Biology test “Protein biosynthesis. Protein synthesis is completed during the process of self-subduction of the DNA molecule

Protein biosynthesis.

1. The structure of one protein is determined:

1) a group of genes 2) one genome

3) one DNA molecule 4) the totality of genes in an organism

2. The gene encodes information about the sequence of monomers in a molecule:

1) tRNA 2) AA 3) glycogen 4) DNA

3. Triplets are called anticodons:

1) DNA 2) t-RNA 3) i-RNA 4) r-RNA

4. Plastic exchange develops importantly with the reaction:

1) disintegration of organic speeches 2) disintegration of inorganic speeches

3) synthesis of organic substances 4) synthesis of inorganic substances

5. Protein synthesis in prokaryotic cells occurs:

1) on ribosomes in the nucleus 2) on ribosomes in the cytoplasm 3) at the cell site

4) on the outer surface of the cytoplasmic membrane

6. The broadcast process is started:

1) in the cytoplasm 2) in the nucleus 3) in mitochondria

4) on the membranes of the short endoplasmic membrane

7. On the membranes of the granular endoplasmic membrane, synthesis occurs:

1) ATP; 2) in carbohydrates; 3) lipids; 4) proteins.

8. One triplet codes:

1. one AK 2 one sign of the body 3. splint AK

9. Protein synthesis is completed at the moment

1. recognition of a codon by an anticodon 2. appearance of a “dividing mark” on the ribosome

3. Transfer of i-RNA to the ribosome

10. The process by which information is read from DNA molecules.

1. translation 2. transcription 3. transformation

11. The power of proteins is determined...

1. secondary structure of the protein 2. primary structure of the protein

3. tertiary protein structure

12. The process by which an anticodon is recognized as a codon on i-RNA

13. Stages of protein biosynthesis.

1.transcription, translation 2.transformation, translation

3.transorganization, transcription

14. Anticodon t-RNA is composed of UCG nucleotides. Which DNA triplet is complementary to youmu?

1.UUG 2. TTC 3. TCG

15. The number of t-RNAs that take part in translation is traditional:

1. Codons of i-RNA that encrypt amino acids 2. i-RNA molecules

3 Genes that are included before the DNA molecule 4. Proteins that are synthesized on ribosomes

16. Determine the sequence of i-RNA nucleotides during transcription from one of the DNA strands: A-G-T-C-G

1) U 2) G 3) C 4) A 5) C

17. During replication of a DNA molecule, the following is created:

1) a thread that has broken apart into fragments of daughter molecules

2) a molecule that consists of two new DNA strands

3) a molecule, half of which is made up of iRNA strands

4) a daughter molecule that is formed from one old and one new strand of DNA

18. The template for the synthesis of an iRNA molecule during transcription is:

1) the entire DNA molecule 2) the surface of one of the DNA molecules

3) a plot of one of the Lancs DNA

4) in some types one of the DNA molecule, in others – the entire DNA molecule.

19. The process of self-subduction of a DNA molecule.

1. replication 2. repair

3. reincarnation

20. During protein biosynthesis in cells, ATP energy:

1) spend 2) stock up

3) not spent and not seen

21. In somatic cells of a rich cell organism:

1) different set of genes and proteins 2) new set of genes and proteins

3) a new set of genes, or a different set of proteins

4) a new set of proteins, or a different set of genes

22.. One triplet of DNA carries information about:

1) sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule

2) signs of the body 3) amino acids in the synthesized protein molecule

4) storage of the RNA molecule

23. Which of the processes is not present in the cells of any function:

1) protein synthesis 2) protein metabolism 3) mitosis 4) meiosis

24. The concept of “transcription” refers to the process:

1) subduction of DNA 2) synthesis of i-RNA on DNA

3) transition of i-RNA to ribosomes 4) creation of protein molecules on polysomes

25. A section of a DNA molecule that carries information about one protein molecule:

1) gene 2) phenotype 3) genome 4) genotype

26. Transcription in eukaryotes occurs in:

1) cytoplasm 2) endoplasmic membrane 3) lysosomes 4) nuclei

27. Protein synthesis is obtained from:

1) granular endoplasmic reticulum

2) smooth endoplasmic reticulum 3) nucleus 4) lysosomes

28. One amino acid is coded:

1) several nucleotides 2) two nucleotides

3) one nucleotide 4) three nucleotides

29. The triplet of ATC nucleotides in a DNA molecule has a similar codon to an i-RNA molecule:

1) TAG 2) UAG 3) UTC 4) TsAU

30. Dividing signsgenetic code:

1. encode song proteins 2. trigger protein synthesis

3. promote protein synthesis

31. The process of self-subscription of a DNA molecule.

1.replication 2.repair 3.reankornation

32. Function of i-RNA in the biosynthesis process.

1.saving of compaction information 2.transport of AK to ribosomes

3. supplying information to ribosomes

33. The process when t-RNA brings amino acids to the ribosome.

1.transcription 2.translation 3.transformation

34. Ribosomes, which synthesize the same protein molecule.

1.chromosome 2.polysome 3.megachromosome

35. The process by which amino acids stabilize a protein molecule.

1.transcription 2.translation 3.transformation

36. Before the reaction of matrix synthesis, we bring...

1.DNA replication 2.transcription, translation 3.the two types are correct

37. One DNA triplet carries information about:

1. The sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule
2. Place of singing AK in protein lancet
3. Sign of a specific organism
4. Amino acids that are included in protein lancet

38. Genya has encoded information about:

1) the structure of proteins, fats and carbohydrates 2) the primary structure of the protein

3) sequence of nucleotides in DNA

4) sequence of amino acids in 2 or more protein molecules

39. The synthesis of mRNA begins with:

1) splitting of DNA into two strands 2) interaction with the enzyme RNA polymerase and gene

3) subgeneration of the gene 4) disintegration of the gene into nucleotides

40. Transcription is provided:

1) in the nucleus 2) on ribosomes 3) in the cytoplasm 4) on the smooth EPS channels

41. Protein synthesis does not occur on ribosomes in:

1) zbudnik tuberculosis 2) bjoli 3) fly agaric 4) bacteriophage

42. During translation, the matrix for assembling the polypeptide protein is:

1) one of the DNA strands 2) one of the DNA molecule

3) an iRNA molecule 4) in some forms one of the DNA strands, in others – an iRNA molecule

A1. How is this statement incorrect?

1) the genetic code is universal

2) genetic code of virogen

3) individual genetic code

4) the genetic code is triplet

A2. One triplet of DNA codes:

1) sequence of amino acids in a protein

2) one sign to the body

3) one amino acid

4) a bunch of amino acids

A3. “Punctuation marks” of the genetic code

1) trigger protein synthesis

2) promote protein synthesis

3) encode song proteins

4) code a group of amino acids

A4. While in a toad the amino acid VALINE is encoded by the triplet GUU, in a dog this amino acid can be encoded by triplets (see table):

1) GUA and GUG 3) TsUC and TsUA

2) UUC and UCA 4) UAG and UGA

A5. Protein synthesis is completed at the moment

1) recognition of a codon by an anticodon

2) transfer of i-RNA to ribosomes

3) appears on the ribosome “dividing mark”

4) addition of amino acid to t-RNA

A6. Name a pair of cells in which different genetic information is located in one person?

1) liver and schluka

2) neuron and leukocyte

3) myazova and kistkova klitini

4) tongue tissue and egg tissue

A7. Function of i-RNA in the biosynthesis process

1) saving recession information

2) transport of amino acids to ribosomes

3) transfer of information to ribosomes

4) accelerating the biosynthesis process

A8. The t-RNA anticodon is composed of UCG nucleotides. Which DNA triplet is complementary to youmu?

1) TTG 2) UUG 3) TTTs 4) TsTG

OPTION 1

Part A

1. Material information from the client:

a) iRNA b) tRNA c) DNA d) chromosomes

2. The client’s DNA carried information about Budova:

a) proteins, fats, carbohydrates; c) proteins and fats

b) amino acids; d) proteins.

3. Which nucleotide is not included in the DNA structure?

a) timen; b) uracil; c) guanine; d) cytosine; d) adenine.

4. How many new single strands are synthesized per hour of sub-warfare of one molecule?

a) chotiri; b) two; c) one; d) three

5. What evidence confirms that DNA is the genetic material of cells?

a) the amount of DNA in all cells in the body is constant

b) DNA is made up of nucleotides

c) DNA is localized in the cell nucleus

d) DNA is a double helix

6. What is the nucleotide structure of DNA -ATA-GCH-TAT-, then what is the nucleotide structure of iRNA?

a) -TAA-TsGTs-UUA-c) -UAU-TsGTs-AUA-

b) -TAA-GTsG-UTU- d) -UAA-TsGTs-ATA-

7. mRNA synthesis begins:

a) dividing a DNA molecule into two strands

b) from the subcutaneous thread

c) from the interaction of RNA polymerase and gene

d) from the splitting of the gene into nucleotides

8. Where is iRNA synthesized?

a) in ribosomes b) in the nucleus

b) in the cytoplasm d) in the nucleus

9. The amino acid glutamine is coded by the GAA codon. Which DNA triplet carries information about this amino acid?

a) GTT b) TsAA c) TsUU d) TsTT

10. What kind of information does one DNA triplet contain?

a) information about the sequence of amino acids in a protein

b) information about one sign of the body

c) information about one amino acid that is included before the protein lance

d) information about the cob about the cob of iRNA synthesis

11. What are the meanings of triplets that can be involved in the synthesis of the polypeptide lance?

a) GAU b) AAG c) UAA d) AGU

12. Broadcast – this:

a) synthesis of polypeptide lancet on ribosomes

b) tRNA synthesis

c) synthesis of iRNA behind the DNA template

d) rRNA synthesis

13. The strength of tRNA is ancient:

a) the number of all DNA codons

b) the number of codons of iRNA that encrypt amino acids

c) number of genes

d) the number of protein proteins

14. Protein synthesis is completed at the moment:

a) appears on the ribosome “dividing mark”

b) depletion of enzyme reserves

c) recognition of codon to anticodon

d) addition of amino acid to tRNA

15. Which of the overreactions involve enzymes?

a) in the synthesis of iRNA

b) in the interaction of tRNA with an amino acid

c) from a selected protein molecule

d) for all significant reactions

16. It appears that cells in a rich-cell organism retain the same genetic information rather than contain different proteins. Which hypothesis is most likely to explain this fact?

a) the diversity of proteins does not depend on the characteristics of the client

b) in the skin type, less than part of the genetic information is realized in the body

c) the presence of proteins in cells does not lie in genetic information

17. The code unit of the genetic code is:

a) nucleotide b) triplet

b) amino acid; d) tRNA.

18. In the nucleus, information about the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule from a DNA molecule is transferred to the molecule:

A) glucose; b) tRNA; c) iRNA; d) ATP

19. Transfer RNA – ce

a) amino acid b) lipid

b) glucose; d) nucleic acid.

20. Since tRNA anticodons are formed only from AUA triplets, then from what amino acids are proteins synthesized?

a) from cysteine c) from tyrosine

b) from tryptophan d) from phenylalanine

21. How many nucleotides are there in a gene that codes for the sequence of 60 amino acids in a protein molecule?

A) 60 b) 120 c) 180 d) 240

Chastina St.

IN 1.

What are the features of the reaction to protein biosynthesis in cliniforms?

a) the reactions may have a matrix character: the protein is synthesized on mRNA

b) reactions are generated using released energy

c) the reaction is accelerated by enzymes

f) protein synthesis occurs on the inner membrane of mitochondria

AT 2. Define the terms

1. Reactions of matrix synthesis - ………

2. Gene - ………………

3. Intron - ………………….

4. Processing - ……………..

5. RNA polymerase -……………….

6. The code is collinear - ……………..

7. The code is non-reversible - …………………

8. The code is unambiguous - ……………..

Part C . Give the kindled testimony.

Z 1. Transcription mechanism.

C2. Regulation of protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes using the lactose operon of E. coli

C3. Unlock tasks:

№1 . The protein molecule is composed of the following amino acids: -arginine-lysine-alanine-proline-leucine-valine-. As the structure of the protein changes, in the gene it codes for, guanine will be replaced by cytosine.

№2 . Protein is made up of 245 amino acids. Calculate the abundance of the gene that codes for this polypeptide and calculate which will be more important in how many cases: protein or gene?

Robot control“Biosynthesis of proteins. Regulation of biosynthesis"

2-V A R I A N T

Part A Choose one correct answer.

1. The individuality and specificity of organisms is based on:

a) dietary protein to the body c) dietary protein

b) functions of cells; d) Budova amino acids.

2. Information is encoded in one gene:

a) about the structure of many proteins

b) about the structure of one of the DNA strands

c) about the primary structure of one protein molecule

d) amino acid structure

3. What bonds are broken in a DNA molecule during its formation?

a) peptides

b) covalent, between carbohydrate and phosphate

c) water between two strands of molecules

d) ionni

4. Which of the DNA sequence diagrams is correct?

a) a DNA molecule during war creates a completely new daughter molecule

b) a daughter DNA molecule is made up of one old and one new Lantzug

c) maternal DNA breaks down into smaller fragments

5. Which of the following human cells has no DNA?

a) mature leukocyte; c) lymphocyte

b) mature erythrocyte; d) neuron

6. Transcription is called:

a) the process of mRNA creation

b) DNA sub-warning process

c) the process of incorporation of protein lancet on ribosomes

d) the process of joining tRNA with amino acids

7. The amino acid tryptophan is coded by the codon UGG. Which DNA triplet carries information about this amino acid?

a) ACC b) TCC c) UCC d) ATG

8. Where is rRNA synthesized?

a) in ribosomes b) in the nucleus

b) in the cytoplasm d) in the nucleus

9. How do we see the difference between the Lanczyga iRNA and how another nucleotide of the first triplet in DNA (-GCT-AGT-CCA-) will be replaced by nucleotide T?

a) -TsGA-UCA-GGT- c) -GUU-AGU-TsCA-

b) - TsAA-UCA-GGU- d) -TsCU-UCU-GGU-

10. Which enzyme is involved in the synthesis of iRNA?

a) RNA synthetase

b) RNA polymerase

c) DNA polymerase

11. DNA code for the genesis:

a) one amino acid is encrypted by one codon

b) a number of amino acids are encrypted by one codon

c) between codons of one gene - “dividing signs”

d) one amino acid is encrypted by several codons

12. Anticodonies of tRNA are complementary:

a) rRNA codons c) iRNA codons

b) DNA codons d) all assigned codons

13. Another stage of protein synthesis involves:

a) from the recognized and added amino acids to tRNA

b) from the information contained in DNA

c) from a hydroxy amino acid to a tRNA on the ribosome

d) in the total amino acids of the white lancet

14. The polysome synthesizes:

a) one protein molecule

b) a bunch of molecules of different proteins

c) a bunch of molecules of new proteins

d) all options are possible

15. Addition of amino acid to tRNA goes:

a) from visible energy

b) from reclaimed energy

c) not accompanied by an energetic effect

16. Which of the overreactions suggests the stages of elongation of translation:

a) extracting information from DNA

b) recognition by the tRNA anticodon of its codon on iRNA

c) cleavage of amino acid from tRNA

d) transfer of iRNA to ribosomes

e) addition of amino acid to protein lancet for additional enzyme

17. The uniqueness of the genetic code is manifested in the fact that the skin triplet codes:

a) a bunch of amino acids

b) no more than two amino acids

c) three amino acids

d) one amino acid

18. The similarity of the tRNA triplet to the triplet in iRNA is the basis:

a) interactions between tRNA and amino acid

b) transfer of ribosomes to iRNA

c) movement of tRNA in the cytoplasm

d) the designated place of the amino acid in the protein molecule

19. “Punctuation marks” between genes – tse codons (triplets):

a) do not code for amino acids

b) where transcription ends

c) on which transcription begins

d) where the broadcast begins

20. Which tRNA triplet is complementary to the iRNA codon?

a) CGT; b) AGC; c) GCT; d) CDA

21. DNA molecules are the material basis of compactness, since information about the structure of molecules is encoded in them:

a) polysaccharides c) proteins

b) lipids d) amino acids

Chastina St.

IN 1. Select three correct types

What is the relationship between protein biosynthesis and the oxidation of organic compounds?

a) the process of oxidation of organic compounds releases energy, which is spent during protein biosynthesis

b) in the process of biosynthesis, organic compounds are created, which are absorbed at the entrance of oxidation

c) in the process of photosynthesis the energy of the sunny light is absorbed

d) water passes through the plasma membrane into the cell

e) during the biosynthesis process, enzymes are created that accelerate oxidation reactions

f) protein biosynthesis reactions are generated in ribosomes from the available energy

AT 2. Define the terms

1. Replication - ………

2. Genetic code - …………………

3. Exon -…………….

4. Splicing - ……………….

5. Helikaza (Helikaza) -…………………

6. Virogeny code -………….

7. Universal code - ……………

8. Stop codoni (Terminator to synthesis) -

Part C . Give the kindled testimony.

Z 1. Translation mechanism

C2. Importance of protein biosynthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

C3. Unlock tasks:

№1 . As it appears on the structure of protein synthesis, the third nucleotide in another triplet is replaced by cytosine, as the DNA produced has a small appearance: CGAACAAGGGCATCG.

№2 . Molecular mass DNA is set to 248400, the portion of guanyl nucleotides is set to 24840. Calculate instead of the skin type of nucleotides in this DNA (zocrema.%), the amount of DNA, the number of amino acids in the synthesized protein, the weight of the protein. Calculate which is more important and how many times: gene or protein?

energy for reaction

E. Protein monomer

F A group of nucleotides that encode one amino acid

connection

2. DNA triplets

3. Ribosome

4. RNA polymerase

5. Amino acid

It is necessary to identify the words and structures that protein synthesis has with its functions.

1. What type of RNA carries the sequence information from DNA to the site of protein synthesis?

2. What type of RNA transports amino acids to the site of protein synthesis?
3. What type of RNA transfers sequence information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm?
4. In which organisms are the processes of transcription and translation not shared widely?
5. How many nucleotides does mRNA include in the “functional center” of the ribosome?
6. How many amino acids can be present at the same time in the great subunit of the ribosome?
7. How many genes can include prokaryotic mRNA?
8. How many genes can include eukaryotic mRNA?
9. If the ribosome reaches the STOP codon, it will add the remaining amino acid molecule
10. If one mRNA contains a lot of ribosomes at one time, this structure is called
11. For protein biosynthesis, as well as other processes in cells, energy is generated.

1. What organs are responsible for protein synthesis?

2. What are the names of the nuclear structures that store information about proteins in the body?
3. What molecule is the matrix (template) for the synthesis of iRNA?
4. What is the name of the process of synthesis of polypeptide protein on the ribosome?
5. Which molecule contains a triplet called a codon?
6. Which molecule contains a triplet called an anticodon?
7. What principle does the anticodon identify as a codon?
8. Where does clinina form the t-RNA+amino acid complex?
9. What is the first stage of protein biosynthesis called?
10. Given the polypeptide lancet: -VAL - ARG - ASP; - Determine the structure of the DNA strands.

1 science about the everyday organism and its organs 2 science about the vital functions of the body and its organs 3 cellular organs responsible for the synthesis of proteins a ribosomes b

lysosomes in mitochondria and climatic center 4 all substances and cells can be divided into 1 proteins and carbohydrates 2 carbohydrates and fats 3 fats and inorganic substances 4 inorganic and organic substances 5 process maturation, the specialization of cells is called organic ingredientsі ATP synthesis occurs in 7, transfer of information from one nerve cell and the other passes through 8 when the immune system is damaged 1 weakens the defense against foreign bodies 2 gas exchange 3 is satisfied Hova activity 4 transport is destroyed

In the exchange of words to the body Proteins and nucleic acids play a conducting role.

Protein compounds form the basis of all vitally important tissue structures, have extremely high reactivity, and are endowed with catalytic functions.

Nucleic acids enter the warehouse of the most important organ of the body - the nucleus, as well as cytoplasms, ribosomes, mitochondria, etc. Nucleic acids play an important, primary role in cramping, fatigue in the body, and protein synthesis.

Plan for synthesis the protein is stored in the cell nucleus, and middle-of-nowhere synthesis There is a core pose, which is necessary additional help to deliver the encoded plan from the core to the synthesis site. Taku additional help reveal RNA molecules.

The process begins in the nucleus of the cell: part of the DNA “convergence” is untwisted and revealed. In general, RNA literals form bonds with saturated DNA literals of one strand of DNA. The enzyme transfers the letters of RNA into a thread. This is how the letters of DNA “rewrite” the letters of RNA. The new creations of the RNA strings are strengthened, and the DNA “scrap” begins to spin again.

After further changes, this type of encoded RNA is ready.

RNA exit the core And it goes directly to the place of protein synthesis, where RNA is deciphered. By typing three letters, RNA creates a “word,” which means one specific amino acid.

Another type of RNA searches for this amino acid, transfers it to another enzyme and delivers it to the site of protein synthesis. In the world, reading and translation of the RNA message of amino acids is growing. This lance twists and fits into a unique shape, creating one type of protein.
It is important to follow the process of laying the protein: in order to use a computer to process all the possibilities of a medium-sized protein with 100 amino acids, it would take 10 27 minutes. And for the absorption of 20 amino acids in the body, it takes no more than one second - and this process occurs continuously in all cells of the body.

Geni, genetic code and yogo power.

There are nearly 7 billion people loitering on Earth. If you don’t have 25-30 million pairs of identical twins, then it’s genetic all people are different: unique skin, has a unique personality, power of character, vigor, temperament.

These meanings are explained variations in genotypes-sets of genes in the body; The skin's veins are unique. The genetic characteristics of a particular organism are assigned in squirrels- Of course, even the white of one person differs, although not at all much, from the white of another person.

Doesn't mean that that people do not have absolutely the same proteins. Proteins that perform the same functions may, however, or even slightly differ in one or two amino acids. There are no people on Earth (identical twins, apparently) who would have all the same whites.

Information about the primary structure of the protein encoded according to the sequence of nucleotides in the length of the DNA molecule genes – units of burst information to the body. The skin DNA molecule contains many genes. The totality of all genes in an organism makes up its genotype .

Coding of recession information is requested for assistance genetic code , which is universal to all organisms and consists of nucleotides that create genes and encode proteins of specific organisms.

Genetic code develops from triplets (triplets) of nucleotides DNA that is combined into different sequences(AAT, HCA, ACG, THC etc.), skin code for the song amino acid(as it will be introduced into the polypeptide lancet).

Amino acids 20, A possibilities for combinations of four nucleotides in a group of three – 64 There are enough nucleotides to form 20 amino acids

that one amino acid you can code many triplets.

Some triplets do not code for amino acids at all, but launches or else mumbles protein biosynthesis.

Vlasna code respect sequence of nucleotides in an i-RNA molecule, because it takes information from DNA (process transcription) and convert them into the sequence of amino acids in the molecules of synthesized proteins (the process broadcasts).

The i-RNA warehouse includes ACGU nucleotides, triplets of which are called codons: DNA triplet CGT on i-RNA will become triplet GCA, and DNA triplet AAG will become triplet UUC.

Same i-RNA codons The genetic code of the entry is displayed.

In such a manner genetic code - a unified system for recording sequence information in nucleic acid molecules as nucleotide sequences. Genetic code foundations on a different alphabet, which consists of four letters-nucleotides, which are separated by nitrogenous bases: A, T, G, C.

The main powers of the genetic code :

1. The genetic code is triplet. A triplet (codon) is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for one amino acid. Since the fragments of proteins contain 20 amino acids, it is obvious that they cannot be coded by one nucleotide (fragments in DNA contain four types of nucleotides, in which case 16 amino acids are not coded). There are also no two nucleotides for encoding amino acids, so as many as 16 amino acids can be encoded in this series. Also, the smallest number of nucleotides that encode one amino acid is an equal three. (In this case, the number of possible triplets of nucleotides becomes 43 = 64).

2. Supermundaneity (virginity) The code is the result of tripletity and means that one amino acid can be encoded by several triplets (there are 20 amino acids, and 64 triplets), followed by methionine and tryptophan, which are encoded by only one triplet. In addition, these triplets perform specific functions: in the mRNA molecule, triplets UAA, UAG, UGA are termed codons, which are stop signals that initiate the synthesis of polypeptide lanjug. The triplet that corresponds to methionine (AUG), which stands on the cob of DNA, does not code for an amino acid, but has the function of initiating (awakening) reading.

3. At the same time, from the supra-worldly code of power, power is power unambiguity: the skin codon is matched by only one amino acid.

4. The code is collinear, tobto. The sequence of nucleotides in a gene exactly matches the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

5. The genetic code does not overlap and is compact, That is, do not take revenge on “divisional signs.” This means that the reading process does not allow the possibility of overlapping of columns (triplets), and, starting at the song codon, the reading process continuously triplet after triplet right up to the stop signals ( terminative codons).

6. The genetic code is universal, then the nuclear genes of all organisms, however, encode information about proteins regardless of the level of organization and systematic formation of these organisms.

Is scurrying genetic code tables to decipher i-RNA codons and identify protein molecules.

Matrix synthesis reactions.

In living systems, reactions occur that are unknown in inanimate nature. reactions matrix synthesis .

The term "matrix" In technology, they mean the form that is used for pouring coins, medals, Drukarsky script: hard metal accurately reproduces all the details of the mold that was used for pouring. Matrix synthesis predicts the twists on the matrix: new molecules are synthesized in exact conformity to the plan laid down in the structure of existing molecules.

Matrix principle lie basically the most important synthetic reactions of cells, such as the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins. These reactions ensure a precise, highly specific sequence of monomeric layers in the synthesized polymers.

Here you can see it directly contraction of monomers in the singing place cells - on molecules that serve as a matrix for the reaction to take place. If such reactions were a result of the rapid dissolution of molecules, the smell would proceed endlessly. The synthesis of folding molecules based on the matrix principle works very well.

The role of the matrix Matrix reactions involve macromolecules of DNA and RNA nucleic acids.

Monomer molecules From which the polymer is synthesized, nucleotides or amino acids are, according to the principle of complementarity, recombined and fixed on the matrix in a strictly designated, given order.

Then it wakes up "sewing" of monomer straps on polymer strips and the finished polymer is discarded from the matrix.

After all matrix is ready until a new polymer molecule is assembled. It is clear that just as on this form only one coin, one letter can be folded, so on this matrix molecule there can be “folding” of just one polymer.

Matrix type of reactions - specific feature chemistry of living systems. The stench is the basis of the fundamental power of all living things - validity before creating something like this.

Before matrix synthesis reaction bring:

1. DNA replication - The process of self-subduction of a DNA molecule, which occurs under the control of enzymes. On the skin, the DNA strands that are formed after the rupture of the aqueous ligaments, through the enzyme DNA polymerase, synthesize a daughter DNA strand. The material for synthesis is free nucleotides found in the cytoplasm of cells.

The biological sense of replication lies in the precise transfer of burst information from the mother molecule to its daughter molecules, which is normal and occurs during the division of somatic cells.

A DNA molecule and two complementary lances. These lancets are quenched with weak water ligaments, which then burst under the influx of enzymes.

The molecule is created before self-replication (replication), and on the skin the old half of the molecule is synthesized by the new half.

In addition, an iRNA molecule can be synthesized on a DNA molecule, which then transfers the information taken from DNA to the place of protein synthesis.

The transfer of information and protein synthesis follow the matrix principle, which can be compared with the work of the Drukar bench in the Drukarn. Information in DNA is extensively copied. If during copying there will be residues, then the stench will be repeated in all subsequent copies.

It is true that errors in the copying of information by a DNA molecule can be corrected - the process of removing errors is called reparation. The first reaction in the transfer process is the replication of the DNA molecule and the synthesis of new DNA strands.

2. transcription - synthesis of i-RNA on DNA, the process of extracting information from a DNA molecule that is synthesized on it by an i-RNA molecule.

I-RNA consists of one strand and is synthesized on DNA according to the rule of complementarity with the enzyme that activates the strand and ends the synthesis of the i-RNA molecule.

The i-RNA molecule is ready to leave the cytoplasm for ribosomes, and the synthesis of polypeptide lances begins.

3. broadcast - protein synthesis on iRNA; the process of transferring information that is located in the sequence of i-RNA nucleotides, the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide.

4 .synthesis of RNA and DNA from RNA viruses

The sequence of matrix reactions during protein biosynthesis can be seen schemes:

untranscribed DNA	A T G	G G C	T A T
Lanczyg DNA transcriptions	T A C	Ts Ts G	A T A
DNA transcription
mRNA codons	A U G	G G C	U A U
translation of mRNA
tRNA anticodonies	At AC	Ts Ts G	A U A
protein amino acids	methionine	glycine	tyrosine

In such a manner protein biosynthesis– this is one of the types of plastic exchange, during which the information encoded in DNA genes is realized in the sequence of amino acids in protein molecules.

Protein molecules are essentially polypeptide lances, Composed of large amino acids. All amino acids are not active enough to interact with each other on their own. Therefore, first we combine one with one and create a protein molecule, the amino acids are responsible activate. This activation occurs under the infusion of special enzymes.

As a result of activation, the amino acid becomes labile to the same enzyme binds to t-RNA. Cutaneous amino acids are highly specific tRNA, yak know“its” amino acid carryїї into the ribosome.

Well, the ribosome is going to suffer activated amino acids linked to their t-RNAs. Ribosome is like bi conveyor for folding the protein from different amino acids, so that it comes to a new level.

At the same time, t-RNA, which contains its own amino acid, enters the ribosome. signal" the type of DNA that is located near the nucleus. Depending on the signal, the same protein is synthesized in the ribosome.

The direct infusion of DNA into protein synthesis occurs without any middleman, and with the help of a special intermediary - matrix or else messenger RNA (m-RNA or else i-RNA), yak synthesized in the nucleus under the influx of DNA, the DNA warehouse breaks down. An RNA molecule is a unit of DNA. Synthesized i-RNA arrives at the ribosome and transmits this structure plan- in what order must the activated amino acids that enter the ribosome combine one after another to synthesize the song protein. Otherwise, genetic information encoded in DNA, transmitted to i-RNA and further proteins.

The i-RNA molecule arrives at the ribosome stitchesїї. The same fragment that is found at the same time in the ribosome, meaning codon (triplet), the interaction is entirely specific with the obvious good for everyday life triplet (anticodon) in transport RNA, which brought an amino acid into the ribosome.

Transfer RNA with its own amino acid come up to the singing codon of i-RNA get together with him; to the next stage i-RNA another t-RNA is added to another amino acid And so on until the entire i-RNA strand is destroyed, until all the amino acids in the same order, which stabilize the protein molecule, are reduced.

And t-RNA, which delivered the amino acid to the song site of the polypeptide lancet, is released from its amino acids and leave the ribosomes.

Then I'll say it again in the cytoplasm the necessary amino acid can be added to it, and again transferїї into the ribosome.

In the process of protein synthesis, there is only one fate, and a few ribosomes - polyribosomes.

The main stages of transmission of genetic information:

synthesis on DNA or on i-RNA matrix (transcription)

synthesis in ribosomes of a polypeptide lanjug behind a program that is located in iRNA (translation).

Stages that are universal to all living substances, and the timing and extent of mutual processes of these processes vary among pro- and eukaryotes.

U eukaryotes Transcription and translation are strictly separated in space and time: the synthesis of various RNAs takes place in the nucleus, after which RNA molecules can pass between the nuclei, passing through the nuclear membrane. Then the RNA is transported from the cytoplasm to the site of protein synthesis - ribosomes. After this comes the next stage – broadcast.

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously.

In such a manner

together with the synthesis of proteins and all enzymes in cells and ribosomes - this is how bi "factories" protein, like a warehouse where all the materials necessary for collecting polypeptide protein from amino acids are received. The nature of the protein that is synthesized lie in the i-RNA, depending on the order of growth of nucleoids in it, and the i-RNA reflects the DNA, so that the specific protein is matured, so the order of growth in the new amino acids, lie in the order reorganization of nucleoids in DNA as DNA.

The theory of protein biosynthesis was named matrix theory. Matrix theory it's called that That nucleic acids play the role of a matrix, in which all the information is recorded such as the sequence of amino acid residues in the protein molecule.

Creation of the matrix theory of protein biosynthesis and deciphering of the amino acid code The greatest scientific achievements of the twentieth century, the most important path to understanding the molecular mechanism of recession.

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