, which at that time were not very effective in protecting taxes.

Chronic stagnation

Then why didn’t ancient peoples conquer the whole world for the help of the god of war? It's simple - garmati cob 14 tbsp. that 18th century There are few differences between each other. The stench was unwavering, incredibly important, and ensured even filthy precision. It was not for nothing that the first gunners fought to ruin the walls (it’s easy to miss!), and to shoot at the enemy’s great acquisitions. In the era, if the warlords of the army went one on one in barvy columns, this also did not require high accuracy of the harmata.

Let’s not forget about the extreme acidity of gunpowder, as well as its untransferable power: during the war with Sweden, Russian gunners had to push the rate of weight up a third time, so that the cannonballs would give the enemy fortresses any harm . Obviously, this fact was definitely screwed up. There were a lot of fallouts, if nothing was lost due to the artillery explosion through the vibukh harmati.

Other reasons

Zreshtoyu, metallurgy. As with steam locomotives, only the output of rolling mills and in-depth research in metallurgy have provided the necessary knowledge for the production of truly reliable shafts. The creation of artillery shells forever ensured that the “monarchical” troops had a better place on the battlefield.

Don’t forget about the caliber of artillery shells: in this case, stinks were calculated both from the diameter of the fired cores and from the adjustment of the parameters of the barrel. There was a terrible confusion, and the armies simply could not take the truly unified armor. The whole thing greatly affected the development of the galusi.

The main types of ancient artillery systems

Now let's look at the main types of artillery shells, which in many cases actually helped change history, turning the decisive course of the war to the benefit of one power. In 1620, the camp adopted the following types of equipment:

• Garmat with caliber from 7 to 12 inches.
• Per'eri.
• Falconeti ta mignoni (“falcons”).
• Wear harmati with official charges.
• Robinet.
• Mortars and bombardi.

This transition reflects the “relevant” harmony of the more or less common sense. At that time, the army had a lot of old chavun ammunition. The most typical representatives of these include couleurines and drinks. By that time, it had already become somewhat clear that the giant scales, which had been significantly expanded in earlier periods, were no good: their accuracy was excellent, the resistance of the vibuhu stovbur was extremely large, and it took an hour to reload richly.

As soon as we return to the Hours of Peter, the historians of these rocks estimate that for the skin battery of “unicorns” (a variety of culverins) hundreds of liters of water were required. It was diluted with water and was used to cool overheated tree trunks.

Old artillery armor with a caliber of more than 12 inches was rarely seen. The most common were culverins, the core of which weighed about 16 pounds (about 7.3 kg). The field brains had even wider falconettes, the core of which weighed more than 2.5 pounds (about kilograms). Now let’s take a look at the artillery shells, which have become wider in the past.

If you respectfully looked at this table and pointed a musket there, do not be surprised. This was the name given not only to those clumsy and important guns that we remember from films about musketeers, but to a full-fledged artillery piece with a long small-caliber barrel. One way or another, it’s even more problematic to notice your “bump” with a load of 400 grams!

In addition, one should not marvel at the stone thrower that is on the list. The point is that, for example, the Turks even in the hours of Peter were victorious against Stovburn artillery, which fired cannonballs carved from stone. The stench was much more likely to pierce the hostile ships of the Navilit, but fatigue was most often the cause of serious damage to those remaining from the first salvo.

Find out that all the data shown in the table is approximate. Many types of artillery shells are lost forever, and ancient historians often did not understand the characteristics and names of these harmata, which were massively vicorized during the siege of the place and fort.

Wine innovators

As we have already said, the barrel artillery, stretching for hundreds of years, was destroyed, as, as it seemed, it had once caught up with its development. Everything has changed quickly. As in many cases of innovation in military law, the idea belonged to the naval officers.

The main problem with cannon artillery on ships was the limited space, the complexity of any maneuvers. The Bachachis, Mr. Melville and Mr. Gascoigne, who were in charge of the production of wines in their charge, decided to create a marvelous harmony, which historians today know under the name “caronade.” There were no trunnions (mounts for the carriage) on this barrel at all. Then on the new hole there was a small hole into which a steel shear could be easily and quickly inserted. Vіn mіtsno clinging to the compact verstat of the artillery armor.

The Garmata came out light and short, handy in the hand. The approximate range of effective shooting from it was approximately 50 meters. In addition, due to certain design features, it became possible to fire projectiles from an igniter. “Caronade” became so popular that Gascoigne never moved to Russia, where the talented masters of foreign adventures were once again counted on, having taken away the rank of general and the seat of one of Catherine’s guards. Meanwhile, Russian artillery shells began to fragment and be released on an unprecedented scale.

Current artillery systems

As we have already noted on the beginning of our statistics, the current world of artillery had a chance to “squeeze” under the action of a missile shield. This does not at all mean that the Stovburst and rocket systems have not lost their place on the battlefield. No way! The use of high-precision projectiles with GPS/GLONASS guidance makes it possible to quickly confirm that the “invaders” from the distant 12-13th century were able to keep the enemy in fear.

Stovburn and rocket artillery: who is the best?

In contrast to traditional drilling systems, rocket launchers practically do not provide significant output. This stinks and emerges from any self-propelled or towed vehicle, which in the process of being brought into a combat position requires maximum securement and trenches on the ground, as in other cases it is possible to cause perforations tribute. It is clear that we are not talking about any Swede changing his position here in principle, as the self-propelled artillery armor is being victorious.

Aircraft and mobile reactive systems can change their combat position in a matter of minutes. In principle, such vehicles can conduct a fire and destroy it at any time, but the accuracy of the shot is poor. There are only a few such installations - they have low accuracy. The same “Hurricane” can literally cover a few square kilometers, destroying most of its life, but for this you need a whole battery of installations filled with expensive shells. These artillery shells, photos of which you will find in the statistics, are especially loved by veterinary specialists (Katyusha).

A salvo of one howitzer with a “reasonable” projectile will protect the building in just one shot, whereas a battery of rocket launchers may need more than one salvo. In addition, “Smerch”, “Hurricane”, “Grad” or “Tornado” at the moment of launch cannot be detected by any blind soldier, and there is a lot of gloom there. The capacity of such installations in one projectile can accommodate up to several hundred kilograms of vibukha speech.

Stowburn's artillery, due to its accuracy, could be used to fire at the enemy at the moment of its discovery and return to its position. In addition, the cannon self-propelled artillery armor is capable of conducting counter-battery fire, which lasts for many years. The volley fire systems have a lot of storms, which doesn’t wash them away into the trival vikoristan.

Before the speech, during the first Chechen campaign, the “Grads” were fought, which began to fight in Afghanistan. The wear on their barrels was such that the shells flew off in unpredictable directions for an hour. This often led to the “critique” of its soldiers.

The most beautiful salvo fire systems

The leader will inevitably have artillery shells from the Russian Tornado. Fire 122 mm caliber shells at a distance of up to 100 km. In one salvo, up to 40 shells can be fired, covering an area of ​​up to 84 thousand square meters. The range is no less than 650 kilometers. At the same time, the high reliability of the chassis and the speed of rotation are up to 60 km/year, which allows the Tornado battery to be transferred to the required location with minimal waste per hour.

Others appreciate the effectiveness of the RSZV 9K51 “Grad”, which was widely recognized after the rally at the Pivdenny Gathering of Ukraine. Caliber – 122 mm, 40 barrels. It shoots at a distance of up to 21 kilometers, and can cover an area of ​​up to 40 square kilometers in one pass. The range for a maximum speed of 85 km/year is as much as 1.5 thousand kilometers!

The third place is occupied by the HIMARS artillery shell from the American plant. The ammunition has a hostile caliber of 227 mm, and there are only six direct weapons from the installation. The firing range is up to 85 kilometers, at one time it is possible to cover an area of ​​more than 67 square kilometers. Transfer speed is up to 85 km/year, the range is 600 kilometers. It proved itself well in the ground campaign in Afghanistan.

In fourth position is the Chinese installation WS-1B. The Chinese did not skimp on guns: the caliber of this old gun is the same as 320 mm. In appearance, the MLRS will guess the S-300 air defense missile system of the Russian military production and may suffer from almost every storm. The range is approximately 100 kilometers, the area affected is up to 45 square kilometers. At maximum speed, these daily vehicles have a range of approximately 600 kilometers.

At the end of the day, the Indian RSZV Pinaka was growing. The design has 12 straight lines for projectiles of 122 mm caliber. The shooting range is up to 40 km. At a maximum speed of 80 km/year, the car can travel up to 850 kilometers. The affected area is 130 square kilometers. The system was disintegrated with the participation of Russian fakhivs, and miraculously proved itself in the course of numerous Indian-Pakistani conflicts.

Garmati

This war flowed far from its long-time predecessors, who were martyring in the fields of Serednyovich. The caliber of the caliber, which is commonly used in modern minds, ranges from 100 (anti-tank artillery armor “Rapier”) to 155 mm (TR, NATO).

The range of projectiles that can be tested is also extremely wide: from standard high-explosive fragmentation rounds to programmed projectiles that can hit a target at a distance of up to 45 kilometers with an accuracy of tens of centimeters. True, the value of one such shot can be up to 55 thousand dollars! According to this plan, Radian artillery shells are significantly cheaper.

Morometi

Today's mortar systems are similar to old-fashioned bombards and mortars, which could fire a bomb (up to a hundred kilograms) at a distance of 200-300 meters. Today, both its design and the maximum drying range have clearly changed.

Most of the world's armored forces have a combat doctrine for mortars that treats them like artillery armor for firing at a distance of close to a kilometer. The effectiveness of the stagnation of this armor in the minds of men and in the strangulation of disparate, mobile groups of the enemy is indicated. The Russian army has mortars and standard units, which are used during most serious combat operations.

And under the hour of Ukrainian protests, both sides of the conflict demonstrated that the old 88 mm mortars have a unique function as a countermeasure.

Today's mortars, like other cannon artillery, are developing today to directly improve the accuracy of skin shots. Thus, recently, the BAE Systems defense corporation first demonstrated the enormous power of high-precision mortars with a caliber of 81 mm, tested at one of the English training grounds. It appears that such ammunition can be effectively used in a temperature range of -46 to +71 °C. In addition, there is information about the planned production of a wide range of such projectiles.

Particularly, we hope to use high-precision 120 mm caliber due to increased tension. New models developed for the American Army (XM395, for example), with a shooting range of up to 6.1 km, can provide a range of more than 10 meters. It appears that the same shots were used by the crews of Stryker armored vehicles in Iraq and Afghanistan, where new ammunition showed itself from the very side.

But the most promising developments are the development of ceramic shells with active homing. Thus, the Chinese artillery shells “Nona” can defeat the “Kitoliv-2” shell, with the help of which you can hit almost any current tank at a distance of up to nine kilometers. Due to the guarantee of cheapness, such developments are expected to be sold all over the world.

Thus, artillery destruction is still a terrible argument on the battlefield. New models are constantly being developed, and more and more promising projectiles are being added to existing barrel systems.

In the other half of the last century, the gunners-artillerymen tried to advance the range of the projectile and crashed into an area of ​​dark gunpowder that was being fired at that moment. The pressing metal charge created a gigantic pressure when pushing, but when the projectile was pushed through the channel of the drill, the pressure of the powder gases dropped rapidly.

This factor was imprinted on the design at that time: the breech parts of the harmat had to be built with very thick walls to withstand a colossal pressure, in which the barrel length became remarkably small, since a larger barrel length was not practical Wow significant. According to the record holder at that time, the cob velocity of the projectile was less than 500 meters per second, and the original copies were even less.

First attempts to increase the range of fire for the sake of richness

In 1878, the French engineer Louis-Guillaume Perreaux propagated the idea of ​​​​vicorising several additional charges of vibukhovka, dissolved in nearby comoros, carried out between the breech parts of the plant. Behind his plan, having fed the gunpowder in the additional chambers, he was responsible for pushing the projectile through the bore, thereby ensuring the constant pressure that is created by the powder gases.

In theory znaryaddya may additional komori it is not enough to surpass the classic artillery harmonics at that time in both literal and figurative meaning, but not in theory. In 1879 (otherwise in 1883), already after Perrault's innovation, two American engineers James Richard Haskell and Azel S. Lyman introduced Perrault's rich chamber harmata in metal.

The child of the Americans, in addition to the main chamber, 60 kilograms of BP were placed in the yak, with 4 additional 12.7 kilograms per skin. Haskell and Lyman were insured for those that, having fed the gunpowder in the additional chambers, there would be half a main charge in the world, as the projectile would be pushed through with a drill and the fire would have access to them.

However, in practice, everything turned out differently, but on paper: the detonation of charges in the additional chambers was achieved before the super-cleaning of the designers and in fact the projectile was not dispersed by the energy of the additional charges, as it was re-insuranced, and then lmovuvuvsya.

The projectile, fired from the penta-mortar, showed a modest 335 meters per second for the Americans, which meant a complete failure of the project. The failure in the field to develop rich chamber capacity to increase the firing range of artillery guns forced fire engineers to forget about the idea of ​​additional charges until another world war.

Rich chamber artillery shells for another light war

At the hour of Another Light War, the idea was revived rich chamber capacity of artillery armor to increase firing range Nazi Germany was actively developing. Under the command of engineer August Koenders in 1944, the Germans began to implement the V-3 project, giving up the code name (HDP) “High Vise Pump”.

The greedy armored weapon with a length of 124 meters, a caliber of 150 mm and a load of 76 tons had little to do with the shelling of London. Rozrakhunkova’s firing range of this arrow-like projectile reached over 150 km; the projectile itself is 3250 mm long and weighs 140 kilograms and carries 25 kg of vibukhovoy. Stovber Zbro HDP was stored with 32 seques Dovzhinoy 4.48 meters, the skin of the sequethes (KRIM KAZNENIA PARNI, the stars of the projectile was a charge of the projectile) Dvі chargorer Karostaski Rostashovani PID to the canal of the Stobur.

Zbroya Bula was nicknamed “Bagatonizhka” because the additional charging comories gave Zbroya similarity to comas. In addition to the far-reaching nature of the Nazis, they relied on speed of fire, and the fragmented hour of reloading the “Bagatonizhka” became unnecessary: ​​it’s scary to realize what would have been lost in London if Hitler’s plans came to life.

Due to the fact that the implementation of the V-3 project resulted in the acquisition of a large number of military personnel and the acquisition of a large number of military personnel - the Allied forces learned about the active preparation of positions for the deployment of 'Yati projectile type HDP and 6 linen 1944 bombed the adits by the bomber squadron of the British Airborne Forces long-range battery.

After the fiasco with the V-3 project, the Nazis developed a simplified version of the armored vehicle under the code designation “LRK 15F58”, which, before speaking, was forced to take part in the German shelling of Luxembourg from a distance of 42.5 kilometers. The gun “LRK 15F58” is also small with a caliber of 150 mm and has 24 additional charging chambers with a barrel length of 50 meters. After the defeat of Nazi Germany, one of the surviving shells was taken away before the war.

Ideas for the development of rich chamber projectiles for launching satellites

Possibly inspired by the successes of Nazi Germany and looming in the hands of the working world of the United States together with Canada in 1961, we began to work on the High Altitude Research Project HARP as a method of changing the ballistic authorities of the objects, that were launched near the upper atmosphere. A little later, the military began to work on the project, asking for help rich in light-gas harmats ta sondi.

Over the course of six years, the project was initiated and tested and over a dozen rounds of different calibers were tested. The largest of them is the round that was produced in Barbados, a small caliber of 406 mm with a barrel length of 40 meters. Garmata fired 180 kilogram projectiles at an altitude of approximately 180 kilometers, with the projectile velocity reaching 3600 meters per second.

However, such hostile speed, of course, was not enough to launch the projectile into orbit. The project was carried out by Canadian engineer Gerald Vincent Bull to achieve the desired results by breaking up the Marlet rocket-like projectile, but the projectile was not destined to crash in flight, and the HARP project was launched in 1967.

The closure of the HARP project was a significant blow for the ambitious Canadian designer Gerald Bull, and perhaps even a few shortcuts from success. After several years of success, Bull unsuccessfully searches for a sponsor for this grandiose project. By the way, Saddam Hussein was obsessed with his talent as an artillery engineer. Vin offers financial intercession to Bull in exchange for planting stones for the project of creating a super-harmony within the framework of the “Babylon” project.

From the poor data available to the public, it is clear that there are several different systems in which the principle of richness is being adopted in one place. To achieve a steady pressure of gases in a stovbura, in addition to the main charge, be sure to secure it directly on the projectile and collapse at the same time with it.

Behind the pouches of the tested armored caliber 350 mm, it was transferred that a two-ton projectile fired with a similar armored caliber of 1000 mm could be launched into orbit by small (with a weight of up to 200 kilograms) satellites, in which case it is possible to launch It cost about $600 per kilogram, which is an order of magnitude cheaper than a rocket carrier.

As you can see, the relationship between the ruler of Iraq and the talented engineer was not to everyone’s liking, and as a result of the Bull killings in 1990, a group of people in Brussels worked on the super-harmony project for two years.

For hundreds of years, artillery has been an important warehouse for the Russian army. The power of this power came to fruition in the hands of the Other Light - they themselves were not casually called the “god of war.” The analysis of the rich military company allows us to identify the most promising directly for this type of military for decades to come. As a result, today's Russian artillery has the necessary strength both for the effective conduct of combat operations in local conflicts and for the manifestation of mass aggression.

The decline of the past

New symbols of the Russian army “date back to the 60s of the 20th century”, since the Russian army took a course towards a clear re-invention. Dozens of leading design bureaus, worked by prominent engineers and designers, laid the theoretical and technical basis for the creation of a new innovation.

Evidence from front-line wars and analysis of the potential of overseas armies have clearly shown that it is necessary to rely on mobile self-propelled artillery and mortar installations. Following decisions centuries ago, the Russian artillery has acquired a solid fleet of missile and artillery armor on tracked and wheeled tracks, the basis of which is the “kvitkova collection”: a nimble 122 mm howitzers "Gvozdika" to the terrible 240 mm.

Stovburov's Field Artillery

The Stowburn artillery of Russia has a large number of shells at its disposal. The smells are formed on the formed artillery units, parts of the Land Forces and the basis of the firepower of parts of the Marine Corps and internal forces. Stowburn artillery achieves high fire rate, accuracy and efficiency of shooting with simplicity of design, mobility, increased reliability, fire resistance, and fire resistance This results in cost-effectiveness.

There are a lot of light vehicles that can be towed and are designed to meet the requirements of the BBB. The stinks in the Russian army are gradually being replaced by self-propelled artillery shells, disintegrated in 1971-1975, which are optimized for the military task of bringing about a nuclear conflict in the minds. The towed shells are transferred to the vicinity of fortified areas and other theaters of military operations.

Zrazky ozbrojen

At this hour, Russia's cannon artillery displays the following signs of self-propelled projectiles:

• Floating howitzer 2S1 “Gvozdika” (122 mm).
• Howitzer 2SZ "Akatsia" (152 mm).
• Howitzer 2S19 "Msta-S" (152 mm).
• Garmata 2S5 "Hyacinth" (152 mm).
• Garmata 2S7 “Pivonia” (203 mm).

A self-propelled howitzer with unique characteristics and the ability to shoot in the “flurry of fire” mode 2S35 “Coalition-SV” (152 mm) is undergoing active testing.

For fire support of the ignition elements, 120-mm self-propelled projectiles are used: 2S23 “Nona-SVK”, 2S9 “Nona-S”, 2S31 “Viden” and their analogues, which are towed by 2B16 “Nona-K”. The special features of these projectiles are those that can perform the functions of a mortar, mortar, howitzer and anti-tank gun.

Anti-tank artillery

The development of highly effective anti-tank missile systems is due to the development of anti-tank artillery shells. Their advantages over anti-tank missiles lie ahead in their obvious cheapness, simplicity of design and compactness, and the ability to fire quickly no matter the weather.

Russia's anti-tank artillery is progressing towards increased strength and increased caliber, improved ammunition and sighting devices. The pinnacle of this development was the 100-mm anti-tank smoothbore harmata MT-12 (2A29) “Rapier” with increased projectile velocity and an effective firing range of up to 1500 m. The gun can be fired with a pro-tank weapon 9M117 "Kastet" missile, 660 mm.

With even greater armor penetration, Volodya is also towed by the PT 2A45M “Sprut-B”, which is deployed in the Russian Federation. With a dynamic defense, it is possible to destroy vehicle armor up to 770 mm. Russia's self-propelled artillery in this segment is represented by 2S25 "Sprut-SD" projectiles, which are still available for paratroopers.

Morometi

The current artillery of Russia is inconceivable without mortars of various types and calibers. Russian expressions of this design include an effective method of suffocation, weakening and fiery support. The military has the following signs of mortar formation:

• Automatic 2B9M “Voloshka” (82 mm).
• 2B14-1 “Pidnos” (82 mm).
• Mortar complex 2S12 "Sani" (120 mm).
• Self-propelled 2S4 "Tulip" (240 mm).
• M-160 (160 mm) and M-240 (240 mm).

Characteristics and particularities

While the “Pidnos” and “Sleigh” mortars replicate the designs of the Great German War models, the “Voloshka” is a fundamentally new system. It is equipped with automatic reloading mechanisms, which allows you to fire at a high rate of fire of 100-120 VT/H (compared to 24 VT/H for the “Pidnos” mortar).

The artillery of Russia can rightfully be represented by the self-propelled mortar "Tulip", which is also an original system. In the stowed position, the 240-mm barrel is mounted on the back of an armored tracked chassis; in the combat position, it rests on a special plate that rests on the ground. In this case, all operations are carried out with the help of an additional hydraulic system.

The Coastal Forces of the Russian Federation, as part of the independent forces of the Navy, were formed in 1989. The basis of its firepower is formed by mobile missile and artillery systems:

• "Ridut" (rocket).
• 4K51 "Rubizh" (missile).
• 3K55 "Bastion" (missile).
• 3K60 "Bal" (rocket).
• A-222 "Bereg" (artillery 130 mm).

These complexes are truly unique and pose a real threat to any enemy fleet. The new “Bastion” has been equipped with Oniks/Yakhont hypersonic missiles since 2010. In the hour of the Crimean attacks, a number of “Bastions”, which were defiantly placed on the river, disrupted the plans for a “show of force” on the side of the NATO fleet.

The new artillery of the Russian coastal defense A-222 “Bereg” effectively operates against small-sized Swedish ships that move within 100 knots (180 km/year), and medium-sized surface ships (at 23 km from the complex), and ground targets.

Important artillery at the Beregovykh military warehouse is now ready to support the tough complexes: self-propelled guns “Giacinth-S”, harmata-howitzer “Giacinth-B”, harmata-howitzer “Msta-B”, howitzers D-20 and D-30, RSZV.

Multiple rocket launcher systems

Since the beginning of the VBB, the reactive artillery of Russia, as the right-offender of the USSR, may be increasingly grouped by the RSZV. In the 50s, the 122-mm 40-barreled BM-21 “Grad” system was developed. The Russian Ground Forces have 4,500 such systems.

BM-21 "Grad" became the prototype of the "Grad-1" system, created in 1975 to equip tank and motorized rifle regiments, as well as the more advanced 220-mm "Uragan" system for artillery units of the army. This line of development was continued by the long-range "Smerch" system with 300-mm projectiles and the new RSZV of the "Prima" divisional tank with an increased number of direct and propelled rockets with a warhead that strengthens to be.

The purchase of new RSZV “Tornado” is underway - a dual-caliber system mounted on the MAZ-543M chassis. The "Tornado-G" variant fires 122-mm rockets against the Grad RSZV, overriding the effectiveness of the third. The "Tornado-S" variant, designed for firing 300-mm rockets, outweighs the "Smerch" by 3-4 times in terms of combat effectiveness. The “Tornado” attacks the target with a salvo and single high-precision rockets.

Anti-aircraft artillery

Russian anti-aircraft artillery is represented by the following self-propelled small-caliber systems:

• Four self-propelled gun "Shilka" (23 mm).
• Self-propelled twin installation "Tunguska" (30 mm).
• The Pantsir (30 mm) self-propelled system is paired.
• The ZU-23 (2A13) (23 mm) twin unit was towed.

The self-propelled units are equipped with a radio control complex, which ensures the storage and auto-support of debris and the compilation of data for guidance. Automatic targeting is carried out behind additional hydraulic drives. "Shilka" includes an artillery system, and "Tunguska" and "Pantsir" are also equipped with anti-aircraft missiles.

The development of foreign cannon artillery since the 60s was characterized by two features. On one side, as the main center for the development and development of artillery systems, were the United States and their European allies in the NATO bloc - Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Russia, Italy, and, to a lesser extent, Spain and France. The greatest expansion was observed in the 155-mm towed howitzers (BG) M114, M198 (USA), FH-70 (capable unit of the UK, FRN and Italy), self-propelled howitzers (SG) of the M109 series (USA), MkF3. Some of these designs are important, especially systems such as the M114, M109, M109A1 and MkF 3 were morally outdated even before the beginning of the 80s, which meant the need for their complete modernization.

The most common barrel artillery systems have ballistic characteristics that are consistent with the ability of NATO countries to achieve uniform ballistics of 155-mm artillery shells (barrel life 39 klb, filling the charging chamber 18 liters). The maximum firing range of such systems with basic projectiles is approximately 24 km and with active-reactive projectiles (ARS) – up to 30 km. Prote, the agents respect that these characteristics do not correspond to current benefits. At the beginning of the 90s, a decision was made to switch to a new system of ballistic characteristics (barrel weight 52 klb, charging chamber volume 23 liters, etc.), which would ensure an increased firing range and, consequently, a greater depth of attack. enemy fire from cannon artillery .

On the other hand, already in the mid-70s, the armed forces of some countries, which were not part of NATO, began to get simple and reliable artillery systems, which, due to their low characteristics, are primarily ballistic, I will turn them over the American and Western European words. . Their characteristic feature was the high-grade barrels of 45 klb or more, which, depending on the type of projectile, ensured the ability to fire at a maximum range of 30-40 km.

Significantly, this technical development was initiated by the talented designer J. Bull and his colleagues at the Canadian company Space Research Corporation. That is, in another way, their developments were used by almost all the largest manufacturers of armored artillery. The shells designed by J. Bull are the most widely known, and their later analogues are still respected today as one of the shortest artillery shells in the world.

The beginnings of this process were laid in the 60s, when the Space Research Institute was initiated by J. Bull, who launched work on the HARP program (the latest project on the development of the upper atmosphere), which was financed by the US and Canada. It was planned to develop a harmonic-type metal device to launch small satellites into near-Earth orbit. Zokrem, three experimental “super-harmati” were created, for which 406 mm harmat-caliber barrels taken from American battleships during the Other World War were used. The largest harmata is the small barrel of the weapon, about 50 m, which ensured the delivery of a projectile weighing up to 2 tons to an altitude of 180 km.

However, the rapid development of rocket technology weakened the interest of the military forces of the United States and Canada to a project of this type, and since 1967, funding for the program has ceased. After this, J. Bull organized the Space Research Corporation, as among others, there were problems associated with the development of Stove drilling artillery. For example, from the late 60s to the early 70s, robots began to develop a new artillery system with an increased firing range and ammunition for it.

Due to the great problem of the charging chamber, more deep rifling, increased steepness and a subdued barrel in another design, the design of the armor was traditional. The fragmented projectile has a variety of analogues.

It was reported that the projectile has a painted aerodynamic shape with a cob velocity of 800 m/s or more, and a maximum of 6 klb. This one has a practically daily cylindrical part, instead of the centering reinforcement, the centering protrusions are formed, the shape of the drive belt has been changed, which has increased mobility. According to the experts, such constructive improvements can reduce the frontal support of the wind, and therefore increase the firing range by 12-15 per second. To reduce the bottom movement, the bottom recesses can be tightened, which will ensure an increase in the firing range by another 5-8 sec. (ERFB projectile). The use of a bottom gas generator makes it possible to practically eliminate bottom pressure and increase the firing range by approximately 15 seconds. (ERFB-BB projectile). In the optimal variant, the total gain to increase the firing range is 25-30 vds., for which it is necessary to increase the drill pressure to at least 45 klb. In other cases, it is not possible to detect a significant increase in the cob fluidity of the projectile.

The main drawbacks of such projectiles include a decrease in the survivability of the stov drill and a change in the type of vicorized ammunition through increased re-vantage at the stov drill channel. At this time, high-explosive fragmentation and cassette shells of a painted aerodynamic shape will be fired.

Initially, all work was carried out in Canada. However, at the beginning of the 80s, due to serious problems associated with the breaking of the embargo on the supply of military products of PAR, the corporation announced its self-dissolution, and in 1982 it was reinstated in Belgium . Around this period, a series of active consultations with the main manufacturers of artillery products begins, as a result of which the corporation's branches have appeared in the PAR, Switzerland, Spain, Chile and other countries. in our countries. As for the new armor, two howitzers that were towed were assembled in Canada, warehouses for others were delivered to the enterprises of the Austrian corporation NORICUM, where their residual assembly was carried out. The 155-mm harmata howitzer, which was given the name GC-45, was towed, the barrel of the 45-club barrel was small, which ensures a maximum firing range of ERFB-BB shells of up to 39 km.

Regardless of the fact that the 155-mm towed Harmata-howitzer (BPG) was built to be used by a distant system, the Fahivtsi of the lower regions respected that for large-scale production, additional training was needed. The corporation's submissions do not comply with European standards for artillery systems that are towed, and are not inconsistent in terms of ergonomic features. In total, more than 12 GC-45 BPGs were destroyed, after which it was decided to consider them as the base model when creating new 155 mm guns with an extended firing range. Practical evidence of the corporation was given to the victims of the fachs of Austria, PAR, Spain, China and many other countries.

This article, for the benefit of the reader, emphasizes both the existing artillery systems with an increased barrel length (45 kb and more), and those that in the near future (two or three days) may be available for re-arrangement and the land forces of various powers for the display of singing minds.

Austria. The 155-mm towed harmata howitzer GH N-45 was produced by the Austrian company West Alpin AG (later NORICUM) from 1979 to 1990. Countries such as Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Libya, Thailand were the main producers of this product. The remaining supplies were delivered in 1990 to Saudi Arabia. In the early 1990s, the Brazilian company ENGES bought a license for the production of the GH N-45, which later prevented the system from appearing in the ground forces of Brazil and many other countries. The BPG received a high rating during the war in the Iran-Iraq war and in the combat operations of the Iraqi armored forces near the Persian region. It is a significantly reduced version of the GC-45 155 mm artillery system. Zokrem, the lower surface was reconstructed (the weight was increased and the weight was reduced), additional support plates were added, a new addition was made and the equally important mechanism was lightened, and the dimensions also changed.

The stovebur is made of high-grade steel, cut by the method of electroslag cleaning, auto-frettage (auto-frettage - the process of exchanging the internal walls of the stove-drill with a way to create excess stress), it takes 45 klb. The ability to fire a fire with standard NATO ammunition has been transferred. The maximum firing range of ERFB-BB projectiles is 39.6 km. The life of the stovbur is 1500 shots on additional charges. The average power distribution when firing at maximum range becomes 0.35 per second. in range it is 0.007 or straight ahead.

The shutter is a piston-type one, equipped with an automatic mechanism, which allows firing at a rate of fire of 6-7 rounds per round, with a length of 15 rounds, at all points of the attack. According to specialists, when firing at maximum range with maximum rate of fire, it is possible to fire about ten rounds, the first projectile that reaches the target. Normal speed of baking is 2 rounds/min.

The maximum towing speed of the harmati howitzer GHN-45 is approximately 90 km/year on asphalt roads, 50 km/year on dirt roads and 15 km/year on sand. For towing, 10 vehicles with a 6x6 wheel arrangement are used.

In addition to the traditional version that is towed, the Austrian tractors have developed a vehicle that provides an additional power unit with wheel drive. This is to serve the four-cylinder Porsche engine with a power of 125 hp, mounted at the front part of the lower axle. The design of the armor is equipped with the ability to use a high-speed power plant to operate vertical and horizontal guidance mechanisms, lowering the main and additional support plates, as well as a mechanism for supplying ammunition to the charging tray. Hand control can be operated either from a special remote control located centrally on the display or from the cabin of the towing vehicle. When cutting important passageways up to the undercarriage of the car, the undercarriage of the harmati-howitzer can be damaged, which operates as a wet power plant.

Due to the presence of an auxiliary engine, the hour of transferring the armor from the marching station to the battlefield and back has significantly speeded up, the procedure for this operation itself has become simpler (if necessary, you can get by with two numbers of razrunku), it became possible to carry out a change and other angry positions on their own. The maximum driving speed is 35 km/year, the driving range is 150 km on roads with asphalt surfaces and 100 km on cross-country roads.

Israel. The Israeli company Soltam, which included the 155-mm towed harmata-howitzer M-71 in the base model, in the 1980s, introduced a new 155-mm artillery towed howitzer mod. The main feature of the system, which was previously developed by the Israeli company Soltam, is the use of a 45 klb autofretted monoblock monoblock with an injector device, which allows you to fire projectiles on the floor improved aerodynamic shape for a maximum range of up to 39.6 km.

When the image is opened, the carriage of the previously dismantled M-71 howitzer, which is towed, has been modified to allow the installation of a diesel engine with a capacity of 80 liters on the left side. With. with wind refrigeration, which will ensure autonomous transfer of air at a distance of up to 70 km with a speed of 8-17 km/year. Drive the main wheels with hydraulic drives. In addition, an additional power unit is used to remove the wheel from the wheels and install it on the support platform, attach the station to the tractor, separate the beds, lift the coulters, control the crane and feed the projectiles.

Although in most cases all operations are driven by an auxiliary power unit, if necessary, the drive can be powered by an adjacent hydraulic electric pump, for which there are two 12-volt power supply units. batteries that are charged by an auxiliary power unit. In emergency situations, a manual hydraulic pump can be used to carry out these operations.

In other respects, the design of the glass is quite traditional for systems of this class. Since 1994, the BG mod.845R has been in serial production.

At the beginning of the 90s, the Soltam company presented two new self-propelled guns of 155 mm caliber barrel artillery systems, which have a 45-club barrel, which ensures a maximum firing range of up to 39.6 km.

The self-propelled howitzer "Reskel" (Fig. 1), according to the low estimates of foreign fighters, was split up for export to countries in which it was necessary to obtain important and bulky 155-mm artillery systems for a number of reasons (geographical reasons , the number of well-roofed road boundaries and etc.) is awkward.

When the project was completed, it was praised for the decision to do without the external or casemate installation of the main armor and turn to the design option of the American M107 and M110 self-propelled systems. At the same time, the level of theft rate decreased, and as a result, the howitzer turned out to be the lightest (20 tons) and small-sized among the existing 155-mm self-propelled systems.

Another example of a howitzer – “Slammer” (Fig. 2) – is built on the basis of a modified chassis of the main tank “Merkava” (Israel) with artillery units installed near the armored base. Stovbur and anti-roll devices are identical to those installed in a towed howitzer, model 845R. Wedge-type valve with automatic feeding (the ability to automatically feed ignition tubes has been transferred).

Once there is an automatic loading mechanism for shells (the charge is supplied manually), the maximum rate of fire is set to 9 rounds per shot (the first three shots are fired in 15 s). To carry out all operations, only two crew members are required, all systems are manually duplicated, which ensures a rate of fire of 4 vit./hv for the presence of three crew members. The ammunition storage capacity is 75 rounds (all types of 155 mm shells can be fired). “Slammer” is equipped with a complex of electronic data processing equipment to control the process of loading and loading navigation commands, and transfers protection from the ZMP. According to the requirements of the distributors, if necessary, it is possible to replace the barrel with a 45-club barrel with a 52-club barrel.

The remaining decision about the beginning of serial production depends on which howitzer (Slammer or the modernized version of the American M109) will be given the upper hand, and whether in any case the first one will be overpowered.

The representatives of the Soltam company are promoting the use of the artillery part of the system, an automatic loader for the modernization of the old SG M44, M109A2 and A3 of the American design.

Iraq. The industry created two self-propelled artillery systems of advanced ballistics: the 155-mm self-propelled gun "Mainun" (Fig. 3) and the 210-mm self-propelled gun "El Fao". Features of both these and other systems are the vibrating axle as the undercarriage of the wheeled chassis (6 x 6). At the time of its creation, this was the third type of tracked base for artillery systems of this class (the first two were the Czechoslovak 152-mm SG “Dana” and the African 155-mm LNG G-6). 210-mm self-propelled armor - the only round of this caliber in the world (Russian artillery systems are not visible), the design of which was dictated by the need to create an artillery system, which significantly outweighs fire the strength of the 175-mm SP M107, which is based on the formed ground forces of Iran. For the first time, the insults were shown at the exhibition of the war near Baghdad in the spring of 1989.

Some foreign fachists confirm that, in addition to the Space Research Corporation, the creation of new systems was carried out by Spanish fagivists, who worked on the assembling of the chassis, and by French designers, up to the sphere of vehicles. The range of food supply associated with the problems of reproduction directly sniary

According to the assertions of the advance guards, Iraq did not use artillery shells during the military crisis in the Persian fortress. For now, there is some information about the serial production of new systems. These foreign experts respect that all further work from this person is directly frozen.

Unfortunately, there are identical running parts, the driver's seat is placed far forward, the steering unit is located behind the back (a Mercedes-Benz diesel engine with a torque of 560 hp is used). This layout scheme will ensure a wide field of view when operating self-propelled projectiles. The water mechanics department is isolated from the combat one, where the main crew is located.

The turret is mounted in the rear part of the hull, the left and right handles have two exit hatches, and one large hatch for storing ammunition is located at the rear. For emergency exit, the crew was provided with two small hatches in the lower part of the hull. The self-propelled howitzer has vicor tires type 21.00 XR25, and also has automatic support for the necessary pressure. Additional stabilization of the holes with support plates and additional openers, in the opinion of the specialists, is not required.

The two howitzers are divided into one and the same main rank of artillery unit. The “Mainun” system has a 155-mm barrel with a 52-club barrel, equipped with an ejector device and a cross-slit muzzle, while the main components of the “El Fao” system are equipped with a 210-mm round with a 53-club barrel, also equipped with building and two-chamber single-row window muzzle trim. In both cases, the sight for direct aiming is rotated left-handed from the rear.

The bombs were dissected for firing with ERFB and ERFB-BB shells (caliber 155 mm), which have been in service in the Iraqi ground forces for the past three years, as the basis for the ammunition of the Harmat-howitzer GH N-45 and G-5, which is towed. The tactical and technical characteristics of the Mainun and El Fao howitzers are shown in the table.

Current characteristics of howitzers "Mainun" and "El-Fao"

The most important aspect of the activity of the Space Research Corporation is the history of the unfinished project “Great Babylon” - the creation of a super-harmony, for which the first step was to bombard the territory of Iran, and then Israeli places. The author of the project is J. Bull. The depth of the zbroi may become 160 m, and the caliber – close to 350 mm. Thus, perhaps 30 years later, J. Bull tried to complete the work that began in the 60s within the framework of the HARP project. In the opinion of foreign fakhivts, the main problems of the creation of the super-evil were in jeopardy. One could only disagree about its importance, but the final implementation of the project did not raise any doubts. During the hour of the war in the Persian region, the aviation of the forces of the anti-Iraq coalition 200 km from Baghdad revealed the unfinished manifestations of superharmony. Perhaps, for the complete completion of the work, Iraq wasted not an hour, not a penny.

Spain. In 1985, the Spanish company CITEX, with the active participation of the Space Research Corporation, began developing a heavy-duty 155-mm artillery system with a barrel length of 45 klb. To date, companies from Austria, China, France and Yugoslavia have received more or less money. The bouquet of fragmented eyes, which was selected to hire a 155-mm towed harmata-howitzer 155/45 ST (Fig. 4), was transferred either in the classic version, which is towed, or with an additional power unit.

This system looks like a significantly modified modification of the 155 mm GC-45 BPG. With the creation of the design, developers were able to implement new technologies in the design of the system, which can be kept as simple as possible. Similar to the analogue (GC-45), the number of storage elements was reduced by 30 points.

The technological process of spinning the drill was significantly improved; the autofretation was driven in a mechanical way, uncharacteristic for artillery systems of entry drilling. In addition, it was likely to follow the traditional cutting of steady steepness and to substitute the Radian practice of progressive cutting (the depth of the cuts at this end becomes 1.6 mm, much more, no and 155-mm artillery guns of NATO countries). Due to the installation of new, specially dismantled metal charges, the survivability of the gun when firing at maximum range increased to 3000-4000 rounds.

The new 155-mm autofretted barrel with a depth of 45 klb allows firing both ERFB-BB aerodynamically shaped shells and standard NATO ammunition. The maximum range when firing a high-explosive fragmentation projectile is 24 km, an ERFB projectile – 30 km, an ERFB-BB projectile – 39.6 km.

Variants were developed for the selection of two types of valves: piston and wedge. At the moment, the advantage is given to a wedge shutter with a sleeve obturation, similar to the 130-mm axle-mounted M46 of the Radyansky design and licensed versions. In the opinion of the experts, the piston-type shutter, which is installed on such 155-mm artillery systems that are towed, such as the FH-70, GC-45 and many others, is less reliable when operating in unfriendly climatic conditions. The basis for this assertion was seen as evidence of the deployment of artillery systems as both one and another type of closures during the conduct of combat operations between Iran and Iraq. In the future, as a possible option, it was fitted with a bayonet-type piston bolt, since the deputy, for some reason, is not satisfied with the wedge bolt. The design of the carriage also recognized the singing changes as the larger world pushed towards the upper verst. In the meantime, the key mechanism was replaced, which resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of torque to turn on the flywheel driving the lift mechanism. New anti-roller devices were installed, and the ability to change the roller was transferred to the location where the fault was presented.

On the new projectile and the rear part of the cradle there is an insertion mechanism that is of a pneumatic type, similar to the one installed in the 155-mm self-propelled howitzer M109A2/AZ of the American design, and the cylinder has compressed surfaces attach to the left frame. The maximum rate of fire is set to 5 vit./xv for the first 60 hours of fire and 2 vit./xv during the three-hour period.

When upgrading the lower bench, additional coulters were installed for greater stabilization of the crop when introducing fire from fluffy soil (scorching), the design of the rotating mechanism and the installation of additional equipment were improved The new hydraulic drive has simplified the procedure for retracting the beds, which in the end pouch has shortened the hour of transfer from the stowed position to 4 minutes ) and has improved the ergonomics of the process.

After the creation of the prototype of the 155-mm BPG 155/45 ST, the designers of the CITEX company, in the frame of the enclosed structure, developed a version of a new carriage for 155-mm artillery systems, on which the possibility of installing new anti-rotation devices was transferred. barrels in the current options: up to 39 klb per charge volume l; 45 or 52 klb with a charging chamber volume of 23 l; 50 klb with a charging chamber volume of 32 l; piston valve with automatic control.

According to the claims of the distributors, the hour required to replace the barrel in the field washes with a three-part structure is selected at 60 minutes. In order for the anti-skid devices to function normally with the new barrel, no more than 5 minutes are required.

The design of the carriage of the 155-mm GPG transmits the installation of an additional power unit (a wind-cooled diesel engine with a power of 125 kW) in the front part of the lower bench. In this case, according to the opinion of the CITEX company's representatives, it is possible to travel at a maximum speed of 35 km/year and increase the steepness to 40 °. In addition, the processes of extending and retracting the beds, as well as lowering the support platform, are mechanized.

Currently, CITEX is working on a 203.2 mm system that is towed and supported by a 155 mm BPG 155/45 ST carriage. However, investigators should not be surprised by the fact that the United States and most other NATO countries view the 203.2-mm guns as having little prospects and are pursuing a policy of progressively withdrawing them from stock.

It is reported that the firing range of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile weighing approximately 88 kg with a 45-club barrel is 40 km, and for a projectile of optimal aerodynamic shape with a bottom gas generator - 50 km.

Since 1993, three experimental projects have been created, one of which describes how a mechanized system can be used to create wheeled and tracked carriage types.

(The ending follows)

Senior Lieutenant M. Kurilev

“Zakordonne Viyskovo Oglyad” No. 3 1994 r.