| The fate of the USSR in the conflicts of the Cold War. Podia in Czechoslovakia (born 1968)

Podia in Czechoslovakia
(b. 1968)

Introduction of military forces to Czechoslovakia (1968), also known as Operation Danube or Invasion to Czechoslovakchini - to waters from the Warsaw Pact (Crimea of ​​Rumunia) to Czechoslovakia, what started 21st sickle 1968 roku and finally Prazka Spring reforms.

The largest contingent of military forces was seen in the USSR. United grouped forces (up to 500 thousand people and 5 thousand tanks and armored personnel carriers) were commanded by Army General I. G. Pavlovsky.

The Radyansky Party was afraid that once the Czechoslovak Communists, independent of Moscow, carried out the internal policy of the USSR, they would lose control over Czechoslovakia. Such a turn would threaten a split in the similar European socialist bloc, both politically and in military-strategic terms. The policy of bordering sovereignty in the regions of the socialist bloc, which allows for the cessation of military power, which was unavoidable, was called the “Brezhnev Doctrine” at the end.

For example, Bereznya 1968 The Central Committee of the CPRS has ordered party activists to close information about the camp in Czechoslovakia. This document said: “... the rest of the time, ideas develop in a negative direction. In Czechoslovakia, the emergence of unprecedented elements is increasing, which tend to create an “official opposition”, to reveal “tolerance” to various anti-socialist views and theories. The past evidence of socialist everyday life is incorrectly displayed, there are proposals for a particular Czechoslovak path to socialism, which is presented in other socialist countries, One tries to cast a shadow on the foreign policy course of Czechoslovakia and speaks of the need for an “independent” foreign policy. Lunar calls until the creation of private enterprises, the introduction of a planned system, the expansion of connections with the Sunset. Moreover, at the bottom of the newspapers, on the radio and television stations, calls are being propagated “for the complete separation of the party from the state,” for the restoration of Czechoslovakia to the bourgeois republic of Masaryk and Benes, for the reconstitution of Czechoslovakia for “discovering the supremacy” and other..."

23 bereznya Dresden had a strong network of political parties and orders from six socialist countries - the USSR, Poland, the People's Democratic Republic, Bulgaria, the Ugorsk region and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Poland A. Dubcek gave harsh criticism .

Afterwards in Dresden, the Radyansky ceremonial department began to develop options for action in Czechoslovakia, including military visits. The potters of the People's Democratic Republic (V. Ulbricht), Bulgaria (T. Zhivkov) and Poland (V. Gomułka) took a harsh position and poured their songs into the Radian pottery master L. Brezhnev.

The Radian side did not exclude the option of entering the territory of Czechoslovakia with NATO forces, which carried out maneuvers along the cordons of Czechoslovakia under the code name “Black Lion”.

The medical and military-political situation that is developing, spring 1968 rock The united commands of the Warsaw Pact together with the General Staff of the Western Armed Forces of the Soviet Socialist Republic split up the operation under the code name “Danube”.

8th quarter 1968 The commander of the airborne troops, General V.F. Margelov, rejected the directive, which initiated the planning of the stagnation of the airborne landings in Czechoslovakia. The directive stated: “The Russian Union and other socialist countries, loyal to international cooperation and the Warsaw Pact, are guilty of sending their military assistance to the Czechoslovak People’s Army for the history of Batkivshchyna due to the insecurity that hangs over it.” The document also stated: “... how the Czechoslovak People’s Army will be supplied with reasonable supplies until the Radian troops appear, at which point it is necessary to organize mutual cooperation with them and completely stop the supply tribute. In times when the military ChNA is placed before the paratroopers and supports conservative forces, then it is necessary to make advances to their localization, and for the impossibility of this - to disband.”

Let's reach out kvitnya - grass Radian leaders tried to “reason” Oleksandr Dubchek, to win his respect to the unsafe actions of anti-socialist forces. Finally, Marshal I arrived on the way to Prague. Yakubovsky, Commander-in-Chief of the United Armed Forces of the Regions - a participant in the Warsaw Pact to prepare for the beginning of the Warsaw Pact on the territory of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic.

4 herb The fight between Brezhnev and Dubchek near Moscow passed, but no further progress was possible.

8 May near Moscow The meeting of the leaders of the USSR, Poland, PDR, Bulgaria and Ugorshchina was closed, as soon as an exchange of thoughts was opened in connection with the situation in Czechoslovakia. They were already filled with propositions in favor of the military decision. However, the leader of the Ugorsk region, J. Kadar, made a point of saying that the Czechoslovak crisis cannot be resolved by military means and it is necessary to seek a political solution.

At the end of the grass The order of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic gave the right to the beginning of the Warsaw Pact of the Warsaw Pact under the name “Sumava”, which was adopted 20 – 30 chernia From the earnings of the unit headquarters, unite the military connection. Z 20 to 30 chernia For the first time in the entire history of the military bloc of the socialist countries, 16 thousand people were supplied to the territory of Czechoslovakia in a special warehouse. Z 23 limes for 10 sickles 1968 rock On the territory of the USSR, People's Democratic Republic and Poland, the military offensive "Niman" was carried out, during which time troops were redeployed for the invasion of Czechoslovakia. On September 11, 1968, the great military inauguration of the Heavenly Shield PPO was held. In the territory of Western Ukraine, Poland and the People's Democratic Republic, the initial military connection was carried out.

29 lipnya – 1 sickle A battle took place near Cjorni nad Tisou, in which the warehouses of the Politburo of the CPRS Central Committee and the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union together with President L. Svoboda took part. It was important for the Czechoslovak delegation to present a united front at the negotiations, while V. Bilyak maintained a special position. This is also the most important list of candidates for membership in the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party A. Kapek with lamentations about the provision of fraternal assistance to his country to the socialists.

U like linden Preparations for the military operation in Czechoslovakia were completed, but the remaining decision about its implementation had not yet been announced. 3 sickles 1968 r. There was a gathering of ceremonies of six communist parties in Bratislava. The statement adopted in Bratislava included a phrase about collective solidarity in the right to protect socialism. In Bratislava, L. Brezhnev received a sheet of paper from five members of the KPL kerivnitsa - Indri, Koldera, Kapek, Shvestka and Biliak with lamentations about the provision of “virtuous aid and encouragement” in order to virgate Czechoslovakia “from the threat of unsafe counter-revolution "

In the middle of the sickle L. Brezhnev's couple called A. Dubcek and asked that there were no requests for personnel changes in Bratislava, to which Dubcek confirmed that personnel decisions are determined collectively by the plenum of the Central Committee of the party.

16 sickle In Moscow, at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the situation in Czechoslovakia was discussed and the proposal was praised before the introduction of civil war. A letter from the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was also accepted at the address of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. 17 sickle Radyansky Ambassador S. Chervonenko met with the President of Czechoslovakia L. Svoboda and informed Moscow that the final moment the president would be both from the CPRS and the Radyansky Union. On the same day, a group of “healthy forces” from the CPL was sent to prepare materials in Moscow for the text of the Revolution to the Czechoslovak people. It was planned to create a revolutionary robot-peasant order. A project was prepared for the division of the units of the USSR, People's Democratic Republic, Poland, Bulgaria and the Ugrian region to the people of Czechoslovakia, as well as to the Czechoslovak army.

18 sickle Moscow had a meeting of leaders of the USSR, PDR, Poland, Bulgaria and the Ugorsk region. It was fine for the next day, including the emergence of the “healthy forces” of the KPL due to complaints about military assistance. The message to the President of the Czechoslovak Republic of Freedom on behalf of the participants in Moscow, as one of the main arguments, included a request to provide assistance with armed forces to the Czechoslovak people from the “majority” of members of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and there are many members of the Czechoslovak ranks.

Operation Danube

The political method of the operation was the change of the political regime of the country and the establishment of a regime loyal to the USSR in Czechoslovakia. The military wanted to carry out important projects in Prazia, the KDB security forces wanted to arrest the Czech reformers, and then it was planned to hold the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Poland and a session of the National Assembly, where little change would take place. ivnitstvo. In this case, the President of Svoboda played a great role.

The political responsibility of the operation at Prazia was carried out by K. Mazurov, a member of the Politburo of the CPRS Central Committee.

The military preparations for the operation were carried out by the Commander-in-Chief of the United Armed Forces of the Warsaw Pact, Marshal I. I. Yakubovsky, just a few days before the start of the operation, he was appointed head commander of the Ground Forces, Intercessor Minister of Defense of the USSR, Army General I. G. Pavlovsky.

At the first stage, the main role was assigned to the airborne troops. The military anti-aircraft defence, the military naval fleet and the military missile forces of strategic importance were brought into high combat readiness.

Before 20 sickles A grouped army was prepared, the first echelon of which consisted of up to 250,000 individuals, and the back-up force - up to 500,000 individuals, approximately 5,000 tanks and armored personnel carriers. For the operation, 26 divisions were assigned, including 18 military divisions, in addition to aviation. The invaders suffered the fate of the Radyansky troops of the 1st Guards Tank, 20th Guards Zagalnovskaya, 16th Air Force Army (Group of Radyansky troops near Nimechchina), 11th Guards Yisk Army (Baltic Military District), 28th Zagalnovian Army (Bilorussian Military District) district), the 13th and 38th military armies (Carpathian military district) and the 14th military army (Odessa military district).

The boules are formed from the Carpathian and Central Front:
☑ Carpathian Front There were creations based on the management of the Carpathian military district and many Polish divisions. Four armies reached this warehouse: the 13th, 38th Guards Tank, 8th Guards Tank, and 57th Army. Under this, the 8th Guards Tank Army and part of the forces of the 13th Army began to move to the former regions of Poland, where Polish divisions were additionally included in their warehouse. Commander Colonel General Bisyarin Vasil Zinoviyovych.
☑ Central Front formations on the basis of the administration of the Baltic military district with the inclusion of the new army of the Baltic military district, the Group of Radyansky military forces in Nimechchina and the Pivnichny group of military forces, as well as other fields many and similar German divisions. This front has been ignited by the People's Democratic Republic and Poland. The warehouse of the Central Front included the 11th and 20th Guards Zagalnovian and 37th Insurgent Armies.

Also, to cover up the active grouping in Ugorshchina, the Pivdenniy Front was flared up. On the Crimean Front, on the territory of the Ugric region, the operational group “Balaton” (two Radian divisions, as well as Bulgarian and Ugric squadrons) was flared up to introduce the operational group “Balaton” to Czechoslovakia.

The number of introductions before Czechoslovakia was determined by:
☑ SRSR- 18 motorized rifle, tank and airborne divisions, 22 aviation and helicopter regiments, approximately 170,000 personnel;
☑ Poland- 5 infantry divisions, up to 40,000 individuals;
☑ NDR- Motorized rifle and tank divisions, totaling up to 15,000 individuals (according to press publications, since the introduction of parts of the PDR to Czechoslovakia at the remaining moment it was likely to be visible, they played the role of a reserve at the cordon;
☑ із Czechoslovaccini there was an operational group of the NNA NDR consisting of several dozen military servicemen);
☑ Ugorshchina- 8th motorized rifle division, around the unit, a total of 12,500 individuals;
☑ Bulgaria- 12th and 22nd Bulgarian motorized rifle regiments, with a total strength of 2164 people. and one Bulgarian tank battalion with 26 T-34 vehicles.

The date of introduction of the army is set for the evening of 20 September, when the meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Poland was held on September 20, 1968. The officers were read a secret order about the formation of the head command "Danube".

Head Commander formerly appointed Army General I. G. Pavlovsky, whose stake was raised in the Pivdenny part of Poland. Two fronts (Central and Carpathian) and the Balaton operational group, as well as two Guards airborne divisions, were ordered by this force. On the first day of the operation, to ensure the landing of the airborne divisions, the command of Golovkoy “Danube” saw five divisions of military transport aviation.

Chronology of events

About 22 years 15 hvilin 20 serpnya until the most reliable signal "Vltava-666" about the beginning of the operation. U 23:00 20 sickle The troops designated for the invasion were stunned by battle anxiety. A signal to hang out was transmitted through closed communication channels to all fronts, armies, divisions, brigades, regiments and battalions. Following this signal, all commanders were responsible for opening one of the five secret packages that were stored in them (the operation was divided into five versions), and the chiefs of staff who were no longer present were burned without opening. The opened packages were ordered to begin Operation Danube and to continue military operations until the Danube-Canal and Danube-Canal-Globus plans.

Later, the “Resolution of the Order for Cooperation with Operation Danube” was disaggregated. The military equipment, which suffered the same fate as the invaded, was covered in white smudge. All the combat equipment of the Radyan and allied military forces without any harm promoted “neutralization”, but without any shooting. At times, the support of armorless tanks and other combat equipment supported the reduction without advance and without burning commands. Under the hour, contacts with NATO troops were ordered to hesitate and not to shoot without a command.

The introduction of the military took place in 18 cities from the territories of the People's Democratic Republic, Poland, Soviet Socialist Republic and Hungary. Units of the 20th Guards Army from the Group of Radyanskiy troops near Nimechchina (Lieutenant General Ivan Leontiyovich Velichko) entered Prague and established control over the main objects of the capital of Czechoslovakia. At the same time, two Radian airborne divisions were dispatched to Praz and Brno.

U 2 years of the night 21 sickles At the Ruzin airfield near Praza, the advanced units of the 7th Airborne Division landed. The stench blocked the main objects of the airfield, where the Radyansky An-12s began to land with landing forces and combat equipment. The blockage of the airfield was caused by a fraudulent maneuver: a Radyansky passenger plane that flew to the airfield, requesting an emergency landing due to some damage on board. After permission for landing, the paratroopers from the airborne pilots rushed to the airport control tower and ensured the landing of the airborne pilots.

At the news of the invasion of Dubcek’s office, the Presidium of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was finally elected to the Central Committee of the CPL. The majority – 7 to 4 – voted for the Presidency’s statement condemning the invasion. Only members of the Presidency Kolder, Bilyak, Shvetka and Rigo came to the forefront. Barbirek and Piller supported Dubcek and O. Chernik. The rise of the Radyansky kerivnitstva was on the edge of “healthy forces” at the highest point - 6 versus 5. The application also had a call to the terminology of the party congress. Dubcek himself, in his radio communication, called on the people of the region to keep calm and not allow bloodshed and the actual repetition of the Ugric events of 1956.

Before 4:30 wound 21 sickles When the Central Committee was awakened, the Radyansky troops and armored vehicles were sharpened, until the Radyansky paratroopers escaped and arrested those present. Dubchek and other members of the Central Committee spent a decade under the control of paratroopers.

U 5:10 wound 21 sickles The reconnaissance company of the 350th Guards Parachute Regiment and the outskirts of the 103rd Airborne Division landed. For 10 weeks, the stinks filled the airfields of Turjani and Nameshti, after which the landing of the main forces began. According to eyewitnesses, transport planes attempted to land at the airfields one by one. The landing party stripped off, without checking all the teeth. Until the end of the flight-landing haze, the flight appeared empty and was immediately picking up steam for a new flight. At a minimal interval, other aircraft began to arrive here with landing forces and military equipment. Then the paratroopers, using their combat equipment and buried civilian vehicles, went to the deeper part of the territory of the region.

Before 9:00 morning 21 sickles near the Brno metro station, paratroopers blocked all roads, bridges, exits from the city, radio and television stations, telegraph offices, headquarters, administrative buildings in the region, military buildings, train stations, as well as the headquarters of military units enterprises of the military industry. The commanders of the ChNA were asked to remain calm and maintain order. Four years after the landing of the first groups of paratroopers, the most important objects of Prague and Brno came under the control of the allied forces. The main forces of the paratroopers were concentrated on the burials of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the People's Republic, the department, the Ministry of Defense and the General Staff, as well as radio stations and television stations. In the past, according to a fragmented plan, military colonies were directed to the main administrative and industrial centers of Czechoslovakia. Unites and units of the allied troops were located in all great places. Particular respect was paid to the protection of the closing cordons of Czechoslovakia.

About the 10th rank of Dubček, Prime Minister Oldřich Černík, the head of the Parliament Josef Smrkovský (English) (Russian), members of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party Josef Špaček and Bohumil Šimon, and the head of the National Front Frantisek Kriegel (English) (Russia). The KDB spytroops and the StB spivs, who were training with them, were taken from the Central Committee of the KPL, and then they were taken to the airfield on Radian armored personnel carriers and taken to Moscow.

Until the end of the day 21 serpnya The 24 divisions of the Warsaw Pact territories occupied the main objectives of Czechoslovakia. The troops of the Soviet Socialist Republic and its allies occupied all points without laying down the armor, and the fragments of the Czechoslovak army were ordered not to repair the support.

Dii KPL and the population of the region

At Praza, the protesting communities were trying to overcome the ruin of military technology; All signs and signs with the name of the street were smashed, all maps of Prague were confiscated from stores, just as the Radian military had out-of-date maps of the hours of the war. In connection with this, control over radio, television stations and newspapers was established. “Healthy forces” gathered at the Radyansky embassy. But they did not manage to formulate a new order and hold a Plenum of the Central Committee. The consequences of mass information have already begun to be voiced by their citizens.

In response to the request of the President of the region and Czech Radio, the citizens of Czechoslovakia did not invade the armed forces. Protees everywhere have strengthened the passive support of the local population. The Czechs and Slovaks tried to give drink, food and drink to the army troops, changed road signs to make it difficult for the troops to pass through, went out onto the streets, tried to explain to the soldiers the essence of what they had seen in Czechoslovakia, appealed to the Russian-Czechoslovak brotherhood. The people demanded the withdrawal of foreign armies and the return of those brought to the USSR by the party and order.

With the initiative of the Prazsky Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of the People's Republic of Poland, the underground meeting of the XIV Congress of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia began on the territory of the plant near Vysočany (Prague district), although without delegates from Slovakia, as they did not attend buti.

Representatives of the conservatively adjusted group of delegates at the congress were not selected for any of the key positions in the CPL.

Spend sides

Little fighting took place. There were attacks on the military, but for the most part, the inhabitants of Czechoslovakia did not maintain their support.

According to current data, during the invasion, 108 Czechoslovakians were killed and over 500 wounded, most of them civilians. On the first day of the invasion, 58 people were killed or mortally wounded, including seven women and eight children.

The greatest number of civilian casualties occurred in Prazia in the area where the Czech Radio was located. Possibly, some of the victims were undocumented. Thus, reports tell about the shooting of the Radian soldiers by the attack of Prague residents on Wenceslas Square, which resulted in the death and injury of many people, although data about this incident did not reach the reports of Czechoslovakia ї security services. Numerical evidence of the death of civilians, including young and elderly people, in Praza, Liberca, Brno, Kosice, Poprad and other places in Czechoslovakia is ultimately unmotivated ovova zastosuvannya zbroi radyanskikh soldiers.

Usyogo from 21 serpnya to 20 vesnya 1968 rock The military losses of the Radyansky troops included 12 dead and 25 wounded and injured. Non-fighters spent during the same period - 84 dead and dead, 62 wounded and injured. Also, as a result of the helicopter accident in the area of ​​Teplitsa, 2 Radyansk correspondents died. It is important to note that the pilot of the helicopter who was spinning is afraid that he will have to bear responsibility for the accident by firing a gun at the helicopter, and then declaring that the helicopter was shot down in Czechoslovakia kami; This version was official for most of the time, and correspondents K. Nepomnyashchiy and A. Zvorikin figured, including in the internal materials of the KDB, as victims of “counter-revolutionaries.”

26 Serpnya 1968 Roku near the town of Zvolen (Czechoslovakia) having learned of the crash of the An-12 in the warehouse of the Tula 374 VTAP (captain N. Nabok). According to the pilots’ assertions, the flight from vantage (9 tons of top oil) during the landing approach was fired from the ground from an automatic machine at an altitude of 300 meters and as a result, the 4th engine was damaged, falling, not reaching the ZPS. ilometers. 5 people died (they were burned with live bait in a fire), the gunner-radio operator survived. However, according to Czech historians-archivists, the plane crashed into a mountain.

Near the village of Zhandiv near the town of Ceska Lipa, a group of citizens, blocking the road to the bridge, made it difficult for the Radyansky T-55 tank of Sergeant Major Yu. I. Andreev, who, at great speed, harassed the column as it moved forward. The sergeant major pulled out of the way so as not to strangle people, and the tank collapsed from the bridge together with the crew. Three military servicemen died.

The technologist definitely doesn’t know how to spend SRSR. In the first three days, units of the 38th Army alone burned 7 tanks and armored personnel carriers on the territory of Slovakia and Pivnichny Moravia.

There is information about the expenditure of the armored forces of other countries - participants in the operation. So, the Ugric army lost 4 soldiers dead (usi - non-combat waste: unfortunate fall, illness, suicide). The Bulgarian army lost 2 people - one military man was killed in a village by unknown people (with whom a machine gun was stolen), 1 soldier shot himself.

Further information and international assessment of the invasion

U hay on the cob The troops were withdrawn from rich places and settlements in Czechoslovakia to specially designated places of deployment. Radyansky tanks deprived Prague on the 11th of June 1968. October 16, 1968 Between the orders of the SRSR and the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic an agreement was signed regarding the end of the temporary deployment of the Radyan troops on the territory of Czechoslovakia, therefore a part of the Radyan troops were lost on the territory of the Czechoslovakia “in order to ensure the security of social life” "alistic friendship." October 17, 1968 The phase of withdrawal of part of the military from the territory of Czechoslovakia began, which ended until the middle of leaf fall.

U 1969 rock At Prazia, students Jan Palach and Jan Zaits, at an interval of a month, self-immolated as a sign of protest against the Radian occupation.

As a result of the introduction of military forces in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the process of political and economic reforms was interrupted. At the presidential (1969) plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, G. Husak was the first secretary of the former assembly. The reformers were forced into exile, and repression began. The country was deprived of tens of thousands of people, including the anonymous representatives of the cultural elite of the country.

On the territory of Czechoslovakia, the presence of the Radyan army remained until 1991 rock.

21 serpnya representatives of the group of countries(USA, UK, France, Canada, Denmark and Paraguay) spoke at the UN Security Council with the aim of bringing “Czechoslovakian nutrition” to the meeting of the UN General Assembly.

Representatives of the Ugorsk region and the USSR voted against. Then the representative of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was able to obtain this information from the UN. The orders of four socialist countries - Yugoslavia, Romania, Albania (which came out of the Warsaw Pact Organization), the People's Republic of China, as well as low communism of the leading parties of the Zakhad region.

Possible motivations for the introduction of military and heritage

behind official version of the Central Committee of the CPRS and the country of the Allied Military Forces(Crimea of ​​Romania): the order of Czechoslovakia asked its allies from the military bloc for the provision of military assistance in the fight against counter-revolutionary groups, which, in support of the warring imperialist countries, were preparing a coup d'état with the method of bringing down socialism.

Geopolitical aspect: The SRSR supported the possibility on the side of the satellite countries to review the unequal interstate mutual relations in order to ensure its hegemony in Converging Europe.

Military-strategic aspect: voluntarism of Czechoslovakia in foreign policy in the minds of the Cold War, threatening the security of the border with NATO countries; before 1968 Unfortunately, Czechoslovakia was deprived of its united territory of the Allied Forces, without the military bases of the USSR.

Ideological aspect: the ideas of socialism “in human guises” were supported by statements about the truth of Marxism-Leninism, the dictatorship of the proletariat and the important role of the communist party, which, in its turn, came to an end vested interests of the party elite.

Political aspect: a harsh crackdown on democratic voluntarism in Czechoslovakia gave members of the Politburo of the CPSU Central Committee the opportunity, on the one hand, to deal with internal opposition, on the other hand, to advance their authority, and on the third, to overtake and the disloyalty of the allies and to demonstrate military strength to their real enemies.

As a result of Operation Danube, Czechoslovakia lost its membership in the united European socialist bloc. The Radyansk grouped army (up to 130 thousand people) was lost in Czechoslovakia until 1991. The agreement on the exchange of military forces of Czechoslovakia became one of the main military-political agreements of the introduction of the military forces of the five countries, which satisfied the government of the SRSR and the Allied Forces. However, Albania, as a result of the invasion, left the Warsaw Pact Organization.

The suppression of the Praska Spring was strengthened by the disappointment of the rich representatives of the leading left wing of the theory of Marxism-Leninism and the rise of the growing ideas of “Eurocomunism” among the Christians and members of the leading communist couples this is what led to a split in the rich of them. The communist parties of Western Europe lost mass support, as the impossibility of “socialism in human guise” was shown.

Miloš Zeman was expelled from the Communist Party in 1970 due to his opposition to the introduction of the Warsaw Pact into the country.

It is believed that Operation Danube strengthened the US position in Europe.

Paradoxically, forceful action in Czechoslovakia in 1968. accelerated the arrival at the valleys between the Departure and the Entry of the period t.z. “relaxation of tension”, based on the recognition of the territorial status quo, which originated in Europe, and carried out by Germany under Chancellor Will Brandt i.e. "new similar policies".

Operation Danube brought about possible reforms in the USSR: “For the Radyansky Union, the strangulation of the Praska spring was associated with many important legacies. Imperial “victory” in 1968. blocked the progress of reforms that had undermined the positions of dogmatic forces, strengthened the great-power ambitions of the Radian foreign policy, and brought about greater stagnation in all spheres.”

Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia

About another year of the night of September 21, 1968. Radyansky passenger aircraft An-24 requested an emergency landing at the Ukrainian airport Ruzin. The controllers gave the go-ahead, and after landing, the military servicemen of the 7th Guards Airborne Division stationed in Kaunas disembarked. The paratroopers, under the threat of stagnation of the armor, abandoned all the objects of the airfield and began to receive An-12 transport aircraft with paratrooper units and military equipment. Transport An-12 sat on the skin for 30 seconds. This is how the operation of the occupation of Czechoslovakia, which was resolutely fragmented by the USSR, began and ended so. “Prazka Spring” is a process of democratic reforms carried out by the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia under the leadership of Oleksandr Dubcek.

In the operation to bury Czechoslovakia, which took away the name “Danube,” the armies of four socialist countries took part: the USSR, Poland, the Ugric region and Bulgaria. The army of the NDR is still unlikely to enter the territory of Czechoslovakia, but at the last moment the Radyanskoe government was afraid of the analogy with 1939. And the Germans did not cross the cordon. The main striking force of the grouping of the military regions of the Warsaw Pact was the Radyansk Army - consisting of 18 motorized rifle, tank and airborne divisions, 22 aviation and helicopter regiments, a military personnel according to various data from 170 to 240 thousand people. In addition to the number of tanks, there were about 5000. Two fronts were created - Carpathian and Central, and the number of united military forces reached over a million military servicemen. The invasion was due to the initial Radyanskaya zvichka, as I would help the fraternal Czechoslovak people in the fight against counter-revolution.

There was no smell of the thirsty counter-revolution in Czechoslovakia, it was clear. The country has strongly supported the communist party since 1968. Political and economic reforms began. For the number of communists per 1000 people, Czechoslovakia took first place in the world. With the beginning of reforms, censorship was essentially weakened, vigorous discussions took place everywhere, and the creation of a wealthy party system began. It was announced that they would ensure the reinstatement of freedom of speech, collecting and transferring money, establishing strict control over the activities of security agencies, facilitating the possibility of organizing private enterprises and reducing state control over production. In addition, it was planned to federalize the state and expand the importance of the governing bodies of the subjects of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic - the Czech Republic and Slovakia. All this, of course, was unsatisfactory for the government of the USSR, which, before its vassals in Europe, pursued a policy of limited sovereignty (the so-called “Brezhnev Doctrine”). Dubcek's team has been asked many times to refuse a short visit from Moscow and not to push socialism to the latest standards. They didn’t help me with my mental health. In addition, Czechoslovakia was deprived of the country, while the USSR was unable to accommodate either its military bases or a tactical nuclear defense. And this moment was, perhaps, the main reason for such an unprecedented scale of the military operation - the Kremlin Politburo needed to force the Czechoslovaks to submit to themselves at any cost. The Kerivnitsa of Czechoslovakia, in order to stop the bloodshed and ruin of the country, brought the army to the barracks and gave the opportunity to the Radian troops to easily dispose of the share of the Czechs and Slovaks. With one view opposite, the occupiers stood up in a huge protest. This was especially clear in Prasia, where the unarmed residents of the place imposed proper obstruction on the fire pits.

On the third year of the night of the 21st sickle (which was also the middle day), Prime Minister Chernik was arrested by Radian soldiers. At about 4:50 a column of tanks and armored personnel carriers headed towards the headquarters of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania, where a twenty-year-old citizen of Prague was shot dead. At Dubchek's office, the Radyansky military arrested the same members of the Central Committee. About this morning, the tanks went straight to Vinogradska, 12, and Radio Prague was dismantled. The locals came across the barricades there, the tanks began to break through, and it was clear that they were firing at people. Seventeen people died that morning, and another 52 were injured and taken to the hospital. After 14:00, the KPL kerivnitsa was arrested, put on a plane and transported to Ukraine for the alliance of the President of the region Ludwig Svoboda, who fought against the puppet order of Bilyak and Indri (Svoboda's deputy Dubcek they took care of their lives, and then transported them to Moscow). A curfew was introduced in the area, and in the dark hour soldiers started firing at any object that was collapsing.

01. Evening after the European hour, the UN Security Council held emergency meetings in New York, which praised the resolution condemning the invasion. SRSR has a veto.

02. In the city, they began to carry out vandalism with students, as if they were holding national ensigns in their hands. All key objects of the place were taken under the control of the Radian troops.

03. Bill of the National Museum. Residents of the area immediately embraced military technology and joined forces with the soldiers in intense, often even intense tension. In several areas of the city there was almost a massacre, and the wounded were being steadily transported to the hospital.

06. The French youth began to set up barricades, attack tanks, threw stones at them, danced with flammable madness, tried to set fire to military equipment.

08. Wrote by bus: Radyansky Cultural Center.

10. One of the soldiers wounded as a result of the shooting at the attack.

11. Massive actions of sabotage began throughout Prague. In order to simplify the orientation of the place for the military, Prague began to have street signs, putting up signs with street names and booth numbers.

13. The Radian soldiers escaped to the Church of St. Martin near Bratislava. At first the stench shot through the windows of every middle-century church, then they broke the locks and penetrated inside. The church was destroyed, a screen for donations was destroyed, an organ was broken, a church building was destroyed, paintings were destroyed, benches and a pulpit were destroyed. The soldiers climbed into the crypt from the burial grounds and smashed a bunch of gravestones there. This church was robbed throughout the day by random groups of military servicemen.

14. The Radian troops entered the town of Liberets

15. People died and were injured after the army stormed the Prague Radio.

16. The third-party entrance is heavily fenced off

19. The walls of booths, store windows, and parking lots have become a platform for merciless criticism of the occupiers.

20. “Run home, Ivan, Natasha is looking out for you,” “The occupiers don’t need a drop of water or a drop of bread,” “Bravo, guys! Hitler”, “SRSR, get home”, “Dvichi occupied, dvichi navcheni”, “1945 - liberators, 1968 - occupiers”, “We were afraid of Sunset, we were attacked here and there”, “Not hands down, but heads above!” , “You have conquered the cosmos, but not us”, “You can’t twist an elephant’s hedgehog”, “Don’t call it hate, call it knowledge”, “Long live democracy. Without Moscow” is a axis of few butts of such wall propaganda.

21. “I have a little soldier, I yogo kohala.” I have a birthday boy - the Chervona Army took them away"

22. On Staromisky Square.

25. I remember today’s interview with a Prague woman who, on the 21st, went out with her university friends to the place to marvel at the Radyan army. “We thought there were terrible occupiers there, but in reality, all the young boys and villagers were sitting on armored personnel carriers, little ravenous creatures who were constantly grabbing for the harvest, and they didn’t understand why there was a stink here and why they were reacting so aggressively on them.” yeah. The commanders told them that they needed to go and kill the human people against the counter-revolution.”

39. A self-producing leaflet from those that they were planning to distribute to the Radian soldiers.

40. Today's news was released on Prazk Radio, on September 21, 1968. the people who stole the radio station died, a memorial ceremony took place, wreaths were laid, that Rankov program from 1968 was broadcast, when the radio announced the attack on the country. The announcer reads the text, and in the background there is a faint scene of a soldier on the street.

49. On the site of the National Museum, where a monument was erected to the student Jan Palach, who, having caused self-combustion, lit candles.

51. An exhibition has been installed on the edge of Wenceslas Square - on the big screen they will show a documentary about the rise of the “Prazka Spring” and the sickle of 1968, there will be an infantry fighting vehicle with a characteristic white rice, a Swedish emergency vehicle of these rocks, there will be a stand with photographs and reproductions of real graphites.

57. 1945: we kissed your fathers > 1968: you shed our blood and take away our freedom.

According to current data, during the invasion, 108 Czechoslovakians were killed and over 500 wounded, most of them civilians. On the first day of the invasion, 58 people were killed or mortally wounded, including seven women and eight children.

The part of the operation for the displacement of the KPL kerivnitsa and the occupation of the country was the deployment of a military contingent in Czechoslovakia: five motorized rifle divisions, with a total number of up to 130 thousand h osib, 1412 tanks, 2563 armored personnel carriers and operational-tactical missile systems "Temp-S". The authorities loyal to Moscow were brought to power, and the party was purged. The reforms of the “Prazka Spring” were completed just after 1991.

Photos: Josef Koudelka, Libor Hajsky, CTK, Reuters, Drugoi

Oleksandr Dubchek – First Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (sichen-serpen 1968)

Born in 1968 For the past few months, the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (CRSR) has been experiencing a period of profound changes unprecedented in the history of the communist regime. These changes became a natural result of the growing crisis in this apparently prosperous and apologetic country, whose political culture has deeply rooted democratic traditions. The process of democratization in Czechoslovakia, the preparation of reformist forces in the middle of the CPL, over the course of many rocks, is probably unknown to most analysts and political figures at once and immediately, including y for Radian ceremonies. They incorrectly described the nature of the political conflict in the middle of the CPL at the end of 1967, which was called for until the end of the Soviet Union in 1968. First Secretary of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the CPL A. Novotny. His replacement was chosen by A. Dubchek, a graduate of the Higher Party School under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, who is wonderfully Russian.

For example, the bereznya of O. Novotny submitted his resignation from the seat of the President of Czechoslovakia. In fact, on the recommendation of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Poland, the hero of another world war, General Ludwig Svoboda, was elected to this planting, against whom the Radian ceremonies were also not a little opposed.

The fall of Novotny was not simply the result of a struggle for power in the middle of the Czechoslovak government, but was due to a number of reasons, including: the economic crisis of 1962 - 1963, which prompted the implementation of economic reforms, a great interruption in the political process rehabilitation of repression, denounce the dissent of writers and students, awakening reformist intellectual beliefs in the party began to fight for freedom of thought and expression.

The protracted nature of the political crisis, the persistent opposition of Novotny and his henchmen to Dubcek, the low scandalous events of 1968. (for example, the sensational arrival of General Ian Cheney in the United States, which is accompanied by the rumors of a military coup in the near future at the expense of Novotny), the weakening of censorship - all this has suppressed the enormous encouragement of the new policy. Focused on reforms, the leaders of the CPL included their pluralistic concept of socialism “in human guises” in the “Program of Action”, adopted in 1968. as the “Magna Carta” of Dubcek’s new church. In addition, Dubcek allowed the creation of low-level political clubs, as well as censorship; In the sphere of foreign policy, it was decided to pursue a more independent course, in line with the interests of the Warsaw Pact and the policies of the SRSR.

The hostile intensity of the climate in Czechoslovakia in Sichnya - Kvitna 1968 r. created a dilemma for the Radyansky kerivnitstva. The introduction of Novotny’s henchmen, who were oriented towards Moscow, and especially the reformist programs of Dubcek’s ceremonialism and the restoration of freedom of arms led, from the Radyan’s point of view, to an unsafe situation in one of the key countries In Connected Europe. In addition, the Kerivnitstvo of the low country - a participant in the Warsaw Pact, thought about the increased, in their opinion, spillover of the cordons and the territory of Czechoslovakia, the prospect of its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, as a result of which it would become an inevitable from a similar European military security system.

Potentially, the situation in Czechoslovakia could interfere with neighboring European countries, including the Radian Union itself. In Czechoslovakia, “socialism in human guises” was dying out, casting doubt on the humanity of Radian socialism. “The Magna Carta” meant a much greater level of internal party democracy, the granting of greater autonomy to the government apparatus, other political parties and parliament, the renewal of public rights (freedom of assembly and socialization) and a more decisive continuation of political rehabilitation, renewal of national rights, ethnic minor economic reform, etc.

Prague. Serpen 1968 r.

The possibility of the “Lantzug reaction” in the neighboring socialist countries, where the social upheaval of the recent past (NDR 1953, Ugorshchina 1956) was still fresh in the memory, has become a source of witchcraft to the Czechoslovakian "experiment" as Radyansky, and šіdnonіmetsky (U. Ul. ), Polish (V. Gomulka) and Bulgarian (T. Zhivkiv) kerivnitstva. J. Kadar (Ugorshchina) took the leading position.

However, “Prazka Spring” was a protest of something different than the one with which the Radyan leaders clashed in Ugorshchina in 1956. Dubček’s Kerivnitsya did not appeal to the fundamentals of safeguarding the interests of the national security of the USSR; it did not come up with a proposal for a revision of the foreign political orientation of Czechoslovakia. There was no doubt about saving membership in the OVS and REV. This pluralism also did not mean a loss of outside control on the side of the Communist Party: power, although somewhat rosed, was preserved in the hands of a reformist-tuned party leadership.

From the perspective of the Radian government, the people in Czechoslovakia were creating problems and were potentially unsafe. Having settled in Ugorshchina, the Radyan ceramists for a long time could not determine their course towards what they were going to Czechoslovakia. Should you remove the traces at the root or just cut around the changes that have been there since today? What is the best way to achieve victory in order to push into Czechoslovakia? Why exchange political and economical actions or go to the end of the battle?

Regardless of those who in the Kremlin were united in a negative view of Czechoslovak reformism, they did not reconcile for a long time before the military invasion. Members of the Radian church began intense efforts to resolve the problem peacefully. This became obvious after the birth of 1968, when the Radyansky district began to stagnate at the low level of political and psychological pressure with the method of overtaking Dubcek and his colleagues in the need to increase the maturity of change.

The Radyansk side put political pressure on Dubcek’s kerivnitsva during the various negotiations: on the richly sided sustria in Dresden in Bereznya, during the hour of the bilateral sustria in the CPRS and The Communist Party of the People's Republic of Moscow is on the verge of unprecedented negotiations on the highest level between the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Presidium of the Central Committee in Cierne nad Tisou in Lipny, in Bratislava - in Serpny 1968. The Czechoslovak delegation was able to arrive in the region of the Kerivniki of Bulgaria, Ugorshchina, PDR, Poland and the USSR near Warsaw (Lipen 1968).

The work of the situation was accompanied by a stream -reactziya spocation, and Potim is categorical of the Bidmov Czechoslovaki Kerivnitvva Priynati repeatedly affected by the roseman of the Radyanskiy Vіsyk contingent on the Teritarian Czech Republic.

The political pressure was accompanied by a psychological pressure: near the borders of Czechoslovakia, large-scale military operations were carried out with the participation of the USSR, the People's Democratic Republic and Poland. More recently, this type of psychological influx became known as the presence of the Warsaw Pact countries on the territory of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic during the period after the military beginnings of the Black and Lipny River of 1968.

In addition, the Radian policy did not include the possibility of stagnation and economic sanctions against Czechoslovakia as a form of pressure. However, regardless of the information that appeared at the end of the year 1968. There was no real confirmation of the supply of grain from Radyansk, whether there was any real evidence of the increase in economic importance.

With the rise of the Khrushchev branch in the Radian Union, there were a few serious suspense-political changes, which would slightly change the tired thought about the USSR, as a country with a totalitarian regime. Regardless of those who introduced a lot of innovations and reforms that were being promoted in the suspense-political life of the country, they looked reformist and democratic, the essence of the Radyan system of government did not change. The foreign policy of the Radyansky Union was also lost, and the expansion of spheres resulted in the influx and diminution of the positions gained. The methods of foreign political influence on the politics of the satellite countries and political regimes in the countries of the third world have also been preserved. All means were pursued, starting with political blackmail and ending with threats of stagnation of military power.

All the beauty of Radyansky's love for the Union and the turbot of brothers in the socialist camp from the 60s of the 20th century was once again experienced by Czechoslovakia. This is the country, unimportant

The socialist path of development was trying to follow the path of development. The result of such complacency was a major political crisis that swelled in the country, which ended with the invasion - the introduction of the Radyan armies into Czechoslovakia.

The beginning of Operation Danube - the end of fraternal friendship

This month is one of the most significant months for history, especially in the turbulent 20th century. This month, with chronological precision, symbolic events are identified that will flow into the further course of history, the changing shares of peoples. In 1968, the birth of the month has not become a culprit. In the dark night of September 21, 1968, one of the largest military operations since 1945 began in Europe, which was given the code name Danube.

The place of action was the Central European power of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, which until then had been one of the main pillars of the socialist camp. As a result of the invasion of the Warsaw Pact Organization, Czechoslovakia ended up under occupation. The good spring, the revolutionary period in the history of the region, was strangled by the appearance of stagnation of brute military force. All reforms that were of a small revolutionary character in the country were burned out. The military intervention in Czechoslovakia became a serious rift that split the unity of the socialist camp.

It is impossible not to say that the socialist front is united throughout. Protest and discomfort with the methods that were carried out determined those countries that were trying to conduct a balanced foreign policy, distancing themselves from the military wards of the USSR. Rumunia, Yugoslavia and Albania opposed the introduction of the Allied Armies into Czechoslovakia. The Kerivnitsvo of Albania was registered after these steps and headed towards leaving the warehouse as a member of the Warsaw Treaty Organization.

From a technical perspective, Operation Danube can be viewed through the lens of tactical and strategic planning. The territory of the region was occupied by military contingents that were large in number for only three additional dollars. Looking at those that the invasion did not find an organized support on the side of the Czechoslovak People's Army, it took very little time for such a large-scale operation to take place. The Radian units, which took part in Operation Danube, spent 36 people killed and wounded, without accounting for non-combat expenses. The occupation of the Czechoslovakian population was not so peaceful. A total of 108 people became victims of direct attacks from the occupying forces, and nearly half a thousand were reported injured.

This outburst did not happen without provocation. In addition, the cordons of Czechoslovakia were prepared for the invasion of the army, the beginning of the operation had to be carried out in secret and secretly. At the airport of the Czechoslovak capital on the night of an emergency landing, a Radian passenger plane made an emergency landing, and paratroopers began to disembark from the cabin, in spite of the airfield service personnel. After the burial group had buried all the main hubs and airport control points, Radian transport planes began to land one by one. Radian transport planes, attracted by military equipment and military equipment, arrived every 30 seconds. From this moment on, the share of the Prague spring was decided in advance.

At the same time, after the signal about the distant beginning of the operation was received, the Radyan army, army units of the National People's Army of Germany, units and mechanized units of the Polish Army, People's Army ї Bulgaria and the Ugric region invaded the territory of Czechoslovakia. The invasion came from three directions. The colonies of the NNA and Wijska Polski left Pivnochi. And right away, through Transcarpathia, the Radian army invaded the territory of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic. From the hidden flank hung the troops of the Ugric People's Army and parts of the Bulgarian army. In this manner, the “rebellious republic” was buried with thick steel pincers.

It is important that at the end of the day the army units of the German Democratic Republic were forced to participate in the invasion. The Radyansky Kerivnitstvo did not want to draw an analogy from the invaded Wehrmacht to Czechoslovakia in 1938. The German troops were ordered to remain at the cordon while on constant combat readiness. Polish, Ugric and Bulgarian units were assigned a similar function, controlling the peripheral regions of the country and the border between Czechoslovakia and Austria. The main tasks during the operation “Danube” were dominated by the Radian army, formed on two fronts - the Carpathian and the Central. The total number of Radian troops intended for the invasion was close to 200 thousand. soldiers and officers.

The tactful plan of the Radyansky Union has seen great forces to participate in Operation Danube. 18 Radyan divisions took part in the operation, including tank, airborne and motorized rifle divisions. Since the beginning of the war, there has been little serious aviation support. In addition to the helicopter and aviation units of front-line aviation, there were 22 regiments. There was an unprecedented number of Radyan tanks, approximately 5,000 vehicles, which were recruited for the operation! The total number of army units and paramilitary units of the Ukrainian armed forces that took part in the Danube operation amounted to nearly one million individuals.

This is the motive of the leaders of the countries who took the fate of the invaded. This spring was devastated by the attempt of counter-revolutionary forces to take revenge, which was aimed at the liquidation of the socialist conquest of the Czechoslovak people. In connection with this SRSR, other countries of the socialist camp are determined to come to the aid of the people of fraternal Czechoslovakia against the threat of their conquest.

Common reasons for the conflict

Since the end of the Second World War, Czechoslovakia has been a sphere of interest for the Radian Union. To ensure the value of the socialist camp, the Warsaw Pact Organization and the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (REV) were created. It’s not enough to trim the edges and powers of the socialist orientation in the orbit of the political influx of the USSR. Coming from any changes in the political structure of the government, changes in the foreign political course of the Ukrainian allies provoked a strong reaction in the Kremlin. The events in Ugorshchina in 1956 clearly confirmed this. Even then, the Radyansky Union had a chance to gather force to strangle the people’s swindles that had been burned.

Until 1968, Czechoslovakia faced a similar situation. At that time, a difficult internal political situation had matured in the country, which seriously stole the hegemony of the ruling communist party. To replace the faithful Radyansky course, Oleksandr Dubchek was sent to the First Secretary of the KPL Central Committee A. Novotny. His main political position was on a radically updated party policy to ensure the welfare of the country's political inhabitants and economy.

Whose first coat actually looked optimistic. Censorship has weakened, the business policy in the country has become clearer. The country was on the verge of radical economic reforms. At first glance, the stated position looked progressive and current, but in the opinion of curators from Moscow, such time could cause Czechoslovakia’s progressive departure from the socialist path to development. In the wake of the Czechoslovak communists, the Radian leaders were encouraged to move closer to the Sunset. The people didn’t bother to keep an eye on what was going on in the Radyansky Union, so the diplomatic game began. The praise and experience of the Radian ceremonies of the Czechoslovakian leaders of the People's Democratic Republic and Poland were supported. The leaders of Yugoslavia, Albania and the Socialist Republic of Romania, Josif Broz Tito, Enver Hodji and Nikolai Ceausescu.

Before the word: The two remaining leaders became dictators and began to dominate for a significant period. Enver Hoxha died in 1985. Rumanian dictator Nicholas Ceausescu was tried by a military tribunal and executed as a result of the 1989 revolution.

The events that took place in Czechoslovakia in those days could have had an extremely negative impact on the political life of the neighboring countries. The situation in Poland was unsettled. In Ugorshchina they have not yet forgotten the days of the 12th century. The declaration of the Czechoslovak communists was extinguished - “socialism will be realized in human forms” fueled the main ambushes of the socialist harmony. The liberal policy pursued by the party leadership of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, in its goals and objectives, diverged from the line of the Central Committee of the CPRS. The Czechoslovak experiment could become a detonator that could further provoke a Lanzugian reaction in the socialist camp. This could not be allowed either in the Kremlin or in other capitals of the Converging European Socialist Powers.

Goals and methods for Czechoslovakia

The Radyansky Kerivnitstvo, looming fresh rumors about the events in the Ugorshchina in 1956, reported all efforts to bring the Czechoslovak crisis to a peaceful direction. From now on it will be gra in the giveaway. For the sake of this, they are ready to accept the necessary political actions of the new Czechoslovak church in exchange for adherence to the ideals of socialist internationalism and streamlined politics before Sunset. The military aspect was not immediately visible. Czechoslovakia was an important element of the united strategy of the Allied Forces, an active participant in the Revolutionary Revolution, and a great economic partner of the USSR. In the opinion of the party leaders of the USSR, the victory of the military forces against their main ally was unpleasant. This option was seen as an extreme failure, if all the mechanisms and methods of peaceful political regulation were exhausted.

Despite the fact that most members of the Politburo were against the introduction of the military to Czechoslovakia, the military made clear instructions on the development of a strategic operation from the invasion of the armed forces of the Allied Forces on the territory yu Czechoslovakia. There is information now that Czechoslovakia is not going to take action on its position, and they have also re-calibrated the Radyanska's ceremonies at the time of carrying out preparatory operations. The next meeting of the CPL is scheduled for the 9th of April, the Politburo most voices praised the decision to recruit armed forces to suppress the counter-revolutionary attack in the fraternal republic.

In order to gain themselves in the eyes of socialist cohesion and to divide the ranks among other political leaders, the Radyansky Kerivnitsva specially held the 18th serpn near Moscow to the regional members of the Allied Forces. The leaders of similar European countries present at the meeting supported the initiative of the Radyan church.

As the official version for the provision of military assistance, it became a feral group of civil and party leaders of the Communist Party of China to the Central Committee of the CPRS to other brother parties with complaints about the provision of military-political international assistance mogi. They were desperately confronted with the counter-revolutionary activity of the current party leadership of Czechoslovakia and the need to eventually change the leadership of the country. For the Czechoslovak side, the preparations before the introduction of military forces did not become a disappointment. The Ministry of Defense of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic and other party leaders of the region were informed that a large-scale military-police action was planned.

At the end

Of course, 50 years after the end of the war, one can speak with pride about the fact that there was no such counter-revolutionary stabbing in Czechoslovakia. In the country, when the communists were in power, the community was loyal to the important role of the party in the development of the state. The only thing you can focus on is in different approaches to reach the mark. The statements by the Czechoslovakian ceremonies on the course of reforms after the change even suggest the similarities that were observed in the Radyansky Union 20 years later, at the time of Perebudov.

As a sign of protest against the actions of an illegal and half-witted member of the “order” of the Russian Federation, I am posting this material. History needs to be known and preserved without being rewritten and created.

The introduction of the army in Czechoslovakia in 1968 did not allow the government to stage a coup in Czechoslovakia using the technology of the “oxamite” revolutions and saved more than 20 years of life in a world of blessings and to all the peoples of the countries of the Warsaw Pact Organization.

The political crisis in Czechoslovakia, as in other countries of the socialist bloc, was too early to emerge after the rise of N. S. Khrushchev to power in the USSR in 1953.

Khrushchev called I. U. Stalin, and in fact a socialist suspense-political device, created mass repressions, in which millions of innocent people suffered. In my opinion, Khrushchev’s testimony at the 20th Congress in 1956 resulted in a grandiose movement of the incoming special services and their 5th colonies in the middle of the USSR.

It doesn’t matter what Khrushchev collapsed if the policy of de-Stalinization flared up in the country. It is important that the connection with the socialist suspense-political system in the organization of mass repressions added to the legitimacy of the Radyan government. The geopolitical opponents of Russia and the SRSR rejected the defense, with the help of which they could build an impregnable fortress - the SRSR and other lands of the socialist camp.

Until 1968, already 12 years ago, schools and institutes taught practices that added legitimacy to the Radyan regime. All the 12 rocks The sunset prepared the Czechoslovak union until the recognition of socialism and friendship with the USSR.

The political crisis in Czechoslovakia was connected not only with the policy of N. S. Khrushchov, which killed a number of citizens who were ready to defend the socialist harmony and friendly relations with the Radian Union, but also with the national army zheny, who are inflamed by anti-radyan forces, between the Czechs and Slovaks. The significant role played by the fact that Czechoslovakia did not fight against the Union of Radians and did not try to offend our country.

For the sake of truth, it is necessary to say that during the hour of the war, Russian blood was shed no less because of Czechoslovakia than because of the Ugric region and Rumunia, the armies of which simultaneously attacked the USSR in 1941. Czechoslovakia, since 1938 and throughout the entire hour of war, has reached the German Empire with a great number of armored forces, which killed civilian soldiers and civilians of our land.

Gottwald, who after the war became a prosperous socialist Czechoslovakia, died one fate after Stalin in 1953. The new president of Czechoslovakia was A. Zapototsky, and in 1957 A. Novotny became like N. S. Khrushchev. The stench essentially ruined the country. A. Novotny was a copy of M. S. Khrushchov and with his ill-conceived reforms caused significant harm to the people's rule, which also led to a decrease in the standard of living of the people. All appointed officials detected the emergence of anti-socialist and anti-Russian sentiments among their families.

On the fifth day of 1968, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China appointed Novotny to replace the First Secretary of the Slovak Central Committee A. Dubcek, but did not replace Novotny with the seat of the President of the region. Then order was restored, and L. Svoboda became the president of Czechoslovakia.

During the hours of A. Dubcek’s rule, liberals called “Fracial Spring.” O. Dubchek, having immediately lost the influx of people, who, under the guise of democratization, began to prepare the country for the surrender to Sunset. Under the guise of the rise of “socialism in human guise,” the collapse of the Czechoslovak socialist state began. Before the speech, socialism will now be in human guise, and the axis of capitalism and liberalism will now be in the guise of the Hitlerites and similar US liberals before them, who killed the children of Korea, Vietnam, Green di, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Libya, Lebanon, Syria and other countries , which the United States found to be insufficiently democratic. The United States did not spare its citizens.

After 1968, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Poland began to criticize the formation of the country. Vikorist criticism of the political system that was voiced at the Plenum, opposition political forces, calling for “expanded” democracy, began to discredit the Communist Party, government structures, state security agencies and socialism in general. Preparations for a change in the sovereign order began.

The methods of mass information on behalf of the people were aimed at seizing the leadership of the party from the rulers and political citizens, denouncing the CPL as an evil organization, defending its activities, and dissolving the organs of the state. security of the People's Militia. Throughout the country there were a variety of “clubs” (“Club 231”, “Club of Active Non-Party People”) and other organizations, the main purpose of which was to discredit the history of the region after 1945, to formulate opposition this, conduct anti-constitutional propaganda.

Until mid-1968, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs received nearly 70 applications for the registration of new organizations and associations. Thus, “Club 231” was founded at Prazia on March 31, 1968, even without permission from the International Military Commission. The club has a membership of over 40 thousand people, including huge criminals and government villains. As the newspaper “Rude Pravo” stated, the club’s members included numerous Nazis, Socialists, Henleinites, ministers of the puppet “Slovak State,” and representatives of the reactionary clergy.

The general secretary of the club, Yaroslav Brodsky, said at one of the meetings: “The best communist is not a dead communist, but if he is still alive, then his feet will fade.” At enterprises and in various organizations, branches of the club were created, which were called “Associations for the protection of words and hands.” The organization “Revolutionary Committee of the Democratic Party of Slovakia” called before the elections under the control of England, the USA, Italy and France, which was criticized in the press by the Western powers and focused on the USSR.

A group of Ukrainians from the Praska Military Political Academy advocated the withdrawal of Czechoslovakia from the Warsaw Pact and called on other social lands to liquidate the Warsaw Pact. In connection with this, the French newspaper Le Figaro wrote: “The geographical position of Czechoslovakia can be turned either into the ruin of the Warsaw Pact or into a breach, which will distort the entire military system of the similar bloc.” All these appearing in the name of the people of ZMI, clubs and other individuals acted and against for the sake of economical mutual assistance.

The 14th Czechoslovak oppositionists requested the prominent American “Sovietologist” Zbigniew Brzezinski to give lectures at Prazia, in which he introduced his strategy of “liberalization”, calling for the depletion of the CPL, as well as the liquidation of the police and state security. In his words, I will continue to “support the Czechoslovak experiment.”

It should be noted that Z. Brzezinski and the rich oppositionists did not play a role in the national interests of Czechoslovakia. Zokrema, they were ready to give up the land of Czechoslovakia for the sake of rapprochement with the FRN.

The entry cordons of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic were opened, and border fences and barriers began to be liquidated. According to the statement of the Minister of State Security Pavel, the spies of the foreign countries identified by counterintelligence were not affected, but were given the opportunity to escape.

The population of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic was easily inspired by the idea that on the side of the FRN there was no danger of revanchism, that one could think about turning to the brink of the Sudeten Germans. The newspaper “General Angzaiger” (FRN) wrote: “Sudecyki NIMTMATIMOTA VD Czechoslovachini, Starno VID to the raquinism, turned to Munchensky, Yakim Supery 1938 Roku Sudeta, the region of the Vydescini.” The editor of the Czech trade union newspaper Prace, Jiříček, told a German television station: “There are about 150 thousand Germans in our country. One can be sure that 100-200 thousand people could turn to Fatherlandism much later.” Evidently, these pennies helped me to forget how the Sudeten Germans re-examined the Czechs. And the NRF was ready to reclaim the lands of Czechoslovakia.

In 1968, the group held advisory meetings with representatives of NATO countries, where possible steps were taken to withdraw Czechoslovakia from the socialist camp. The Vatican intensified its activities in Czechoslovakia. His leadership recommended directing the activity of the Catholic Church towards those who are angry with the Russians for “independence” and “liberalization”, and also take on the role of “the support of freedom in the countries of Western Europe”, concentrating respect on Czechoslovakia, Poland and PDR. In order to create a situation in the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic that would facilitate Czechoslovakia's withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, the NATO Rada launched the Zephyr program. A special Center for Security and Control, which American officers called the “Strike Group Headquarters,” began its activities. At his warehouse there were over 300 military personnel, including intelligence officers and political soldiers.

The trichy center provided information about the situation in Czechoslovakia to NATO headquarters. This is the respect of the representative to the NATO headquarters: “Despite the introduction of the Warsaw Pact to Czechoslovakia and the establishment of a Moscow territory, a special center, and without fulfilling the tasks assigned to it, its activity was still and will continue to be deprived of valuable assets View of the future." This was the result of the victory of the Soviet Socialist Republic during the collapse of the USSR.

The military-political leadership of the USSR and other countries of the Warsaw Pact respectfully followed the steps in Czechoslovakia and tried to convey its assessment to the authorities of Czechoslovakia. Members of the great territorial government of the Warsaw Pact territories emerged in Praza, Dresden, Warsaw, Cierna nad Tisou. In the remaining days of the lime tree in Czierna nad Tisa, it was announced to O. Dubcek that once the recommended approaches to the military socialist region are carried out, they will go to Czechoslovakia. Dubcek not only did not survive the daily visits, but also did not reach the advance to the members of the Central Committee and the order of the region, who, when the military was introduced, called out the storm of the Czechoslovak communists because they were not informed about the decision. introduction of the military

From the military's point of view, there could be no other solution. The annexation of the Sudetenland from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and moreover all the territories under the Warsaw Pact, and the alliance of Czechoslovakia with NATO put them under the flank attack of the grouped military friendship of the People's Democratic Republic, Poland and Ugorsk. The potential enemy denied direct access to the Radyansky Union cordon. The leaders of the Warsaw Pact countries understood well that Czechoslovakia was ready for NATO's participation in the gathering. At the end of September 21, 1968, the Soviet Socialist Republic, Bulgaria, the Ugorshchina, the German Democratic Republic (DDR) and Poland moved to the territory of Czechoslovakia. Neither the Czechoslovakian military, nor the NATO military, nor the foreign intelligence services dared to openly oppose such forces.

The landing force landed on the Prazka airfield. The military gave orders not to open fire and not to fire at the docks. The colonies moved on at high speeds, the cars lurched and moved away from the road parts so as not to respect the ruin. In the early days, all the advanced military units of the countries of mutual friendliness left the target areas. Czechoslovakian troops were lost at the barracks, their military towns were blocked, batteries were removed from armored vehicles, and the fire was burning from tractors.

17 April 1969 the fateful head of the Communist Party of Lithuania replaced Dubcek in the elections of G. Husak in due course as the head of the Communist Party of Slovakia. The war of the Warsaw Pact in Czechoslovakia really showed NATO the greatest level of combat training and technical equipment of the war treaty countries.

The paratroopers occupied the Czechoslovak airfields within a few miles and began to use the new armored equipment, which then began to reach Prague. Along the way, the security of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia was dismantled, and all the military personnel of Czechoslovakia were transported on armored personnel carriers to the airfield and sent straight to the headquarters of the Pivnichnaya Group of the Soviet Union, and then to Moscow.

The tank forces were clearly indicated, and in a very short period of time they took positions in accordance with the operation plan. Tens of thousands of T-54 and T-55 tanks reached Czechoslovakia, and the crew knew their place in the territory of the expansion of the tank division.

The Czechoslovakian soldiers had the most hostile and tragic feat, which was performed on the Georgian road by the tank crew from the warehouse of the 1st Guards Tank Army, which knowingly sent their tank to the break, in order to attack the children placed there as pickets. Those who were preparing this vile provocation would sing at the death of children and then shout to the whole world about the evil of the Radian tankers. But there was no provocation. At the cost of their lives, the Radyan tankers sacrificed the lives of Czechoslovak children and the honor of the Radyan Army. This example shows the difference between the people of the liberal Sunset, who prepared the death of children, and the people of the socialist Radyansky Union, who stole children.

Czechoslovakia was assigned aviation of the Warsaw Pact countries, called aviation of special significance. The Tu-16 flight controllers of the 226th Radio Electronic Warfare Regiment, which took off from the Stry airfield in Ukraine, successfully jammed radio and radar stations on the territory of Czechoslovakia, demonstrating Your great importance of radio-electronic warfare capabilities in the current war.

The beginnings of understanding have come to a head in order to create a coup in Czechoslovakia and the Warsaw Pact will not allow it, unless the cold war against the USSR is carried out with “hot spots”. The Czechoslovakian army did not conduct practically any combat operations. The Americans were at this hour fighting a war in Vietnam, burning thousands of Vietnamese forces with napalm and destroying dozens of places. The stench filled the richly suffering land of Vietnam with blood. It was not important for him to broadcast on all radio and TV channels in the SRSR, the land of Converging Europe and the whole world about those that the SRSR is a foreign aggressor.

The topic of Czechoslovakia was discussed for several years after 1968. To address this topic of ominous intoxication, they prepared a suicide bomber, just as today's suicide bombers are preparing for terrorism, they did not mutilate the Czechoslovakian student Jan Palach and set him on fire, doused with gasoline, in the center of Prague, displaying this as an act of self-immolation as a sign of protest about the introduction of the Warsaw Pact into the military territory.

The introduction of military forces into Czechoslovakia was carried out in order to protect the security of the countries of the Warsaw Pact from the military forces of NATO. And the US axis of security was not threatened by either Korea or Vietnam, which are thousands of kilometers away from the US border. Ale America waged large-scale military operations against them, killing hundreds of thousands of people from important sovereign powers. Aside from this, the vastness of the world is important for speaking better. The Soviets were lost from the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic's warehouses, the latter state is in constant conflict, and the nation has experienced a large number of human casualties, which sometimes occur during a coup d'état.